Chapter 11 Motivation

Motivation refers to the driving force behind behavior, not a state of boredom or lack of goals. It is not always related to overthinking or procrastination.

Instinct Theory states that human behavior is not solely based on learned experiences or random events, but rather on instinctual behaviors that are present in all individuals of a species.

The Instinct Theory is criticized for its lack of specificity in defining instincts and its inability to provide explanations for why specific behaviors occur.

An incentive can be either positive or negative environmental stimuli that drive behavior, it is not limited to just rewards or punishment.

Arousal Theory focuses on the idea that humans seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which can explain why people may engage in risky or adventurous behaviors.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in psychology that prioritizes the fulfillment of basic physiological and safety needs before psychological needs in order to achieve self-actualization.

Hunger is signaled by stomach contractions and diminished glucose & insulin levels, while satiety is signaled by the opposite factors. Increased glucose levels and insulin production are associated with satiety, and fullness or satisfaction signals in the brain indicate the absence of hunger.

Long term mechanisms refer to the body's efforts to maintain a stable set point over time, such as body weight. Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, plays a crucial role in regulating long term mechanisms. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the definition of long-term mechanisms and how they are regulated.

Physiological signals of hunger include stomach contractions and diminished glucose & insulin in the blood. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of hunger, and damage to this structure can cause weight loss or weight gain.

External signals such as weather conditions, TV commercials, or the time of day are not listed as significant factors influencing our eating patterns. The correct answers focus on the availability of food, cultural influences, and societal norms related to body weight.

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are both serious eating disorders with specific characteristics, commonly affecting certain demographic groups such as caucasian women. While Orthorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, and Pica are also eating disorders, they have different characteristics and are more likely to affect different demographics based on various factors like age, gender, and underlying psychological issues.

The current obesity epidemic can be explained in evolutionary terms by considering the mismatch between our biological hunger mechanisms and the abundance of energy-dense foods in today's environment.

Obesity can be influenced by a combination of genetic factors, overconsumption of big portion and high calorie foods, as well as sedentary lifestyle. Lack of exercise, low protein intake, and drinking too much water are not typically associated with obesity.

Researchers study sexual motivation to better understand the various aspects of human sexuality and its impact on individuals and society. By studying sexual disorders, myths, STIs, sex-related crimes, and unwanted pregnancies, researchers can develop strategies to address these issues and promote overall sexual health.

The correct answer is based on the research conducted by Masters & Johnson, which identified the four stages of sexual response as excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, and noted that these stages are the same for both men and women.

The refractory period is the period after orgasm during which a man is unable to achieve another orgasm. It is characterized by a temporary loss of erection and the inability to experience sexual arousal.

Hormones play a significant role in influencing sexual behavior in most mammals, but humans differ in their response to hormonal influences, with estrogen levels peaking at ovulation in females and low testosterone levels affecting males' interest in sex.

The correct answer choices are related to sexual arousal and repeated exposure to sexually stimulating material, while the incorrect answer choices are not typically associated with these effects.

The correct answer highlights underlying social, psychological, and cultural factors contributing to higher rates of STDs and unplanned pregnancies among adolescents, while the incorrect answers suggest approaches that aim to prevent the spread of STDs and reduce unplanned pregnancies.

Homosexuality is not a chosen lifestyle, a result of parenting style, or a mental illness. It is strongly influenced by genetic and biological factors.

Industrial organizational psychology focuses on applying psychological theories and principles in the workplace to enhance productivity and employee satisfaction. It involves studying human behavior within organizations and how to improve various aspects such as leadership, teamwork, and job satisfaction.

Personnel psychology aims to select and evaluate workers while ensuring their individual strengths are matched to appropriate tasks. Personnel psychologists have taught us the importance of making quick impressions during interviews and how to effectively evaluate performance.

Studies have shown that personal relationships rank high in importance for most individuals, surpassing material possessions and career success.

The need to belong is influenced by various factors such as evolutionary, health, sociological, psychological, and even economic reasons. The theories explaining this need contribute to our understanding of human behavior and social interactions.

The correct answer describes the interviewer illusion and structured interviews accurately. The incorrect answers provide common misconceptions or alternative definitions related to interviewing practices.

Organizational psychology mainly focuses on studying how work environments and management styles impact worker motivation, rather than solely focusing on improving benefits, measuring performance, or creating a positive culture.