Lesson 9 - Absolutism And Enlightenment

The Edict of Nantes was a decree by Henry IV that granted limited religious freedom to Huguenots in France, while the other options are significant historical documents and treaties that did not specifically address religious freedom for Huguenots in France.

The English Bill of Rights was a crucial document that limited the power of the monarchy in England in 1689. It established rights for Parliament and the citizens, and greatly influenced the development of constitutional monarchy in England.

Habeas Corpus is a legal principle requiring that a person cannot be detained by the government unless a court determines there is a valid reason. Subpoena is a written order to appear in court. Summons is a notice to appear in court. Indictment is a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.

Louis XIV of France, also known as the Sun King, expanded and transformed the Palace of Versailles into a magnificent royal residence. His lavish spending and military campaigns significantly contributed to the national debt of France during his reign.

The correct term for the earth centered theory of the universe is geocentric theory. Other incorrect options include heliocentric theory, which is actually the sun centered theory of the universe; Ptolemaic theory, which is a specific geocentric model proposed by Claudius Ptolemy; and Copernican theory, which is the heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.

The scientific method involves systematic steps to gather evidence, form hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze results to test and refine theories.

John Locke's concept of natural rights asserts that individuals have inherent rights that are not granted by the government.

Salons were typically hosted by wealthier women and served as a meeting place for intellectuals to discuss and exchange ideas on various topics.

Enlightened Despots were rulers who believed in the principles of the Enlightenment and implemented social and political reforms while maintaining absolute power.

John Locke was a key figure in the Enlightenment, known for his beliefs in natural rights and government's obligation to protect them. His ideas influenced many revolutions and the concept of government deriving power from the people.

Voltaire is known for his advocacy of freedom of speech, which aligns with the American Bill of Rights. While Descartes, Rousseau, and Hobbes were also notable philosophers, they did not specifically defend freedom of speech like Voltaire did.

Although Rousseau, Voltaire, and Locke were all prominent Enlightenment figures, it was Diderot who compiled the Encyclopedia that had a significant impact in spreading Enlightenment ideas and denouncing slavery.

Mary Wollstonecraft was the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' and advocated for equal rights for women in education and politics. Austen, Bronte, and Dickinson were renowned female authors, but they did not specifically address women's rights in the same manner as Wollstonecraft.

Adam Smith, a Scottish economist and philosopher, is often referred to as the father of modern economics. He is best known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations' which laid the foundation for classical economic theory and promoting principles of free markets and capitalism. Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman were also influential economists, but they held different views on economic systems compared to Adam Smith.

Beccaria, an Italian philosopher, was a prominent figure in the field of criminal justice. His work 'On Crimes and Punishments' had a significant influence on the development of modern criminal law.

Peter the Great is known for modernizing Russia by adopting Western European customs and technologies to transform the country into a major power. His reforms centralized the government and reduced the influence of the boyars, the nobles of Russia. The other three options, Ivan the Terrible, Catherine the Great, and Nicholas II, were all significant figures in Russian history but did not have the same impact on modernization and centralization as Peter the Great.

Phillip II of Spain was known for his staunch Catholicism and his efforts in supporting the Counter Reformation. He ruled over the Spanish Empire, which was the most populous empire in the world at the time of his death in 1598. Louis XIV of France, Queen Elizabeth I of England, and Ivan the Terrible of Russia were significant rulers in their own right, but they did not match the description provided in the question.

The concept of Divine right asserts that the monarch's authority to rule comes directly from God, making them God's representative on earth.