Political Ideas And Ideologies - Heywood, 5th Edition

Rationalism is the philosophical belief that reason is the main source of knowledge and truth. It emphasizes the role of logic and critical thinking in understanding the world.

Pragmatism is a philosophical concept that values practicality and real-world applications over abstract theories or beliefs.

A meta-ideology is not about universally accepted beliefs, individual empowerment, or promoting violence, but rather setting the grounds for ideological debate.

Progress is the idea of moving forward and advancing based on the accumulation of knowledge and wisdom over time, leading to human advancement and improvement.

Meritocracy is a system where rewards and positions are based on individual ability and talent, rather than other factors like religion, wealth, or family connections.

Atomism is a philosophical concept that focuses on individualism and self-sufficiency in society.

Economic liberalism refers to the belief in free markets and minimal government interference in economic affairs, aiming to achieve prosperity and opportunities for all through market mechanisms.

Big government refers to an interventionist government that plays a significant role in economic management and social regulation, which is contrary to limited government, anarchist government, and totalitarian government.

Redistribution refers to the act of reducing material inequalities by using tools like progressive taxation and welfare programs to help those in need and promote a more equal distribution of resources.

Paternalism refers to the attitude or policy of acting in the best interest of others, often in a fatherly manner. It involves making decisions for individuals based on the belief that they are unable to make choices for themselves. The correct answer emphasizes the caring aspect of paternalism towards those who may be considered vulnerable or incapable of helping themselves.

Toryism is a specific ideological stance within conservatism that prioritizes hierarchy, tradition, and organicism, which differentiate it from forms of socialism, authoritarianism, and economic theories centered around free-market capitalism.

Natural aristocracy refers to the belief that certain individuals possess inherent qualities such as talent and leadership that make them naturally suited for positions of power and influence, as opposed to the idea that these qualities can be acquired through effort or self-advancement.

Christian democracy is a political ideology that combines aspects of conservatism and social democracy, emphasizing moral values, social justice, and economic freedom with a focus on human dignity and solidarity.

The term 'Nanny state' refers to a state that takes on extensive social responsibilities, but some view this as unnecessary and disempowering to individuals.

Permissiveness is the belief in allowing individuals to make their own moral choices without imposing strict guidelines or beliefs on them.

Revisionism refers to the modification of original beliefs, which can sometimes involve abandoning principles or losing conviction. It is not simply adhering strictly to original beliefs, revising documents, or promoting a return to traditional values.

Dialectical materialism refers to the specific Marxist theory that views history as a series of conflicts and contradictions driven by the struggle between social classes.

Historical materialism is a key concept in Marxist theory that emphasizes the influence of economic factors in shaping society and history. It suggests that the economic base of society fundamentally determines the social, political, and cultural superstructure.

The Dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a temporary state controlled by the working class to facilitate the transition to communism, not a despotic rule over other classes, absolute power by a single individual, or a lawless society.

Fundamentalist socialism is a specific ideology that aims to completely eradicate capitalism in favor of a new societal structure.

Anarcho-capitalism is rooted in the belief in free markets and voluntary interactions, rejecting the need for a central government. It is a form of anarchism that focuses on individual freedoms and limited government intervention in social and economic affairs.

Mutualism is based on the principles of reciprocity and mutual benefit, emphasizing cooperation and fairness in exchanges between individuals or groups.

Anarcho-communism is an anarchist tradition that emphasizes common ownership and rejects strong central authority or individual ownership of production means.

Liberal feminism is a feminist tradition that aims for gender equality by advocating for equal access for both men and women in the public sphere, based on the belief that individuals should be treated without regard to their gender.

Socialist feminism addresses the intersection of gender and economic inequality, aiming to dismantle systems of patriarchy and capitalism that oppress women.