Cardiovascular System

The circulatory system is primarily responsible for the transportation of essential substances such as food materials, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body. It is not responsible for breathing (respiratory system), transmitting signals (nervous system), or providing structure and support (skeletal system).

Blood vessels are the tubular structures that carry blood throughout the body. Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. Nephrons are structural and functional units of the kidneys. Bronchi are tubes that carry air into the lungs.

Circulation specifically refers to the movement of blood through the body's blood vessels, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

The correct answer is oxygen, as air-breathing mammals have a second circulation specifically designed to pick up oxygen from the lungs to facilitate respiration.

Systemic circulation refers to the circulation of blood from the heart to the entire body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells and remove waste products.

Pulmonary circulation specifically refers to the circulation of blood to and from the lungs for oxygenation. It is separate from systemic circulation which carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

The right and left sides of the human body are anatomically separate from each other, with different organs and functions. However, they are connected by various systems that allow communication and coordination between the two sides.

The heart is a hollow muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system.

The correct answer includes the chambers found in the heart, which are the atrium and ventricle.

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the major vessels. It helps protect the heart and provides a barrier against infection.

The pericardium is a protective layer around the heart composed of epithelium, not related to brain cells, foot bones, or tropical fruit.

The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart lining, while the pericardium is the outer layer, the myocardium is the middle muscular layer, and the epicardium is the outer layer of the heart wall.

The heart wall is made up of three layers: the endocardium (inner layer), myocardium (middle layer), and epicardium (outer layer). However, the myocardium is mainly responsible for the contraction of the heart and is the thickest layer of the heart wall.

The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is composed of cardiac muscle cells that contract rhythmically to maintain circulation.

The atriums in the heart receive blood returning to the heart from the rest of the body to be pumped to the ventricles.

The atria of the heart receive blood returning to the heart and pump it into the ventricles for circulation throughout the body.

The right atria pumps blood to the right ventricle before it is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

The atrio-ventricular valve primarily prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle back into the atrium to ensure proper circulation.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated through the process of respiration.

The pulmonary artery specifically carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. This is a crucial step in the respiratory process where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The carotid artery carries oxygenated blood to the head, the coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and the femoral artery carries oxygenated blood to the lower extremities.

The pulmonary valve guards the exit at the right ventricle, allowing blood to flow into the pulmonary artery. The other valves mentioned are located in different areas of the heart and serve different functions.

Red blood cells collect oxygen at the pulmonary membrane in the lungs during the process of respiration. The other options do not play a direct role in oxygen collection by red blood cells.

In the circulatory system, pressure plays a crucial role in moving blood through the capillary beds and back to the heart for circulation.

The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The carotid artery carries blood to the head and neck, the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, and the coronary sinus is a collection of veins that drain blood from the heart muscle.

The pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood, as it carries blood from the lungs to the heart for oxygenation.

Pulmonary circulation specifically refers to the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and then back to the left atrium. It is separate from systemic circulation, which is the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body and back to the right atrium.

The left ventricle is indeed the largest chamber of the heart, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It has thicker walls compared to the right ventricle as it needs to generate enough force to push blood through the systemic circulation.

The left atrium collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the rest of the body through the aorta. The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

The left atrioventricular valve, also known as the mitral valve, prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during the contraction of the heart. It ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the left atrium to the left ventricle.