Nervous System: Sensory Systems

The correct answer includes the accurate types of sensory receptors and the stimuli that stimulate each receptor. The incorrect answers include various combinations of made-up types of receptors and stimuli that do not align with the actual sensory system.

The correct answer provides a clear explanation of the role of accessory structures in influencing the function of receptors, specifically in the context of the eye's lens and pupil. The incorrect answers provide misleading information or completely false statements about the concept of accessory structures.

The correct answer provided details the functions of the ear drum and its role in the ear structure. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the accessory structures of the ear and their functions.

Crickets do not hear with their antennas, wings, or special ear drums on their heads. The correct explanation is that they have a tympanic membrane on their legs that helps them hear.

Rattlesnakes use their thermoreceptor, not echolocation, eyesight, or sense of smell, to sense the heat emitted by potential prey.

Male moths do not use their eyes, wings, or mouthparts to detect female pheromones. Instead, they rely on their antennae which are covered with olfactory receptors to sense the pheromone molecules in the air.

The correct answer mentions the two main steps in sensory reception, which involve transduction and encoding. The incorrect answers provided are common misconceptions about sensory reception processes.

Before the signal reaches the axon hillock, a neuron has graded potential. A stronger receptor potential will lead to higher frequencies of action potentials, while a weaker receptor potential will result in lower frequencies of action potentials.

The human olfactory system functions through specialized neurons in the nasal cavity that bind to specific odors and transmit signals to the brain for processing.

Cilia in the nose specifically play a role in the sense of smell by transmitting smell information to the brain. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately reflect the function of cilia in the nose.

The olfactory receptor neurons are specialized in detecting specific odor molecules, with each receptor responding to 1 or a few odors, making them crucial for our sense of smell.

In Olfactory Sensory Transduction in Vertebrates, the activation of a cAMP-gated channel specifically leads to Na+ influx and depolarization, initiating the process of generating the receptor potential which further leads to the perception of smell.

The correct answer explains the role of auditory hair cells or stereocilia in creating an electrical response to sound vibrations in the inner ear. Hair cells do not produce wax, stereocilia are not bones, and the organ of Corti is not related to taste sensations.

Transduction in an auditory hair cell involves mechanically gated channels where the opening and closing of ion channels are dependent on the movement of stereocilia. This process leads to changes in the membrane potential of the cell, resulting in either hyperpolarization or depolarization.

The correct information regarding hair cell responses for bending in relation to action potentials is located on slide 19.

The retina is a complex structure with various types of cells that work together to process visual information. The correct answer provides a detailed explanation of how different cells in the retina are organized and function.

Rhodopsin is a specific type of protein found in the rods of the eye, composed of opsin and retinal, with a unique function related to light absorption and activation of the receptor for vision.

Transduction in a vertebrate photoreceptor refers to the process by which light energy is converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. In this case, the correct answer explains the specific molecular mechanism involving transducin, cGMP phosphodiesterase, and ion channels.

The correct answers highlight the specific behaviors of bipolar cells, rod cells, and ganglion cells in relation to action potentials. Each incorrect answer has been crafted to mislead by providing false information that contradicts the established facts.

Rod cells are responsible for vision in low light conditions, therefore they release transmitters in the dark to signal the presence of light. When light is present, rod cells stop releasing transmitters.

After phototransduction, the process of transmitting information through synapses to bipolar cells, then to ganglion cells, and finally to the brain is crucial for the conversion of light signals into action potentials that are interpreted by the brain.

Cones are responsible for color vision and work best in bright light conditions. They are less sensitive to light compared to rods. On the other hand, rods are more sensitive to light and are used primarily in dim light conditions. They do not contribute to color vision, hence are unable to distinguish colors.