Science 7 - 1st Quarter Test

Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans. This is a well-known fact supported by scientific evidence. Oceans are vast bodies of saltwater that play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate, supporting marine life, and providing essential resources. The remaining percentage includes landmasses, such as continents and islands, which make up only a small portion of the Earth's surface.

The center of the Earth does not provide our magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron in its outer core. This magnetic field acts as a shield, protecting us from the harmful solar radiation and charged particles emitted by the sun. Therefore, the statement is false.

The crust is the correct answer because it is the outermost layer of the Earth where we live. It is the thinnest layer, making up only about 1% of the Earth's volume. The crust is composed of solid rock and is divided into continental crust and oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust. It is on the crust that we find landforms such as mountains, valleys, and plains, as well as bodies of water like oceans and lakes.

Molten rock refers to the state of rock when it has been heated to such a high temperature that it becomes liquid. This liquid rock is commonly known as lava. Therefore, the correct answer for another word for molten rock is lava.

Drag is the force that opposes the motion of an aircraft through the air. It is caused by the resistance of the air on the aircraft's surfaces and components. Drag is an important force to consider in flight because it affects the aircraft's speed, fuel efficiency, and overall performance. It is one of the four forces of flight, along with lift, weight, and thrust.

Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and are responsible for their physical and chemical properties. Different combinations and arrangements of minerals give rocks their unique characteristics and classifications.

Lift is the force that enables an aircraft to overcome gravity and stay in the air. It is generated by the wings or other lifting surfaces of the aircraft as it moves through the air. Without lift, an aircraft would not be able to achieve flight. A pilot, pitch, and the fuselage are all important components of an aircraft, but they are not the key to flight. Therefore, the correct answer is lift.

Cartography is the science and art of making maps. It involves the study and practice of creating accurate and detailed representations of the Earth's surface, including its physical features, political boundaries, and other relevant information. Cartographers use various techniques and tools to collect, analyze, and interpret geographic data, which they then use to create maps that are used for navigation, planning, and understanding spatial relationships. Therefore, "map making" is the correct answer as it accurately describes the field of cartography.

Lift is the force acting upon the plane in an upward direction because it counteracts the force of gravity and allows the plane to stay in the air. When air flows over the wings, it creates a difference in pressure, with lower pressure on top and higher pressure on the bottom. This pressure difference generates lift, which pushes the plane upward and opposes the downward force of gravity. Therefore, the correct answer is upward.

The horizontal stabilizer helps the plane fly level by providing stability and balance. It is located at the tail of the aircraft and generates downward force to counteract the nose-heavy tendency of the plane. This allows the plane to maintain a level flight attitude, ensuring that it stays on a straight and steady course without pitching up or down.

Ailerons are the controls that make an airplane turn. They are small hinged sections on the trailing edge of the wings, usually near the wingtips. By moving the ailerons up or down, the pilot can change the lift on each wing, causing the airplane to roll and turn in the desired direction. The ailerons work in opposition, with one going up while the other goes down, to create the necessary imbalance of lift for turning. The other options listed, such as landing gear, elevator, and fuselage, are not directly involved in the turning of an airplane.

The Mississippi River is the largest river in the United States. It stretches over 2,320 miles and flows through 10 states. It is known for its significant role in American history, as it has been a vital transportation route for goods and people for centuries. The Mississippi River is also home to diverse ecosystems and wildlife, making it an important natural resource.

Geologists are individuals who study the Earth and its rocks. They analyze the composition, structure, and history of the Earth's crust, as well as the processes that shape the planet over time. By studying rocks, geologists can gain insights into past geological events, such as volcanic eruptions or the formation of mountains. They also play a crucial role in identifying and assessing natural resources like minerals, oil, and water. Geographers, on the other hand, focus on the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, and human populations, while cartographers specialize in creating maps. Aeronautical engineers deal with the design and development of aircraft and spacecraft. Rockologists is not a recognized term or profession related to the study of the Earth and its rocks.

The pH number is the way we measure acidity. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, indicating how acidic or basic it is. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, while a value above 7 indicates alkalinity. Therefore, the correct answer is pH / acidity.

Erosion is the process by which the Earth's surface is gradually worn away by various natural forces such as rain, water flow, freezing, and gravity. This process is responsible for shaping and forming many of the landforms we observe on Earth. The correct answer, "Erosion / rock," accurately describes this relationship, indicating that erosion acts upon rock formations to create different landforms.

Thrust is the force generated by the engine that propels the plane in a specific direction. In this case, the correct answer is "forward" because the thrust from the engine is used to move the plane in the direction of its intended travel.

The correct answer is subsidence, erosion, earthquakes, and folding. Subsidence refers to the sinking or settling of the Earth's surface. Erosion is the process of wearing away or removal of soil, rock, or sediment by natural elements like water, wind, or ice. Earthquakes are the result of sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, causing shaking and displacement of the ground. Folding occurs when layers of rock are bent or curved due to tectonic forces.

The correct answer is "plates." Pieces of the Earth's crust that move around as units are called plates. These plates are constantly shifting and interacting with each other, which can result in various geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity. The movement of these plates is responsible for the formation of different landforms and the shaping of the Earth's surface.

Plains are flat and fairly level areas. This means that they do not have significant variations in elevation or slope. They are characterized by their smooth and even terrain, making them ideal for agriculture and human settlement.

The correct answer is the outer core. The outer core is located between the inner core and the mantle. It is a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the solid inner core. The outer core is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field through the movement of its liquid metal.

Contour lines are lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. They help to visualize the shape and steepness of the land. By following contour lines, one can determine the height and slope of a particular area. Therefore, the correct answer is elevation.

The inner core being very dense and hot is not an external characteristic of the Earth because it is located at the very center of the planet. External characteristics refer to features or properties that are observable or present on the surface or in the surrounding environment of the Earth. The inner core, on the other hand, is located deep within the Earth's interior and cannot be directly observed or experienced externally.

The mantle is a layer of the Earth that lies between the crust and the core. It is composed of solid rock and makes up the majority of the Earth's mass. The correct answer of 68% indicates that the mantle comprises a significant portion of the Earth's overall mass. This demonstrates the importance of the mantle in understanding the composition and structure of our planet.

Sinkholes are naturally-occurring depressions where some of the limestone underground has been dissolved by rain. This process, known as karstification, occurs when water seeps through cracks in the limestone and gradually dissolves the rock over time. As the limestone dissolves, it creates underground cavities and tunnels, eventually causing the ground above to collapse and form a sinkhole. Sinkholes can vary in size and can pose a significant hazard to infrastructure and human safety.

The correct answer is Mohs scale of hardness. This scale is used to compare the hardness of different minerals based on their ability to scratch one another. It was developed by Friedrich Mohs in 1812 and consists of a series of 10 minerals, with diamond being the hardest at 10 and talc being the softest at 1. The scale is widely used in geology and mineralogy to determine the relative hardness of minerals.

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Sedimentary rock is formed when matter is dropped by water into a lake bottom, river bottom, or a stream bed. Sandstone is an example of sedimentary rock.

Diamond is not an example of igneous rock. Diamonds are formed deep within the Earth's mantle under high pressure and temperature. They are then brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions. However, diamonds are not classified as igneous rocks because they are not formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock. Instead, diamonds are classified as minerals.

Friction acts in the direction opposite to the forward force, which is thrust.

Igneous rocks are formed from the fire of a volcano. When a volcano erupts, molten lava flows out and cools down, eventually solidifying into igneous rock. The answer choice "volcano / solid" accurately describes this process.

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed from their original form. They start out as sedimentary rock and have been transformed into another type of rock through heat and pressure. Sedimentary rocks, on the other hand, are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments. Therefore, the correct answer is "Metamorphic / sedimentary."

The correct answer is "tail". The empennage refers to the rear section of an aircraft, which includes the tail. The tail plays a crucial role in providing stability and control during flight. It consists of vertical and horizontal surfaces, such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer, which are essential for maintaining the aircraft's balance and maneuverability. Therefore, "tail" is another word that can be used interchangeably with empennage.

Granite is an example of igneous rock because it is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. Its coarse-grained texture and interlocking mineral crystals are characteristic of igneous rocks.

The Law of Superposition states that a layer of rock laid down on top of another is younger than the one underneath. This principle is based on the observation that in undisturbed rock layers, the bottom layers formed first, and subsequent layers were deposited on top of them over time. As a result, the oldest rocks are found at the bottom, while the youngest rocks are found at the top. This principle is fundamental in the field of geology and helps in determining the relative ages of different rock layers.

Drag is the force of friction that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid, such as air. When an object moves through the air, it experiences resistance due to the interaction between its surface and the air molecules. This resistance is known as drag. Therefore, the correct answer is "Drag / air."

Folding of the soft earth layers occurs when the layers are pushed from both sides. This means that the layers are being compressed and bent due to forces acting on them from opposite directions. This can happen due to tectonic plate movements or other geological processes.

The empennage and yaw are both part of an airplane. The empennage refers to the tail section of the aircraft, which includes the vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer. Yaw, on the other hand, is one of the three primary movements of an aircraft, along with pitch and roll. Yaw refers to the side-to-side movement of the aircraft's nose. Therefore, the correct answer is empennage.

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten material, such as lava or magma. Pumice is a type of igneous rock that is formed from volcanic activity. It has a unique porous texture and is very lightweight, often floating on water. Therefore, the given answer "Igneous / pumice" is correct as pumice is an example of an igneous rock.

Faults occur when parts of the earth press against an area of the crust. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side have moved relative to each other. This movement can occur due to the compression, tension, or shear forces acting on the crust. Faults are responsible for causing earthquakes as the accumulated stress along the fault line is released in the form of seismic waves. The crust, which is the outermost layer of the Earth, is the most common location for faults to occur.

Topographical maps give you information about the contours of the land. Contours on a map represent the shape and elevation of the land, allowing users to understand the terrain and its features. These maps are commonly used in various fields such as geography, geology, and outdoor activities like hiking and mountaineering. By studying the contours on a topographical map, one can determine the steepness of slopes, identify valleys and ridges, and plan routes accordingly.