Botany Pre-test: Test Your Botany Knowledge

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  • 1/55 Questions

    1.    Which statement on photosynthesis is NOT Correct?

    • It occurs only in plants, algae and some bacteria
    • It requires chlorophyll
    • It involves the conversion of chemical energy into light
    • It involves a flow of electrons between molecules
    • It makes energy available to all living organisms
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Botany Quizzes & Trivia
About This Quiz

When it comes to taking an exam most of us get cold feet on how ready you are. The botany pretest below is designed to help you get rid that. Give it a shot and see where you stand when it comes to the possibility of getting an A in the final exam.

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  • 2. 

    1.    The first steps in the evolution of life took place in a (n):

    • Aerobic atmosphere

    • Anaerobic atmosphere

    • Oxygen-rich environment

    • Frigid environment

    • Sunless environment

    Correct Answer
    A. Anaerobic atmosphere
    Explanation
    In the early stages of life's evolution, the atmosphere on Earth was anaerobic, meaning it lacked oxygen. This is supported by scientific evidence such as the presence of certain chemical compounds in ancient rocks and the ability of early life forms to survive without oxygen. Anaerobic environments provided the necessary conditions for the development of primitive life forms that did not require oxygen for survival.

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  • 3. 

    1.    All plants are ________ whereas all animals and fungi are________

    • Heterotrophs; autotrophs

    • Autotrophs; heterotrophs

    • Aerobes; anaerobes

    • Anaerobes; aerobes

    • Energy consumers; energy producers

    Correct Answer
    A. Autotrophs; heterotrophs
    Explanation
    Plants are autotrophs because they are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis. They convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose, which provides them with energy. On the other hand, animals and fungi are heterotrophs because they cannot produce their own food. They rely on consuming other organisms or organic matter to obtain energy.

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  • 4. 

    1.    Which of the following did NOT result from the evolution of photosynthesis?

    • The atmosphere became aerobic

    • The ozone layer was formed

    • Prokaryotic cells evolved from eukaryotic cells

    • The process of respiration could take place

    • The oxygen content of the atmosphere increased

    Correct Answer
    A. Prokaryotic cells evolved from eukaryotic cells
  • 5. 

    1.    All prokaryotic cells:

    • Lack genetic material

    • Evolved from eukaryotic cells

    • Are heterotrophic

    • Lack a nuclear envelope

    • Are larger than eukaryotic cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Lack a nuclear envelope
    Explanation
    Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is located in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid. This lack of a nuclear envelope allows for easier access and interaction between the genetic material and other cellular components.

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  • 6. 

    1.    Which of the following is part of the vascular system of a plant?

    • Stroma

    • Cuticle

    • Meristem

    • Xylem

    • Cambium

    Correct Answer
    A. Xylem
    Explanation
    Xylem is part of the vascular system of a plant. The vascular system is responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant. Xylem is a complex tissue that consists of specialized cells called tracheids and vessels, which are responsible for the upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It also provides structural support to the plant.

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  • 7. 

    1.    Secondary growth is:

    • Growth in height

    • Growth of the root into the soil

    • Growth in thickness

    • Growth of the cuticle

    • Lengthwise growth of the leaf

    Correct Answer
    A. Growth in thickness
    Explanation
    Secondary growth refers to the increase in thickness or girth of a plant. It occurs in the lateral meristems, specifically the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem towards the inside and secondary phloem towards the outside, resulting in the thickening of the stem. The cork cambium produces cork cells towards the outside, which forms the protective outer bark. This type of growth allows the plant to support its increasing weight and provides structural strength.

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  • 8. 

    1.    The tonoplast of a cell is:

    • An alternative name for the protoplast

    • The portion of the protoplast outside the nucleus

    • The portion of the ground substance in which actin filaments and the microtubules are suspended

    • The membrane surrounding the vacuole

    • An association of actin filaments and microtubules

    Correct Answer
    A. The membrane surrounding the vacuole
    Explanation
    The tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the vacuole. The vacuole is a large, fluid-filled organelle found in plant cells, and it is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. The tonoplast regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the vacuole and helps maintain the osmotic balance within the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is "The membrane surrounding the vacuole."

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  • 9. 

    1.    Stacks of disklike thylakoids are characteristic features of:

    • Mitochondria

    • Chromoplasts

    • Microbodies

    • Chloroplasts

    • Golgi bodies

    Correct Answer
    A. Chloroplasts
    Explanation
    Chloroplasts are the correct answer because they contain stacks of disklike thylakoids, which are called grana. These thylakoid stacks are where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur, allowing chloroplasts to capture and convert sunlight into energy. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, chromoplasts are involved in pigment synthesis, microbodies are involved in various metabolic processes, and Golgi bodies are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.

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  • 10. 

    1.    In the plastid, chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the:

    • Stroma

    • Cristae

    • Matrix

    • Protoplast

    • Grana

    Correct Answer
    A. Grana
    Explanation
    In the plastid, chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the grana. Grana are stacks of thylakoid discs found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. These thylakoid discs contain the photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll, which capture light energy for photosynthesis. The grana provide a large surface area for the chlorophyll molecules to absorb light and carry out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is grana.

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  • 11. 

    1.    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant mitochondria?

    • Mobility within the cell

    • Two surrounding membranes

    • Circular DNA molecules

    • Chlorophyll in the cristae

    • Ribosomes in the liquid matrix

    Correct Answer
    A. Chlorophyll in the cristae
    Explanation
    Plant mitochondria do not contain chlorophyll in the cristae. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells, which is responsible for capturing light energy for photosynthesis. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are responsible for cellular respiration and do not have the ability to perform photosynthesis. Therefore, chlorophyll is not a characteristic of plant mitochondria.

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  • 12. 

    1.    The process of respiration occurs in:

    • The endoplasmic reticulum

    • Mitochondria

    • Chloroplasts

    • The nucleus

    • Vacuoles

    Correct Answer
    A. Mitochondria
    Explanation
    Respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are responsible for generating this energy through respiration. They contain enzymes and other molecules necessary for the breakdown of glucose and the production of ATP, the cell's main energy source. Therefore, it is correct to say that the process of respiration occurs in mitochondria.

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  • 13. 

    1.    An example of a microbody is a:

    • Leucoplast

    • Basal body

    • Peroxisome

    • Vacuole

    • Microtubule

    Correct Answer
    A. Peroxisome
    Explanation
    A peroxisome is an example of a microbody. Peroxisomes are small organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in various metabolic processes, particularly the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances. They contain enzymes that help in these processes, and their size and structure make them distinct microbodies within the cell. Leucoplasts are plastids involved in storing or synthesizing various compounds, basal bodies are structures involved in the organization of cilia and flagella, vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles involved in storage and waste management, and microtubules are components of the cytoskeleton.

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  • 14. 

    1.    Which of the following is NOT descriptive of vacuoles?

    • They are storage sites for metabolites

    • They are filled with cell sap

    • They have functions comparable to those of lysosomes

    • They often fill much of the interior of a mature plant cell

    • They contain deposits of carotenoid pigments

    Correct Answer
    A. They contain deposits of carotenoid pigments
    Explanation
    Vacuoles are storage sites for metabolites, filled with cell sap, and have functions comparable to those of lysosomes. They often fill much of the interior of a mature plant cell. However, vacuoles do not contain deposits of carotenoid pigments.

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  • 15. 

    1.    The  __________ is a membrane system for channeling materials to different parts of the cell.

    • Plasma membrane

    • Golgi body

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Cytoskeleton

    • Flagellum

    Correct Answer
    A. Endoplasmic reticulum
    Explanation
    The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system for channeling materials to different parts of the cell. It is involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids. The endoplasmic reticulum consists of a network of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the cell by ensuring that molecules are correctly transported to their designated locations within the cell.

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  • 16. 

    1.    Which of the following is NOT an ergastic substance

    • A lipid droplet

    • A tannin

    • A starch grain

    • An ATP molecule

    • An anthrocyanin

    Correct Answer
    A. An ATP molecule
    Explanation
    An ATP molecule is not an ergastic substance because ergastic substances are non-living, non-protoplasmic substances found in the cells of plants and animals. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for cellular processes and is considered a vital component of living organisms. Therefore, it does not fall under the category of ergastic substances.

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  • 17. 

    1.    Which of the following best indicates the sequence of cell wall layers beginning with the layer adjacent to the plasma membrane and progressing outward?  

    • Primary wall, secondary wall, middle lamella

    • Secondary wall, primary wall, middle lamella

    • Primary wall, middle lamella, secondary wall

    • Secondary wall, middle lamella, primary wall

    • Middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall.

    Correct Answer
    A. Secondary wall, primary wall, middle lamella
    Explanation
    The correct answer indicates that the sequence of cell wall layers begins with the secondary wall, followed by the primary wall, and then the middle lamella. This sequence is supported by the fact that the secondary wall is formed after the primary wall and provides additional support and protection to the cell. The primary wall is the first layer formed and provides the initial structure and shape to the cell. The middle lamella is the outermost layer and acts as a cementing substance between adjacent cells, holding them together.

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  • 18. 

    1.    C.B. van Neil was the first to propose that:

    • Photosynthesis occurs in two phases

    • Water is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis

    • Plants evolve oxygen during photosynthesis

    • Purple sulfur bacteria evolve oxygen during photosynthesis

    • The light-dependent reactions are carried out by enzymes

    Correct Answer
    A. Water is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis
    Explanation
    C.B. van Neil was the first to propose that water is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis. This means that during the process of photosynthesis, plants take in water and release oxygen as a byproduct. This discovery was significant because it helped to explain the source of oxygen in the atmosphere and the role of water in the photosynthetic process. It also laid the foundation for further research and understanding of photosynthesis and its importance in the ecosystem.

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  • 19. 

    1.    The conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds is called:

    • The light–dependent reaction

    • Photolysis

    • Cyclic photophosphorylation

    • Carbon fixation

    • C3 Photosynthesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Carbon fixation
    Explanation
    Carbon fixation is the process of converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as glucose, through a series of chemical reactions. This process occurs in plants during photosynthesis, specifically in the Calvin cycle. In this cycle, carbon dioxide is combined with a molecule called RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) to form a 6-carbon molecule, which is then broken down into two 3-carbon molecules. These molecules are then used to produce glucose and other organic compounds. Carbon fixation is an essential step in the carbon cycle and is crucial for the production of organic matter in plants and other autotrophic organisms.

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  • 20. 

    1.    Which of the following statements about visible light is NOT correct?

    • It is merely one part of a continuous spectrum of radiation

    • It is composed of photons

    • It has the properties of both a wave and a particle.

    • The longer the wavelength, the higher the energy of light

    • Visible light accounts for most of the radiation reaching the surface of the earth.

    Correct Answer
    A. The longer the wavelength, the higher the energy of light
    Explanation
    The statement "The longer the wavelength, the higher the energy of light" is incorrect. In reality, the shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy of light. This is because energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies, which in turn correspond to higher energy photons. Therefore, the statement contradicts the relationship between wavelength and energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.

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  • 21. 

    The process of photosynthesis results in the formation of two substances essential to our existence:

    • Chlorophyll and water.

    • Electrons and protons.

    • Sugar and oxygen.

    • Sugar and water.

    • Chlorophyll and oxygen.

    Correct Answer
    A. Sugar and oxygen.
    Explanation
    During the process of photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce sugar (glucose) and oxygen. The chlorophyll in the plant's cells captures the energy from sunlight, which is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this process. Sugar is an essential source of energy for plants and other organisms, while oxygen is vital for respiration. Therefore, the correct answer is sugar and oxygen.

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  • 22. 

    The O2 evolved in photosynthesis comes from:

    • Carbon dioxide

    • Water

    • Glucose

    • CH20

    • C3H3O3

    Correct Answer
    A. Water
    Explanation
    In photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The oxygen that is evolved during photosynthesis comes from water. Through a series of reactions known as the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This oxygen is then released into the atmosphere, while the remaining hydrogen ions and electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH, which are necessary for the light-independent reactions and the synthesis of glucose.

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  • 23. 

    Chlorophyll absorbs light principally in the ______ wavelengths.

    • Blue and green

    • Green and violet

    • Blue violet

    • Violet and green

    • Green and red

    Correct Answer
    A. Blue violet
    Explanation
    Chlorophyll absorbs light mainly in the blue and violet wavelengths. This is because chlorophyll molecules have specific pigments that are most effective at absorbing light in these regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The absorption of light by chlorophyll is a crucial step in photosynthesis, as it allows plants to convert light energy into chemical energy for growth and development.

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  • 24. 

    Which pigment occurs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes?

    • Chlorophyll a

    • Chlorophyll b

    • Chlorophyll c

    • Bacteriochlorophyll

    • Chlorobium Chlorophyll

    Correct Answer
    A. Chlorophyll a
    Explanation
    Chlorophyll a is the correct answer because it is the primary pigment found in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is responsible for capturing light energy and initiating the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll b and c are also pigments found in certain organisms, but they are not present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Bacteriochlorophyll is a pigment found in certain bacteria, while Chlorobium Chlorophyll is specific to green sulfur bacteria.

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following is NOT an accessory pigment in plants, green algae, and euglenoid algae?

    • Carotenes

    • Xanthophylls

    • Chlorophyll a

    • Chlorophyll b

    • Chlorophyll c

    Correct Answer
    A. Chlorophyll a
    Explanation
    Chlorophyll a is not an accessory pigment in plants, green algae, and euglenoid algae. Accessory pigments are additional pigments that assist in capturing light energy and transferring it to chlorophyll a for photosynthesis. Carotenes and xanthophylls are examples of accessory pigments, while chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll c is also an accessory pigment found in certain algae. Therefore, the correct answer is Chlorophyll a.

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  • 26. 

    The primary function of ______ is as an anti-oxidant.

    • Chlorophyll a

    • Carotenoids

    • Phycobilins

    • Bacteriochlorophyll

    • Chlorobium chlorophyll

    Correct Answer
    A. Carotenoids
    Explanation
    Carotenoids are pigments found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. Their primary function is to act as antioxidants, which means they help protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. Carotenoids have the ability to neutralize these free radicals, preventing them from causing oxidative stress and potential harm to the organism. Therefore, carotenoids play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and protecting against various diseases.

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  • 27. 

    Following photolysis, the resulting protons are released into the ______, contributing to the proton gradient across the ______ membrane.

    • Lumen of the thylakoid; thylakoid

    • Chloroplast stroma; outer chloroplast

    • Chloroplast stroma; thylakoid

    • Chloroplast matrix; inner chloroplast

    • Cytosol; inner mitochondrial

    Correct Answer
    A. Lumen of the thylakoid; thylakoid
    Explanation
    During photolysis, water molecules are split into protons (H+) and oxygen (O2) in the thylakoid lumen of the chloroplast. The released protons contribute to the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which is necessary for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis. The other options are incorrect because they do not correctly identify the location of the protons and the membrane across which the proton gradient is formed.

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  • 28. 

    The reduction of NADP+ is associated with:

    • Photosystem I.

    • Photosystem II.

    • The photosynthetic electron transport chain.

    • Cyclic electron flow.

    • The water-splitting enzyme.

    Correct Answer
    A. Photosystem I.
    Explanation
    The reduction of NADP+ is associated with Photosystem I. Photosystem I is a protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It receives electrons from the electron transport chain and uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. This reduction reaction is essential for the production of ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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  • 29. 

    The Calvin cycle takes place in the:

    • Lumen of the thylakoid.

    • Chloroplast stroma

    • Thylakoid membrane.

    • Cytoplasm.

    • Mitochondrial matrix.

    Correct Answer
    A. Chloroplast stroma
    Explanation
    The Calvin cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma, which is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes. It is in the stroma where the carbon dioxide fixation and reduction take place, leading to the synthesis of glucose and other organic molecules. The thylakoid membrane is responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, while the lumen of the thylakoid and the cytoplasm are not directly involved in the Calvin cycle. The mitochondrial matrix is part of cellular respiration and not related to photosynthesis.

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  • 30. 

    Because the first detectable product of the Calvin cycle is ______, the cycle is also known as the ______ pathway.

    • Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate; C5

    • Oxaloacetate; C4

    • 3-phosphoglycerate; C3

    • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; C3

    • Rubisco; C4

    Correct Answer
    A. 3-phosphoglycerate; C3
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 3-phosphoglycerate; C3. The Calvin cycle, also known as the C3 pathway, produces 3-phosphoglycerate as its first detectable product. This molecule is a three-carbon compound, hence the designation C3 pathway.

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  • 31. 

    Carbon dioxide is “fixed” by bonding to:

    • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

    • 3-phosphoglycerate.

    • Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

    • NADP+.

    • ADP.

    Correct Answer
    A. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.
    Explanation
    Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is the correct answer because it is the initial acceptor molecule in the process of carbon fixation during photosynthesis. It is a five-carbon sugar that reacts with carbon dioxide to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which eventually leads to the production of glucose. This process is known as the Calvin cycle and is essential for the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

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  • 32. 

    In the Calvin cycle, 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to:

    • Sucrose

    • Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

    • Rubisco

    • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

    • An unstable six-carbon compound.

    Correct Answer
    A. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
    Explanation
    In the Calvin cycle, 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This is because during the cycle, 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated and reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is a three-carbon sugar molecule. This molecule can then be used to synthesize glucose and other organic compounds needed by the plant.

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  • 33. 

    In the C4 pathway, the enzyme PEP carboxylase:

    • Uses O2 as a substrate.

    • Uses CO2 as a substrate.

    • Operates inefficiently when the CO2 concentration is low.

    • Is active only in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.

    • Catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate.

    Correct Answer
    A. Catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate.
    Explanation
    The C4 pathway is a carbon fixation pathway in plants that helps them adapt to hot and dry environments. In this pathway, PEP carboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate, a four-carbon compound. This enzyme is important because it helps plants efficiently fix carbon dioxide and reduce water loss through a process called photorespiration. It is active in the mesophyll cells of the chloroplasts, where it converts carbon dioxide into oxaloacetate, which can then be used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. Therefore, the correct answer is that PEP carboxylase catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following statements about CAM plants is FALSE?

    • Not all CAM plants are succulent.

    • All CAM plants are flowering plants.

    • They use both C3 and C4 pathways.

    • They are dependent on nighttime accumulation of CO2 for photosynthesis.

    • Their water-use efficiency is higher than that of C3 and C4 plants.

    Correct Answer
    A. They are dependent on nighttime accumulation of CO2 for photosynthesis.
    Explanation
    CAM plants are a type of plants that use a specialized form of photosynthesis called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). This process allows them to conserve water by opening their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and storing it as malic acid. During the day, the stomata remain closed to reduce water loss. Therefore, the statement "They are dependent on nighttime accumulation of CO2 for photosynthesis" is false. CAM plants do not solely rely on nighttime accumulation of CO2 for photosynthesis, but rather use it as a strategy to conserve water.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

    • They are heterotrophic organisms.

    • Most are multicellular.

    • They are more closely related to plants than to animals.

    • The largest living organism may be a fungus.

    • Only the insects have a greater number of species.

    Correct Answer
    A. They are more closely related to plants than to animals.
    Explanation
    Fungi are heterotrophic organisms, meaning they obtain their nutrients from organic matter. Most fungi are multicellular, although some are unicellular. While fungi and plants both belong to the eukaryotic domain, fungi are actually more closely related to animals than to plants. The largest living organism on Earth is believed to be a fungus called Armillaria ostoyae, also known as the honey fungus. Fungi have a greater number of species than insects, making the statement false.

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  • 36. 

    Hyphae are types of fungal:

    • Spores

    • Zygotes

    • Storage products

    • Filaments

    • Cell wall components

    Correct Answer
    A. Filaments
    Explanation
    Hyphae are filamentous structures that make up the body of a fungus. They are long, slender, and branching, allowing fungi to grow and spread. Hyphae play a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients and the exchange of gases in fungi. They are responsible for the characteristic filamentous appearance of fungal colonies and are essential for the growth and reproduction of fungi. Therefore, the correct answer is "filaments."

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  • 37. 

    Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is FALSE?

    • They lack membrane-bounded organelles.

    • They have a single, circular chromosome in the nucleoid.

    • They have a simple cytoskeleton.

    • They may contain extra chromosomal DNA as plasmids.

    • They lack a nuclear envelope.

    Correct Answer
    A. They have a simple cytoskeleton.
    Explanation
    Prokaryotic cells do not have a simple cytoskeleton. Prokaryotic cells lack a cytoskeleton altogether. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps with cell movement in eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotic cells, the lack of a cytoskeleton is compensated by the presence of a rigid cell wall, which provides structural support and protection.

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  • 38. 

    Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by differences in their:

    • Plasma membranes.

    • Cell walls.

    • Storage materials.

    • Size.

    • Shape.

    Correct Answer
    A. Shape.
    Explanation
    Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by differences in their shape. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which gives them a spherical or rod-shaped appearance. On the other hand, gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which gives them a more diverse range of shapes, including spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral-shaped. Therefore, the shape of bacteria is a key characteristic used to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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  • 39. 

    The procambium is the precursor of the:

    • Epidermis.

    • Ground tissues.

    • Protodem.

    • Xylem and phloem.

    • Primary meristems.

    Correct Answer
    A. Xylem and phloem.
    Explanation
    The procambium is a primary meristem that gives rise to the vascular tissues, namely xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant. The other options, such as epidermis, ground tissues, and protoderm, are derived from other meristems and not the procambium. Therefore, the correct answer is xylem and phloem.

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  • 40. 

    In contrast to derivatives, initials:

    • Differentiate more quickly.

    • Are located in the shoot apical meristem.

    • Are located in the root apical meristem.

    • Undergo cell division.

    • Give rise to more initials and derivatives.

    Correct Answer
    A. Give rise to more initials and derivatives.
    Explanation
    Initials are cells that have the ability to divide and give rise to both more initials and derivatives. Derivatives, on the other hand, are cells that are produced from the division of initials and undergo differentiation to form various types of specialized cells. Therefore, the correct answer is that initials give rise to more initials and derivatives, as they have the capacity for both self-renewal and differentiation.

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  • 41. 

    From which primary meristem does sclerenchyma develop?

    • Parenchyma

    • Collenchyma

    • Procambium

    • Ground meristem

    • Protoderm

    Correct Answer
    A. Ground meristem
    Explanation
    Sclerenchyma develops from the ground meristem. The ground meristem is one of the three primary meristems in plants, responsible for producing ground tissue. Sclerenchyma is a type of ground tissue that provides mechanical support to the plant. It is composed of thick-walled cells with lignin, which makes them rigid and durable. Therefore, the ground meristem is the correct primary meristem from which sclerenchyma develops.

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  • 42. 

    In vascular plants, food is conducted through:

    • Companion cells only.

    • Sieve cells only.

    • Sieve-tube elements only.

    • Sieve cells and sieve-tube elements only.

    • Companion cells, sieve cells, and sieve-tube elements.

    Correct Answer
    A. Sieve cells and sieve-tube elements only.
    Explanation
    In vascular plants, food is conducted through sieve cells and sieve-tube elements only. Sieve cells are specialized cells that are responsible for the transport of sugars and other organic compounds, while sieve-tube elements are long, thin cells that form a network called the sieve tube. Together, these cells form the phloem, which is the tissue responsible for the transport of food throughout the plant. Companion cells, on the other hand, are closely associated with sieve-tube elements and provide them with metabolic support, but they do not directly participate in food conduction.

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  • 43. 

    Stomata are the ______ between ______.

    • Pores; plant cells

    • Cells; guard cells

    • Pores; guard cells

    • Pores; subsidiary cells

    • Pores; trichomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Pores; plant cells
    Explanation
    Stomata are the openings or pores found on the surface of leaves and stems. These openings are surrounded by specialized cells called guard cells. The main function of stomata is to control the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the plant and its environment. Subsidiary cells are the cells that surround and support the guard cells, helping them in their role of regulating the opening and closing of the stomata.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following is NOT part of the periderm?

    • Phellem

    • Phellogen

    • Phelloderm

    • Epidermis

    • Cork cambium

    Correct Answer
    A. Epidermis
    Explanation
    The periderm is a protective tissue that develops in woody plants as a response to external factors. It consists of three layers: phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm. The phellem, also known as cork, is the outermost layer of the periderm and provides protection against water loss, pathogens, and mechanical damage. The phellogen, or cork cambium, is responsible for producing new cells that contribute to the growth of the periderm. The phelloderm is the innermost layer of the periderm and acts as a secondary cortex. The epidermis, on the other hand, is the outermost layer of the primary plant body and is not part of the periderm.

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  • 45. 

    The two primary functions of roots are:

    • Conduction and protection.

    • Storage and conduction.

    • Anchorage and storage.

    • Anchorage and absorption.

    • Anchorage and conduction.

    Correct Answer
    A. Anchorage and absorption.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is anchorage and absorption. Roots serve as an anchor for the plant, providing stability and support. They also absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and survival.

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  • 46. 

    The principal functions of the stem are:

    • Support and photosynthesis.

    • Photosynthesis and conduction.

    • Conduction and support.

    • Photosynthesis and storage.

    • Storage and absorption.

    Correct Answer
    A. Support and photosynthesis.
    Explanation
    The stem of a plant has two principal functions: support and photosynthesis. The stem provides structural support to the plant, allowing it to stand upright and bear the weight of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Additionally, the stem contains specialized cells called parenchyma cells that can carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy for the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is support and photosynthesis.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following statements about secondary growth is FALSE?

    • It results from the activity of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

    • It is responsible for the increase in girth of a plant.

    • It can occur simultaneously with primary growth.

    • Most monocots exhibit considerable secondary growth.

    • Herbaceous plants undergo little or no secondary growth.

    Correct Answer
    A. Most monocots exhibit considerable secondary growth.
    Explanation
    Secondary growth is the increase in girth or thickness of a plant, which is caused by the activity of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. It occurs in woody plants and is responsible for the formation of secondary xylem and phloem, resulting in the growth of the plant in diameter. While most dicots exhibit considerable secondary growth, monocots generally do not undergo significant secondary growth. Monocots have scattered vascular bundles and lack a vascular cambium, which limits their ability to increase in girth. Therefore, the statement that most monocots exhibit considerable secondary growth is false.

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  • 48. 

    In plants, necrosis is the:

    • Localized death of tissues.

    • Yellowing of leaves.

    • Loss of chlorophyll.

    • Development of tumors.

    • Healing of wounds.

    Correct Answer
    A. Localized death of tissues.
    Explanation
    Necrosis in plants refers to the localized death of tissues. This occurs when a specific area of plant tissue dies due to various factors such as injury, disease, or environmental stress. It is characterized by the browning or blackening of the affected tissue, which eventually leads to its death. This process is different from the yellowing of leaves or loss of chlorophyll, which are associated with other plant disorders. The development of tumors and the healing of wounds are also unrelated to necrosis in plants.

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  • 49. 

    Cation exchange  in soils is important because:

    • Cations are more crucial to the plant than anions.

    • Cations can exchange with anions that are used by the plant.

    • Cations prevent anions from binding to colloidal particles.

    • Exchangeable ions are not lost with leaching water.

    • Potential harmful exchangeable ions are leached away from the roots.

    Correct Answer
    A. Exchangeable ions are not lost with leaching water.
    Explanation
    Cation exchange in soils is important because it allows for the retention and availability of essential nutrients for plants. When cations are exchanged with anions in the soil, they can bind to colloidal particles, preventing them from being lost through leaching with water. This helps to ensure that the exchangeable ions, which are important for plant growth, are not washed away and remain in the soil for the plants to uptake.

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  • Current Version
  • Sep 05, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Jun 17, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Mmmaxwell

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