Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Physiology Review Quiz

1. What does the term homeostasis mean?

A process where the body constantly changes its internal environment to adapt to external conditions.

A term used to describe the body's inability to maintain a stable internal environment.

An abnormal condition where the body is unable to regulate its internal environment.

Homeostasis is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.

Explanation

Homeostasis is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.

2. What are the body systems and their functions?

2)The respiratory system is responsible for body movement and maintaining posture.

1)The cardiovascular system regulates body temperature and makes hormones.

3)The digestive system secretes hormones into the blood to control body functions.

3. What are the differences between the Dorsal and Ventral body cavities?

Dorsal and ventral are interchangeable terms for the same side of the body.

Dorsal has the abdomen and ventral has the spine.

Dorsal is the front side and ventral is the back side.

In biology, dorsal typically refers to the back side while ventral typically refers to the front side of an organism. These terms are commonly used to describe orientation in various species, with the dorsal side often being closest to the spine or notochord, and the ventral side containing the abdomen or digestive tract.

Explanation

In biology, dorsal typically refers to the back side while ventral typically refers to the front side of an organism. These terms are commonly used to describe orientation in various species, with the dorsal side often being closest to the spine or notochord, and the ventral side containing the abdomen or digestive tract.

4. Compare and Contrast: Regeneration and Fibrosis.

Fibrosis is the repair of the skin by forming scar tissues, while Regeneration is the replacement of cells.

Regeneration is the process where cells are replaced, whereas Fibrosis is the repair of tissues through scarring.

Regeneration and Fibrosis are the same processes with different names.

Regeneration and Fibrosis are distinct processes in tissue repair. Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells, whereas fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue to repair damaged areas. It is important to understand the differences between these two processes in the context of tissue healing.

Explanation

Regeneration and Fibrosis are distinct processes in tissue repair. Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells, whereas fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue to repair damaged areas. It is important to understand the differences between these two processes in the context of tissue healing.

5. What are the three major layers of the skin and their functions?

Follicle, Epithelium, Dermal Papilla

Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla

Hypodermis, Pores, Melanocytes

The skin has three layers: Lower Dermis, Dermis, and Epidermis, each with its own unique functions.

Explanation

The skin has three layers: Lower Dermis, Dermis, and Epidermis, each with its own unique functions.

6. What are three pigments associated with skin color and their functions?

Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

The correct answer includes Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin as the three pigments associated with skin color and their functions. Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are proteins, not pigments. Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are plant pigments, not found in human skin. Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are not typically associated with skin color.

Explanation

The correct answer includes Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin as the three pigments associated with skin color and their functions. Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are proteins, not pigments. Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are plant pigments, not found in human skin. Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are not typically associated with skin color.

7. What is the difference between a first, second and third degree burn?

Third degree burns only affect the superficial layers of the skin.

Second degree burns are less serious than first degree burns.

First degree burns are the most severe and can cause immediate death.

8. What are the major functions of the Skeletal system?

1. Digesting food 2. Regulating body temperature 3. Transmitting nerve impulses

1. support2. protection3. Assisting in Movement 4. Storage of Minerals 5. Production of Blood Cells 6. Storage of Chemical Energy

The skeletal system is responsible for support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, and storage of chemical energy. Functions such as digesting food, regulating body temperature, and transmitting nerve impulses are not primarily related to the skeletal system.

Explanation

The skeletal system is responsible for support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, and storage of chemical energy. Functions such as digesting food, regulating body temperature, and transmitting nerve impulses are not primarily related to the skeletal system.

9. Identify four different types of bones and the specific region of a long bone.

Square bones found in the wrist

Triangular bones found in the shoulder

Round bones found in the skull

10. Identify the function of the different type of muscle and how they are different.

Cardiac muscle is found in the digestive tract.

Smooth muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal muscle is controlled involuntarily.

The cardiac muscle is unique to the heart, not found in the digestive tract. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, not involuntary. Smooth muscle is not attached to bones, but found in internal organs.

Explanation

The cardiac muscle is unique to the heart, not found in the digestive tract. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, not involuntary. Smooth muscle is not attached to bones, but found in internal organs.

11. Explain the mechanism for muscle contraction.

The cross-bridge theory suggests that muscles contract due to the formation of bridges between actin and myosin within the sarcomeres.

The correct explanation for muscle contraction involves the sliding filament theory, not the cross-bridge theory, sliding thread model, or static filament hypothesis.

Explanation

The correct explanation for muscle contraction involves the sliding filament theory, not the cross-bridge theory, sliding thread model, or static filament hypothesis.

12. What is the role of the following in muscle contractions: ATP, calcium, actin, and myosin?

Actin functions as an enzyme breaking down glucose to provide energy for muscle contractions.

Calcium binds to myosin and regulates the production of ATP in muscle cells.

ATP acts as a structural protein maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers.

In muscle contractions, ATP is essential for providing energy for myosin to bind to actin, forming cross-bridges and enabling the sliding of filaments. Calcium plays a key role in regulating the process by triggering the release of stored calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Actin and myosin specifically interact to generate the force necessary for muscle contractions through a series of conformational changes and energy release.

Explanation

In muscle contractions, ATP is essential for providing energy for myosin to bind to actin, forming cross-bridges and enabling the sliding of filaments. Calcium plays a key role in regulating the process by triggering the release of stored calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Actin and myosin specifically interact to generate the force necessary for muscle contractions through a series of conformational changes and energy release.

13. Define the following: Origin, Insertion, Tendon, Ligament.

Joint: A joint is a point in the body where two bones meet.

Cartilage: Cartilage is a tough and flexible tissue found throughout the body.

Nerve: A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers.

The correct answers provide definitions of the terms related to musculoskeletal anatomy, while the incorrect answers relate to other structures and tissues in the body.

Explanation

The correct answers provide definitions of the terms related to musculoskeletal anatomy, while the incorrect answers relate to other structures and tissues in the body.

14. What are the functions of the different parts of the central and peripheral nervous system?

The correct answer describes the accurate functions and components of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in vertebrates.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the accurate functions and components of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in vertebrates.

15. What is the fight-or-flight response and what part of the nervous system is responsible for this?

The freeze response controlled by the enteric nervous system.

The rest-and-digest response controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

The sleep response controlled by the central nervous system.

The fight-or-flight response is specifically controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while the incorrect answers do not align with the physiological reaction described in the question.

Explanation

The fight-or-flight response is specifically controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while the incorrect answers do not align with the physiological reaction described in the question.

16. Draw and identify the structures of a neuron.

A neuron is a type of bone cell involved in bone growth.

A neuron is a type of muscle in the body.

A neuron is a type of blood cell responsible for clotting.

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body and are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Explanation

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body and are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

17. Identify the functions of the cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon.

D) The diencephalon plays a key role in breathing, respiration, and balance.

A) The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for regulating blood pressure and heart rate.

B) The brain stem is primarily involved in fine motor control of the limbs and eye movements.

C) The cerebellum controls consciousness and awareness of one's self and environment.

The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for consciousness, thought, vision, speech, motor control, and emotions. The brain stem regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers. The cerebellum controls balance, muscle tension, and fine motor control. The diencephalon is involved in voluntary movement, perception, temperature, and appetite.

Explanation

The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for consciousness, thought, vision, speech, motor control, and emotions. The brain stem regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers. The cerebellum controls balance, muscle tension, and fine motor control. The diencephalon is involved in voluntary movement, perception, temperature, and appetite.

18. What is the function of the rods and cones in the eyes?

Rods respond to color. Cones respond to light.

Rods and cones both respond to light.

Rods and cones both respond to color.

Rods are responsible for responding to light, while cones are responsible for responding to color. This is why our peripheral vision is more sensitive to light and less vivid in color compared to our central vision.

Explanation

Rods are responsible for responding to light, while cones are responsible for responding to color. This is why our peripheral vision is more sensitive to light and less vivid in color compared to our central vision.

19. What are the structures associated with the anatomy of the eye?

Liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas

Lung, heart, stomach, intestine

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella

The structures associated with the anatomy of the eye include the cornea, retina, lens, iris, and optic nerve. These are essential components for vision and light sensing.

Explanation

The structures associated with the anatomy of the eye include the cornea, retina, lens, iris, and optic nerve. These are essential components for vision and light sensing.

20. What are the functions of the following hormones and the glands in which they are secreted: insulin, glucagon, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin, testosterone, oxytocin?

Hypothalamus is a gland that regulates body temperature and controls hunger and thirst.

Pineal gland is a gland that produces the hormone adrenaline in response to stress.

Endocrine gland is a gland that secretes digestive enzymes to break down food in the intestines.

In this question, the answer explains the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as providing examples of each. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the functions of the glands mentioned in the question.

Explanation

In this question, the answer explains the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as providing examples of each. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the functions of the glands mentioned in the question.

21. What are the major components of blood and what are the functions of these components?

Blood is made up of red cells, white cells, plasma, and ribosomes. The functions of each are...

Blood is made up of red cells, white cells, serum, and platelets. The functions of each are...

Blood is made up of yellow cells, blue cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each are...

The major components of blood are red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each component are crucial in maintaining the overall health of the body.

Explanation

The major components of blood are red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each component are crucial in maintaining the overall health of the body.

22. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between arteries and veins.

Arteries and veins have the same structure and function.

Veins are more muscular than arteries.

Arteries are often closer to the skin than veins.

Arteries and veins have distinct differences in terms of their structure, function, and location in the body. It is important to understand these variations to grasp the role each plays in the circulatory system.

Explanation

Arteries and veins have distinct differences in terms of their structure, function, and location in the body. It is important to understand these variations to grasp the role each plays in the circulatory system.

23. Describe the functions of the major blood vessels, such as the aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary vein, systemic arteries, superior and inferior vena cava.

The major blood vessels function as a storage unit for excess blood in case of emergency.

Blood vessels serve as a filtration system to clean the blood before it reaches the heart.

The main purpose of major blood vessels is to transport hormones to various organs in the body.

The correct answer explains the primary role of major blood vessels in carrying blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart for reoxygenation. The incorrect answers provide inaccurate functions of blood vessels that do not align with their actual physiological roles.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the primary role of major blood vessels in carrying blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart for reoxygenation. The incorrect answers provide inaccurate functions of blood vessels that do not align with their actual physiological roles.

24. What is the concept of blood pressure and blood pressure readings?

Blood pressure is a measurement of the oxygen level in the blood.

An average blood pressure reading for adults is around 140/90 mmHg.

Blood pressure is a measurement of the heart rate of an individual.

Blood pressure is not related to heart rate or oxygen levels, and the average reading for adults is closer to 120/80 mmHg.

Explanation

Blood pressure is not related to heart rate or oxygen levels, and the average reading for adults is closer to 120/80 mmHg.

25. What does the lymphatic system do and what is the largest lymphatic organ?

The lymphatic system is mainly involved in digestion and nutrient absorption. The largest lymphatic organ is the pancreas.

The lymphatic system has no specific function in the body. The largest lymphatic organ is the thymus gland.

The lymphatic system is responsible for producing hormones and regulating body temperature. The largest lymphatic organ is the liver.

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the immune system and is involved in transporting lymph fluid, distributing immune cells, and removing foreign cells or waste. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and plays a key role in filtering blood and storing blood cells.

Explanation

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the immune system and is involved in transporting lymph fluid, distributing immune cells, and removing foreign cells or waste. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and plays a key role in filtering blood and storing blood cells.

26. What are the symptoms of the inflammatory response?

Fever, chills, muscle stiffness, and headache.

Skin rash, joint pain, nausea, and dizziness.

Cough, runny nose, sore throat, and fatigue.

The correct answer explains that chronic inflammation can result in various diseases, unlike the listed symptoms which do not encompass the full range of inflammatory response.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that chronic inflammation can result in various diseases, unlike the listed symptoms which do not encompass the full range of inflammatory response.

27. Identify the functions of the following types of immune system defenses: Phagocytes, natural killer T cells, complement, Interferon.

Natural killer T cells serve as the primary site of pathogen replication in the body.

Complement is a term used to describe the body's ability to resist infections through vaccination.

Phagocytes are responsible for producing antibodies in the immune system.

Interferon is a type of white blood cell that helps to transport oxygen in the bloodstream

The correct answer explains the relationship between the immune system and the lymphatic system. The incorrect answers provide false information about the functions of the immune system defenses listed in the question.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the relationship between the immune system and the lymphatic system. The incorrect answers provide false information about the functions of the immune system defenses listed in the question.