Sociology 100 Midterm 2 - Ch 10 Crime & Deviance

High-consensus deviance refers to behaviours or characteristics that are universally seen as deviant and requiring social control, making them widely accepted as such.

Low-consensus deviance refers to actions or traits that do not have a clear consensus on whether they are considered deviant or not, leading to varying opinions among individuals and groups.

Social control refers to actions that are intended to punish, 'fix,' or prevent deviant behavior by individuals or groups.

Criminologists are researchers who focus on the analysis and causes of crime, rather than law enforcement, legal representation, or legislative functions.

Criminology specifically deals with the study of crime and criminals, and is related to sociology.

Crime is specifically defined as a form of deviance that breaks criminal laws, not just any social norm or act of rebellion.

Summary conviction offences are criminal offences that are less serious in nature compared to indictable offences. They are punishable by a maximum of two years in prison and/or a $2,000 fine.

Indictable conviction offences are the most serious criminal offenses that can result in longer prison sentences.

Violent crimes are criminal offences that involve physical harm to another person, such as assault, murder, or robbery with bodily harm.

Victimless crimes are criminal offenses that typically do not directly harm individuals or society, but still involve illegal activities.

White-collar crime typically refers to non-violent crimes committed by individuals in professional or business settings, often involving deceit, concealment, or violation of trust.

Corporate crime refers to criminal activities carried out by organizations or employees in the course of their employment. It can include a wide range of offenses such as fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, and environmental violations.

Organized crime specifically refers to a group of individuals working together for illegal activities, not a single person or accidental encounters.

Internet crime encompasses a wide range of criminal activities that occur online, including hacking, phishing scams, DDoS attacks, and various other offenses.

The correct answer describes the primary functions of the criminal justice system, which include apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing criminal offenders.

Retribution typically refers to a morally justified consequence for one's actions, often involving some form of punishment or compensation. It is opposite to forgiveness and arbitrary decision-making, and tends to be guided by moral principles rather than peaceful resolutions.

Abolitionism in the context of criminal justice is a movement that calls for the complete dismantling of the current criminal justice system, rather than reforms or enhancements.

Institutionalized goals refer to the societal goals that are endorsed by institutions in contemporary society.

Legitimate means refer to the socially accepted ways of attaining wealth, power, and prestige in contrast to illegal, unethical, or immoral methods.

Techniques in this context refer to the abilities or skills required to participate in behaviors that may be considered deviant or conforming to societal norms.

Motives are the underlying reasons that drive individuals to engage in certain behaviors, whether they are deviant or conforming. Understanding motives helps in analyzing human behavior.

Techniques of neutralization are rationalizations used to justify behaviors and do not necessarily involve actions that are aimed at deceiving others or avoiding responsibility.

Primary deviance refers to minor deviant acts that do not result in the individual being labeled as a deviant by society.

Secondary deviance is the continuation of deviant behavior that results from the societal reaction to primary deviance.

Stigmatization is the act of excluding individuals based on specific behaviors or characteristics, rather than celebrating differences or achievements. It is a negative and harmful process that can lead to discrimination and prejudice.

Self-surveillance refers to the practice of individuals monitoring their own behaviors to conform to societal norms and standards. It involves self-regulation and self-discipline to prevent being labeled as deviant.