Grade 12 Church and Culture Exam Review Quiz

The first step in the moral decision-making model involves gathering relevant information and understanding the context of the situation. By searching out the facts, individuals can clarify the circumstances, identify key stakeholders, and assess the implications of their choices. This foundational step ensures that decisions are informed and grounded in reality, allowing for a more thoughtful and ethical approach as one progresses through the subsequent stages of the decision-making process.

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development posits that moral reasoning progresses through a series of stages, which are fundamentally linked to cognitive development. As individuals grow intellectually, they are able to understand and apply moral principles more complexly. This cognitive maturation allows them to move from a focus on obedience and punishment to more sophisticated ethical considerations, such as justice and social contracts. Thus, moral development is closely tied to the evolution of cognitive abilities, rather than being solely influenced by emotions, social norms, or religious teachings.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being. It evaluates actions based on their consequences, aiming to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This approach considers the collective impact of decisions, prioritizing outcomes that benefit the majority, thereby guiding moral choices towards actions that enhance overall societal welfare. By contrasting with other ethical theories, such as virtue ethics or natural law, utilitarianism uniquely emphasizes the importance of the results of actions rather than intentions or adherence to moral rules.

Moral relativism posits that moral truths are not universal but rather shaped by cultural, societal, or individual perspectives. This viewpoint suggests that what is considered "right" or "wrong" can vary significantly across different contexts and that no single moral framework holds absolute authority. Therefore, moral judgments are influenced by personal experiences, beliefs, and social norms, leading to the conclusion that morality is inherently subjective rather than objective or absolute.

In the Old Testament, Jesus is primarily depicted in roles such as Mediator, Servant Leader, and Prophet, which emphasize His mission of reconciliation, guidance, and communication of God's message. The concept of Jesus as a "Warrior" does not align with the biblical portrayal of His character and purpose in the Old Testament, where He is more associated with peace and salvation rather than military conquest or aggression. Thus, the role of Warrior is not attributed to Jesus in this context.

Exegesis refers to the critical interpretation and analysis of a text, particularly religious scriptures, within its original historical, cultural, and linguistic context. This approach aims to uncover the intended meaning of the text as understood by its original audience, rather than projecting contemporary interpretations or applications. By focusing on the context in which the text was written, exegesis allows for a deeper and more accurate understanding of its significance and implications.

Hedonism is a philosophical doctrine that prioritizes the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the highest good and ultimate aim of human life. It posits that happiness and pleasure are the most important values, guiding individuals in their choices and actions. This focus on pleasure can encompass various forms, including physical, emotional, and intellectual enjoyment, suggesting that maximizing pleasure leads to a fulfilling life. Thus, hedonism fundamentally revolves around the idea that pleasure is central to human experience and well-being.

Mortal sin is characterized by its grave nature, which fundamentally damages a person's relationship with God. It involves a conscious choice to commit a serious act that goes against divine law, fully knowing the severity of the act. Unlike minor wrongdoings, mortal sins require true contrition and repentance for reconciliation with God, highlighting their significant impact on one's spiritual state and moral standing.

Purgatory is understood in various religious contexts, particularly within Catholicism, as a temporary state where souls undergo purification before entering heaven. It is not eternal but rather a transitional phase aimed at cleansing individuals of sin and preparing them for eternal life with God. This concept emphasizes the belief in the need for purification to achieve holiness, allowing souls to reconcile and ultimately attain their final destination in the presence of God.

Stewardship emphasizes the responsible management and care of the environment and natural resources. It involves recognizing the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of preserving ecosystems for future generations. Unlike exploitation or domination, which prioritize short-term gains, stewardship focuses on sustainable practices that nurture and protect creation, ensuring that resources are used wisely and ethically. This approach fosters a sense of responsibility and respect for the planet, aligning with the principles of environmental ethics and sustainability.

Laudato Si', an encyclical by Pope Francis, emphasizes the urgent need for environmental stewardship and the protection of our planet. It highlights the interconnectedness of all creation and calls for a collective response to environmental degradation, climate change, and social injustice. The document advocates for a sustainable approach that prioritizes ecological health over mere economic growth, urging individuals and communities to take responsibility for caring for the Earth. This focus on environmental care reflects a moral imperative to safeguard the environment for future generations.

Rousseau believed that humans are inherently free and that this freedom is a fundamental aspect of human nature. In his work "The Social Contract," he argues that individuals are born with natural rights and that society should be structured to preserve this freedom. He contrasts this with the constraints imposed by civilization, suggesting that true freedom is found in a collective agreement that respects individual rights while promoting the common good. Rousseau's ideas emphasize the importance of social structures that enable rather than restrict human liberty.

Nihilism is a philosophical viewpoint that asserts the absence of inherent meaning or value in life. It challenges traditional beliefs and moral principles, suggesting that life lacks objective purpose or significance. This perspective can lead to a sense of existential despair, as it denies the existence of universal truths or meanings that guide human existence. Nihilism often emerges in response to disillusionment with established systems of thought, prompting individuals to confront the implications of a world without inherent meaning.

A modern-day prophet serves as a moral voice, challenging societal norms and advocating for justice. They highlight issues of inequality, oppression, and discrimination, urging individuals and communities to reflect on their values and actions. By speaking out against injustice, they inspire change and encourage others to take action, fostering a more equitable society. This role is essential in addressing contemporary social issues and promoting awareness, making the prophet a vital figure in the pursuit of justice and truth.

Narcissism is characterized by excessive self-focus and an inflated sense of one's own importance, often leading to a lack of empathy for others. It is considered a vice because it promotes selfishness and can harm relationships, contrasting with virtues like temperance and solicitude, which emphasize moderation and care for others. In moral philosophy, vices are traits that detract from personal and social well-being, and narcissism exemplifies this by prioritizing self-interest over communal harmony.

The primary focus of Christian character is virtue, as it embodies the moral qualities and ethical behaviors that align with the teachings of Jesus and the values of Christianity. Virtue encompasses traits such as love, kindness, humility, and integrity, which are essential for living a life that reflects one's faith. Unlike wealth, power, or popularity, which can be fleeting and often lead to moral compromise, virtue is seen as a lasting foundation for a meaningful and fulfilling life in accordance with Christian principles.