Advanced Quiz on Human Reproductive Anatomy and Embryological Genetics

1. What is the function of the Sonic hedgehog gene and where is it located?

Sonic hedgehog gene is responsible for coding structural proteins in muscles.

Sonic hedgehog gene is involved in regulating blood sugar levels in the body.

Sonic hedgehog gene functions in the synthesis of digestive enzymes in the pancreas.

2. Mutation in gene produced at APICAL ECTOdermal ridge that stimulates MITOSIS of Underlying mesoderm....How this could help you understand HY disorder from MSK section?

The mutated gene leads to changes in eye color

The gene is responsible for hair growth regulation

Mutation in the gene causes muscle atrophy in the limbs

The correct answer explains how the gene mutation affects limb growth and relates it to a specific disorder in the musculoskeletal system - achondroplasia. The incorrect answers are irrelevant and do not provide any correlation to musculoskeletal disorders.

Explanation

The correct answer explains how the gene mutation affects limb growth and relates it to a specific disorder in the musculoskeletal system - achondroplasia. The incorrect answers are irrelevant and do not provide any correlation to musculoskeletal disorders.

3. What does a mutation in the HOMEBOX (HOX) genes likely code for and what is its function in relation to Polysyndactyly and appendages in wrong locations?

B. Hormones that regulate growth and development.

A. Enzymes responsible for protein synthesis and cell division.

C. Structural proteins found in bones and muscles.

HOX genes are specifically responsible for regulating the process of segmental organization during fetal development.

Explanation

HOX genes are specifically responsible for regulating the process of segmental organization during fetal development.

4. Sperm fertilizes which type of oocyte? Which phase cycle is it arrested in? How many chromosomes vs DNA copies does that oocyte have, and how does this number change after fertilization?

Sperm fertilizes PRIMARY oocyte with 2 Chromosomes and 4 DNA copies, resulting in a TRIPLOID zygote.

Sperm fertilizes TERTIARY oocyte, which has half the number of chromosomes compared to a normal oocyte.

Sperm fertilizes immature oocyte, and the number of DNA copies in the oocyte remains the same after fertilization.

The correct answer highlights that sperm fertilizes the SECONDARY oocyte while being arrested in METAPHASE of MEIOSIS II, resulting in a DIPLOID zygote with 2 chromosomes and 4 DNA copies. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the biological process of fertilization.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights that sperm fertilizes the SECONDARY oocyte while being arrested in METAPHASE of MEIOSIS II, resulting in a DIPLOID zygote with 2 chromosomes and 4 DNA copies. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the biological process of fertilization.

5. What is the collection of 32 cells on day 4 after fertilization?

BLASTOCYST

*MORULA...After Morula develops Blastocele(Central cavity) and divides further it produces BLASTOCYTS on Day 5. ...

EMBRYO

ZYGOTE

After Morula develops Blastocele (Central cavity) and divides further, it produces BLASTOCYSTS on Day 5.

Explanation

After Morula develops Blastocele (Central cavity) and divides further, it produces BLASTOCYSTS on Day 5.

6. When does Implantation of Blastocyst happen (remember it is formed on day 5) and why it can't implant before?

Implantation of Blastocyst happens immediately after it is formed on day 5.

Zona pellucida helps in implantation of Blastocyst before it gets rid of it.

Blastocyst implants on day 3 and starts synthesizing hCG.

The correct answer explains that Blastocyst is actually implanted on average day 7, not immediately on day 5. It also mentions that Zona pellucida needs to be removed before implantation can occur. The incorrect answers provided in options do not align with the actual process of Blastocyst implantation.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that Blastocyst is actually implanted on average day 7, not immediately on day 5. It also mentions that Zona pellucida needs to be removed before implantation can occur. The incorrect answers provided in options do not align with the actual process of Blastocyst implantation.

7. Describe the formation of the bilaminar disk, including its significance and time of formation.

The prechordial plate is formed by the fusion of the epiblast and amnion layers.

The bilaminar disk is composed of the ectoderm and endoderm layers.

Bilaminar disk forms after the first trimester of pregnancy.

8. Which of the following embryologic derivatives arise from the midline MESOderm?

Neural Plate

Ectoderm

Neural Tube

The notochord is derived from the midline MESOderm, whereas the neural plate comes from the ENDOderm overlying the notochord. The neural tube is formed from neuroectoderm, not mesoderm.

Explanation

The notochord is derived from the midline MESOderm, whereas the neural plate comes from the ENDOderm overlying the notochord. The neural tube is formed from neuroectoderm, not mesoderm.

9. Organs are most susceptible to teratogens during which period after fertilization?

During week 9 and after

During week 1 and before

During week 2

During the embryonic period (weeks 3-8) after fertilization, organs are most susceptible to teratogens. Exposure before or after this period can have different outcomes.

Explanation

During the embryonic period (weeks 3-8) after fertilization, organs are most susceptible to teratogens. Exposure before or after this period can have different outcomes.

10. When does heart begin to function first vs. when can we actually visualize fetal cardiac activity by transvaginal ultrasound?

The heart begins to function in week 3, and visualizing fetal cardiac activity is possible by week 5.

Visualizing fetal cardiac activity with transvaginal ultrasound is possible in week 3, while the heart starts functioning in week 5.

11. When do genitalia first develop male/female characteristics and when can we actually tell if the baby is a boy or a girl?

Genitalia develop male/female characteristics at birth.

Genitalia first develop male/female characteristics at week 20.

We can determine the baby's sex through genetic testing in the first trimester.

Embryologically, genitalia begin to develop male/female characteristics at week 10, but it is not until the second trimester ultrasound (weeks 16-19) that we can visually confirm the baby's sex. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately represent the timeline for genital development and sex determination.

Explanation

Embryologically, genitalia begin to develop male/female characteristics at week 10, but it is not until the second trimester ultrasound (weeks 16-19) that we can visually confirm the baby's sex. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately represent the timeline for genital development and sex determination.

12. When does FETAL movement typically begin during pregnancy?

WEEK 16

WEEK 20

WEEK 12

*WEEK 8.M O V E M E N T - 8 letters

Fetal movement typically begins around week 8 of pregnancy, as the baby's muscles develop and it starts to make spontaneous movements. It is an important milestone in the development of the baby.

Explanation

Fetal movement typically begins around week 8 of pregnancy, as the baby's muscles develop and it starts to make spontaneous movements. It is an important milestone in the development of the baby.

13. Cells of thyroid gland: 1)Those that secrete T3T4 vs 2) Those that secrete Calcitonin. Embryologic origins?

1) FOLLICULAR cells of thyroid are derived from ECTOderm vs 2) PARAfollicular cells of thyroid are derived from MESODERM.

1)FOLLICULAR cells of thyroid are derived from ENDOderm.vs2)PARAfollicular cells of thyroid are derived from NEURAL CREST cells....

1) FOLLICULAR cells of thyroid are derived from MESODERM vs 2) PARAfollicular cells of thyroid are derived from ENDOderm.

14. From which structure is Structure 7 derived?

ECTODERM

ENDODERM

LUNG BUD

Structure 7 is derived from the notochord, which is itself derived from the mesoderm. The notochord induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectoderm, leading to the development of the neural tube.

Explanation

Structure 7 is derived from the notochord, which is itself derived from the mesoderm. The notochord induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectoderm, leading to the development of the neural tube.

15. What are the embryologic origins of Thymus and Lymphatics?

*Thymus is derived from ENDODERM while Lymphatics are derived from MESODERM.

Thymus is derived from MESODERM while Lymphatics are derived from ENDODERM.

Thymus is derived from MESODERM while Lymphatics are derived from ECTODERM.

Thymus is derived from ECTODERM while Lymphatics are derived from MESODERM.

Thymus is derived from the endoderm layer during embryonic development, while lymphatics originate from the mesoderm layer. Understanding the embryologic origins of these structures helps in comprehending their functions and connections in the body.

Explanation

Thymus is derived from the endoderm layer during embryonic development, while lymphatics originate from the mesoderm layer. Understanding the embryologic origins of these structures helps in comprehending their functions and connections in the body.

16. What is the main developmental origin difference between bones in the general skeleton and bones of the skull?

CHONDROCYTES vs OSTEOBLASTS

*MESODERM vsNEURAL CREST cells..

ENDODERM vs ECTODERM

AXIAL vs APPENDICULAR skeleton

The correct answer highlights the different embryonic origins of general skeleton bones (mesoderm) and skull bones (neural crest cells) during development.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the different embryonic origins of general skeleton bones (mesoderm) and skull bones (neural crest cells) during development.

17. What is the main difference between the wall of the gut tube and the gut tube epithelium until the pectinate line?

Ectoderm vs Mesoderm after the pectinate line (Below it), Endoderm gives rise to the rest of the anal canal

ENDOderm vs MESODERM after the pectinate line (Below it), ECTOderm gives rise to the rest of the anal canal

*MESODERM vs*ENDOdermafter pectinate line(Below it),ECTOderm gives rise to rest of anal canal...

Mesoderm vs Ectoderm after the pectinate line (Below it), Endoderm gives rise to the rest of the anal canal

In the development of the anal canal, understanding the differentiation from different germ layers is crucial. The correct answer highlights the specific layers involved and their roles in the formation of the anal canal.

Explanation

In the development of the anal canal, understanding the differentiation from different germ layers is crucial. The correct answer highlights the specific layers involved and their roles in the formation of the anal canal.

18. Patient with DiGeorge's syndrome has tetany. Structure responsible for hypocalcemia (and thus tetany) in this patient is most likely derived from?

Ectoderm

Neural crest

Mesoderm

Patient with DiGeorge's syndrome can experience hypocalcemia due to improper development of parathyroid glands, which are derived from endoderm.

Explanation

Patient with DiGeorge's syndrome can experience hypocalcemia due to improper development of parathyroid glands, which are derived from endoderm.

19. Where does the upper vagina originate from compared to the lower vagina?

*Upper vagina comes from MESOdermvsLower vagina comes from UROGENITAL sinus and thus is derivative of ENDOderm...

B. Upper vagina comes from ECTOderm, while Lower vagina comes from MESOderm.

C. Upper vagina comes from MESOderm, while Lower vagina comes from ECTOderm.

A. Upper vagina comes from ENDOderm, while Lower vagina comes from MESOderm.

The upper vagina primarily originates from MESOderm, while the lower vagina is derived from the UROGENITAL sinus and thus is a derivative of ENDOderm. This differentiation is crucial in understanding the development of the female reproductive system.

Explanation

The upper vagina primarily originates from MESOderm, while the lower vagina is derived from the UROGENITAL sinus and thus is a derivative of ENDOderm. This differentiation is crucial in understanding the development of the female reproductive system.

20. What is the main difference between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin?

Inner layer vs outer layer of the skin

Top layer vs bottom layer of the skin

*SURFACE ECTOderm vs*MESOderm...MD-Mesoderm/Dermis

Fluid-filled layer vs tough layer of the skin

The epidermis is derived from surface ectoderm while the dermis is derived from mesoderm. This makes the epidermis the top layer and the dermis the inner layer of the skin.

Explanation

The epidermis is derived from surface ectoderm while the dermis is derived from mesoderm. This makes the epidermis the top layer and the dermis the inner layer of the skin.

21. What is the embryonic origin of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla versus the adrenal cortex?

ECTODERM vs ENDODERM

ENDODERM vs MESODERM

*NEURAL CREST cellsvsMESODERM...

MESODERM vs ECTODERM

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from neural crest cells, while the adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm during embryonic development.

Explanation

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from neural crest cells, while the adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm during embryonic development.

22. In embryology, if a baby is born with ANAL ATRESIA, which germ layer is likely to be involved?

ECTODERM

ENDODERM

*MESODERM...

NEURODERM

Anal atresia is a congenital condition where the anus is not formed properly. This defect is mostly due to faulty development of the mesoderm layer during embryogenesis.

Explanation

Anal atresia is a congenital condition where the anus is not formed properly. This defect is mostly due to faulty development of the mesoderm layer during embryogenesis.

23. What is the origin of the retina in the eye compared to the lens?

*Retina comes from Neural TUBE ..vsLens of they eye comes from SURFACE Ectoderm...

Retina comes from Ectoderm while Lens of the eye comes from Mesoderm.

Retina comes from Mesoderm while Lens of the eye comes from Endoderm.

Retina comes from Endoderm while Lens of the eye comes from Ectoderm.

The retina develops from the neural tube during embryonic development, while the lens of the eye originates from surface ectoderm. This process is crucial in understanding the structure and function of the eye.

Explanation

The retina develops from the neural tube during embryonic development, while the lens of the eye originates from surface ectoderm. This process is crucial in understanding the structure and function of the eye.

24. What is the main difference between the Anterior vs Posterior parts of the hypophysis and Cranial nerves?

The Anterior Hypophysis is derived from the neural tube and is known as Neurohypophysis

Cranial nerves are derived from the mesoderm layer of the embryo

The Posterior Hypophysis is derived from Rathke's pouch and is known as Adenohypophysis

The Anterior Hypophysis, Posterior Hypophysis, and Cranial nerves have distinct embryological origins and functions, contributing to the overall physiological processes in the body.

Explanation

The Anterior Hypophysis, Posterior Hypophysis, and Cranial nerves have distinct embryological origins and functions, contributing to the overall physiological processes in the body.

25. From which cells are Ganglia like DORSAL root gangia/Autonomic Ganglia derived from?

Mesoderm cells

Ectoderm cells

Endoderm cells

Ganglia, such as DORSAL root ganglia and Autonomic Ganglia, are derived from NEURAL CREST cells, which primarily give rise to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Explanation

Ganglia, such as DORSAL root ganglia and Autonomic Ganglia, are derived from NEURAL CREST cells, which primarily give rise to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

26. Young patient with BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPSIA and signs of Hypopituitarism, presenting with a tumor containing CHOLESTEROL CRYSTALS and Dystrophic calcifications. What embryologic defect is most likely associated with this tumor?

Medulloblastoma

Meningioma

Astrocytoma

27. What is the embryologic origin of Pinealoma?

Pineal gland is derivative of Mesoderm.

Pineal gland is derivative of Ectoderm.

*Description is classic for Pinealoma, Pineal gland is derivative of Neural TUBE....

Pineal gland is derivative of Endoderm.

Pinealoma originates from the Neural Tube during embryonic development.

Explanation

Pinealoma originates from the Neural Tube during embryonic development.

28. Where do testes and ovaries originate from during embryonic development?

*BOTH of them are derived from MESODERM...

Testes are derived from endoderm and ovaries are derived from mesoderm.

They are both derived from ectoderm.

Both of them are derived from endoderm.

During embryonic development, both testes and ovaries are derived from mesoderm, which is one of the primary germ layers. This means that they share a common origin despite their different functions in the male and female reproductive systems.

Explanation

During embryonic development, both testes and ovaries are derived from mesoderm, which is one of the primary germ layers. This means that they share a common origin despite their different functions in the male and female reproductive systems.

Advanced Quiz on Human Reproductive Anatomy and Embryological Genetics

1. What is the function of the Sonic hedgehog gene and where is it located?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Mutation in gene produced at APICAL ECTOdermal ridge that stimulates MITOSIS of Underlying mesoderm....How this could help you understand HY disorder from MSK section?

3. What does a mutation in the HOMEBOX (HOX) genes likely code for and what is its function in relation to Polysyndactyly and appendages in wrong locations?

4. Sperm fertilizes which type of oocyte? Which phase cycle is it arrested in? How many chromosomes vs DNA copies does that oocyte have, and how does this number change after fertilization?

5. What is the collection of 32 cells on day 4 after fertilization?

6. When does Implantation of Blastocyst happen (remember it is formed on day 5) and why it can't implant before?

7. Describe the formation of the bilaminar disk, including its significance and time of formation.

8. Which of the following embryologic derivatives arise from the midline MESOderm?

9. Organs are most susceptible to teratogens during which period after fertilization?

10. When does heart begin to function first vs. when can we actually visualize fetal cardiac activity by transvaginal ultrasound?

11. When do genitalia first develop male/female characteristics and when can we actually tell if the baby is a boy or a girl?

12. When does FETAL movement typically begin during pregnancy?

13. Cells of thyroid gland: 1)Those that secrete T3T4 vs 2) Those that secrete Calcitonin. Embryologic origins?

14. From which structure is Structure 7 derived?

15. What are the embryologic origins of Thymus and Lymphatics?

16. What is the main developmental origin difference between bones in the general skeleton and bones of the skull?

17. What is the main difference between the wall of the gut tube and the gut tube epithelium until the pectinate line?

18. Patient with DiGeorge's syndrome has tetany. Structure responsible for hypocalcemia (and thus tetany) in this patient is most likely derived from?

19. Where does the upper vagina originate from compared to the lower vagina?

20. What is the main difference between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin?

21. What is the embryonic origin of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla versus the adrenal cortex?

22. In embryology, if a baby is born with ANAL ATRESIA, which germ layer is likely to be involved?

23. What is the origin of the retina in the eye compared to the lens?

24. What is the main difference between the Anterior vs Posterior parts of the hypophysis and Cranial nerves?

25. From which cells are Ganglia like DORSAL root gangia/Autonomic Ganglia derived from?

26. Young patient with BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPSIA and signs of Hypopituitarism, presenting with a tumor containing CHOLESTEROL CRYSTALS and Dystrophic calcifications. What embryologic defect is most likely associated with this tumor?

27. What is the embryologic origin of Pinealoma?

28. Where do testes and ovaries originate from during embryonic development?