Ap Biology Chapter 20

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method used to amplify a specific segment of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling, making multiple copies of the DNA segment. This technique is commonly used in research, forensic analysis, and medical diagnostics.

An expression vector is designed for the transcription and translation of inserted genes to produce functional proteins. It contains the necessary elements for gene expression in the target organism.

Gene Therapy involves the introduction of genes into an individual to treat or prevent a disease. Genetic Modification, DNA Editing, and Cell Manipulation are related concepts but not specifically focused on therapeutic interventions like Gene Therapy.

Restriction enzymes are used by bacteria to defend against foreign DNA, such as viral DNA. They cut at specific nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. DNA Polymerase, Ligase, and Helicase are involved in DNA replication and repair processes but do not have the same specificity as restriction enzymes.

In Situ Hybridization is a commonly used technique to visualize the location of specific mRNA within cells and tissues by using a complementary labeled probe. PCR, Western Blot, and Gel Electrophoresis are different techniques used for various purposes and are not specifically designed for detecting mRNA location in intact organisms.

A restriction site is a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme. Gene mutation refers to changes in DNA sequence, nucleotide synthesis is the creation of new nucleotide molecules, and translation factor is involved in protein synthesis, not DNA cutting.

cDNA is synthesized from mRNA using reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase, resulting in a complementary DNA strand that represents the exons of a gene.

DNA microarray assay involves fixing a tiny amount of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes to a glass slide and testing for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA, allowing for the detection and measurement of gene expression on a large scale. PCR, Western blotting, and Southern blotting are techniques used for DNA amplification, protein detection, and DNA identification, respectively, but do not have the same capacity for high-throughput gene expression analysis as DNA microarrays.

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) are vectors used in genetics to clone and insert large DNA fragments. They are commonly used to study genomic sequences and for mapping genes.

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a common type of genetic variation in which a single nucleotide base differs between individuals. SNPs are found throughout a person's DNA and can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes associated with disease.

A restriction fragment is the DNA segment resulting from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme, whereas DNA sequencing, gene splicing, and polymerase chain reaction are different processes in molecular biology.

A genetic profile refers to the specific set of genetic markers that are unique to an individual, and it is commonly detected through techniques such as PCR, electrophoresis, and nucleic acid probes.

Northern blotting is specifically used to detect RNA sequences, Southern blotting is used for DNA, and Western blotting is used for proteins. Eastern blotting does not exist as an established technique.

Biotechnology specifically refers to the use of biological systems and living organisms to develop products or processes for a variety of purposes. Genetics focuses on genes and heredity, bioengineering involves the application of engineering principles to biological systems, and biochemistry focuses on the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.

Recombinant DNA is created by combining DNA molecules from different sources, resulting in a genetically modified organism.

A cloning vector is a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. Other options like Transformation Vector, Recombinant Vector, and Insertion Vector are not commonly used terminologies in genetic engineering.

Genetic Engineering involves the intentional alteration of an organism's genes in a way that does not occur naturally, typically for practical purposes.

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) is the correct term for this type of DNA sequence, which is commonly used in genetic analysis. Nucleotide Polymorphism (NP), Genetic Variance Sequence (GVS), and Microsatellite DNA (MDNA) are not the correct terms for this specific type of DNA sequence.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a specific technique used to silence gene expression by targeting messenger RNA. Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 involves altering the DNA sequence directly. DNA transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. Protein translation inhibition refers to the blocking of the process where mRNA is used as a template to build a protein.

A genomic library refers to a collection of cell clones, each containing DNA segments from a genome. It is a valuable resource for genetic research and sequencing.

Stem cells have the unique ability to divide and produce two different types of daughter cells - one identical and the other more specialized. This process allows for the development and regeneration of various cell types in the body.

Gel electrophoresis is a common laboratory technique used to separate biological molecules based on size and electrical charge. It involves applying an electrical field to a gel matrix through which molecules move at different rates based on their characteristics. The other options mentioned do not involve the same principles for separation.

Electroporation is a common method in molecular biology for introducing substances into cells by using an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in the cell membrane. Transformation, transfection, and gene editing are other techniques used in genetic engineering but do not involve the use of electrical pulses.

The Ti Plasmid is specifically known for its role in plant genetic engineering, whereas the other options are not associated with this particular function.

A sticky end refers to the single-stranded overhang of a double-stranded restriction fragment that can easily bind to a complementary sequence. In contrast, a blunt end is a double-stranded end without any overhang, an overhang end does not exist as a specific term, and a terminal end does not specifically describe the characteristics of a restriction fragment end.

Totipotent cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, including extraembryonic tissues. Pluripotent cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body but not extraembryonic tissues. Multipotent cells can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a specific lineage. Unipotent cells can only differentiate into one type of cell.

A nucleic acid probe is specifically designed to bind to a complementary DNA or RNA sequence, helping to locate specific sequences in a sample. DNA Polymerase is an enzyme involved in DNA replication and not used for locating specific sequences. Gene Sequencer is a device used to determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. Amplification Primer is a short nucleic acid sequence used to initiate DNA replication.

DNA Ligase is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication, while DNA Polymerase is involved in synthesizing new DNA strands. RNA Ligase primarily acts on RNA molecules, not DNA, and Helicase is responsible for unwinding the double helix structure of DNA during replication.

Gene Cloning is the process of creating multiple copies of a gene for various research or practical purposes. Gene Sequencing involves determining the nucleotide sequence of a gene, while Gene Splicing is the process of cutting and rejoining DNA segments. Gene Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Transgenic organisms have genes from other organisms introduced into their genome, distinguishing them from other terms like genetic, hybrid, and mutant.