1st Semester Anatomy Ta Week 12 Questions
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
A tumor arising in the posterior mediastinum is LEAST likely to cause which of the following symptoms?
- A.
Hoarseness of voice
- B.
Dysphagia
- C.
Pulmonary Edema
- D.
Horner's Syndrome
Correct Answer
D. Horner's SyndromeExplanation
the posterior Mediastinum does not contain the cervical ganglia typically associated with Horners. The other choices are correct as they may compress the Recurrent Laryngeal, Esophagous and if large enough, the Left atrium.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which or the following malformations occurring in embryonic development is most likely to cause ONLY dysphagia?
- A.
Double SVC
- B.
Persistent L. Anterior Cardinal Vein
- C.
Retroesophageal Right Subclavian
- D.
Double Aortic Arch
Correct Answer
C. Retroesophageal Right SubclavianExplanation
all the others may compress the trachea as well, but the RSC doesn't involve the trachea. Double SVC would not necessarily cause dysphagia.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What type of fibers are contained in the Greater Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve?
- A.
Post-ganglionic sympathetics fibers from the lateral horn of the spinal cord
- B.
Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers that originate from the sympathetic chain ganglia
- C.
Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the lateral horn of the spinal cord
- D.
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers from the lateral horn of the spinal cord
- E.
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers that originate from the sympathetic chain ganglia
Correct Answer
D. Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers from the lateral horn of the spinal cordExplanation
The greater splanchnic nerve contains pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers that exit the spinal cord from the lateral horn. The lateral horn is associated with sympathetics “thoraco-lumbar”. There is no lateral horn in the “cranio-sacral” (parasympathetic) portions of the spinal cord.
The fibers that exit the spinal cord go through the sympathetic chain, but they do not synapse there. They exit the chain ganglia as the Greater Splanchnic nerve. This nerve the travels to the celiac ganglion (where it synapses) and provides innervation to the abdominal viscera.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A 65 year-old man presents with dysphagia and hoarseness of voice. A series of images were ordered and you discover a tumor of the posterior mediastinum. Which of the following is the tumor most likely compressing?
- A.
Azygos vein
- B.
Pulmonary trunk
- C.
Trachea
- D.
Esophagus
- E.
Inferior Vena Cava
Correct Answer
D. EsophagusExplanation
Of the answer choices listed, only the azygos vein and esophagus are located in the posterior mediastinum. The difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) suggests it is most likely compressing the esophagus.Rate this question:
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- 5.
A 54 year-old woman presents to the ER with cardiac tamponade. A pericardiocentesis needs to be done immediately. Where can this procedure be done without puncturing the lungs?
- A.
Costomediastinal recess
- B.
Costodiaphragmatic recess
- C.
Cardiac notch
- D.
Cupola
- E.
Anterior Mediastinum
Correct Answer
C. Cardiac notchExplanation
A pericardiocentesis can be done through the 5th or 6th intercostal space at the left sternal border at the cardiac notch of the left lung to avoid puncturing the lungs.Rate this question:
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- 6.
There are several major structures located at the vertebral level of T4-T5. Which structure is not considered part of this important anatomical location?
- A.
Angle of Louis
- B.
Border of superior and inferior mediastinum
- C.
Rib 2
- D.
Ascending aorta
- E.
Tracheal Bifurcation
Correct Answer
D. Ascending aortaExplanation
the Arch of the aorta is more commonly located at the T4-T5 vertebral level.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The structure lying in between the esophagus and the azygous vein in the posterior mediastinum is injured. The result of injury to this structure may cause:
- A.
Hemothorax
- B.
Pneumothorax
- C.
Chylothorax
- D.
Pyothorax
- E.
Hydrothorax
Correct Answer
C. ChylothoraxExplanation
Chyle, a form of lymphatic fluid that drains in the Thoracic duct. It lays in between the esophagus and azygos vein before it drains into the brachiocephalic trunk in the superior mediastinum.Rate this question:
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- 8.
A Floridian returning on an airline flight from China arrives at the emergency department with unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. A blood clot (embolus) is found in the left pulmonary artery. Which of the following structures did this embolus most likely come from?
- A.
Pulmonary veins
- B.
Left atrium
- C.
Right ventricle
- D.
Left brachiocephalic vein
- E.
Left ventricle
Correct Answer
C. Right ventricleExplanation
the pulmonary arteries receive blood from the right ventricle. The left ventricle shuttles blood into the aorta. The pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood and fill the left atrium. The left brachiocephalic vein shuttles blood into the SVC and then into the right atrium. Emboli often arise from stagnant blood in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can occur during long flight travel or prolonged bed rest. This travels up the IVC and into the right atrium without involving the left brachiocephalic vein.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A patient has a 4 day history of a recurrent hiccup reflex. You perform an X-ray and discover a tumor just anterior to the pericardium that you suspect is a germ cell tumor. What nerve being irritated is most likely responsible for the hiccup reflex?
- A.
Left Vagus n.
- B.
Left recurrent laryngeal n.
- C.
Right Vagus n.
- D.
Right recurrent laryngeal n.
- E.
Left Phrenic n.
Correct Answer
E. Left Phrenic n.Explanation
The left phrenic nerve travels over the pericardium to innervate the left side of the diaphragm. A mass that irritates it is likely to cause a hiccup reflex. The recurrent laryngeal nerves either loop around the right subclavian or the arch of the aorta and do not travel over the pericardium. If one these nerves were compressed, it would result in hoarseness of voice. The vagus nerves dive deep to the pericardium and form a plexus around the esophagus. Hiccup reflex afferents are phrenic, vagus, and sympathetic T6-T12 (Bailey 1943).Rate this question:
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- 10.
A patient arrives at the emergency department with neck, face and arm edema, distended arm and neck veins, as well as dilated and tortuous veins on their upper chest and back. You suspect that there is a supra-azygous SVC obstruction. In the lateral thoracic pathway how does the blood make its way back to the heart?
- A.
Lateral thoracic --> Intercostals --> Accessory hemiazygos or hemiazygos --> Azygos.
- B.
Internal thoracic --> Intercostals --> Accessory hemiazygos or hemiazygos --> Azygos
- C.
Lateral thoracic --> thoracoepigastric --> superficial circumflex --> femoral veins --> IVC
- D.
Lateral thoracic --> superficial circumflex --> thoracoepigastric --> femoral veins --> IVC
- E.
Lateral thoracic --> intercostals --> superficial circumflex --> femoral veins --> IVC
Correct Answer
C. Lateral thoracic --> thoracoepigastric --> superficial circumflex --> femoral veins --> IVCExplanation
There are three pathways of venous collateral circulation: the azygos-hemiazygous pathway, the internal thoracic pathway, and the lateral thoracic pathway. This one is straight from Posterior mediastinum slides.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A 65 year-old male presents to the clinic with an acute onset of dyspnea, chest discomfort, and general malaise. On physical examination, the patient presents with enlarged neck veins and edema in the facial and brachial regions. Radiological imaging shows an enlarged thymic shadow. Biopsy results confirm the surgeon's suspected diagnosis and the patient is prepped for surgery. During surgery, the resident surgeon notices a collateral circulation. The attending physician then asks which vascular structure is MOST likely involved in this anastomosis?
- A.
Internal Jugular Vein
- B.
Subclavian Vein
- C.
Gonadal Vein
- D.
Azygos Vein
- E.
Internal Thoracic Artery
Correct Answer
D. Azygos VeinExplanation
This is a classic clinical finding of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. The enlarged thymus and a confirmatory biopsy most likely indicates a thymoma. Remember, after puberty the thymus undergoes involution and its largely replaced with fat in the adult. Hence, a thymic shadow in adults is considered pathological. Furthermore, SVC Syndrome patients commonly present with dyspnea (shortness of breath), enlarged neck veins, and edema due to compression of enlarged surrounding structure(s) such as a thymoma in this case. Think of it kind of like a backlogged toilet if you will ;). To circumvent the situation, your body naturally develops collateral circulation to return the deoxygenated venous blood back into the right atrium. The most important vein involved in this venous anastomoses, is the azygos vein. Physiologically, the azygos vein drains into the SUPERIOR vena cava. During collateral circulation, the azygos vein follows a different route into the lumbar veins, then into the INFERIOR vena cava, and finally into the right atrium.Rate this question:
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Feb 25, 2024Quiz Edited by
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Nov 29, 2011Quiz Created by
Chachelly
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