Anatomy And Physiology Final Exam

1. What does the term homeostasis mean?

A process where the body constantly changes its internal environment to adapt to external conditions.

A term used to describe the body's inability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition
for example when u jump in cold water your body will soon remain homeostasis and u will get used to this cold water and you will not even feel it

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An abnormal condition where the body is unable to regulate its internal environment.

Homeostasis is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.

Explanation

Homeostasis is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.

2. What are the body systems and their functions?

2)The respiratory system is responsible for body movement and maintaining posture.

1)The cardiovascular system regulates body temperature and makes hormones.

1)The integumentary system supports and protects, regulates body temperature, makes chemicals and hormones, and acts as a sense organ.
2)The skeletal system supports and protects, makes movement easier (with joints), stores minerals, and makes blood cells.
3)The muscular system brings about body movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.
4)The nervous system allows a person to communicate with the environment and integrates and controls the body.
5)The endocrine system secretes hormones into the blood that serve to communicate with, integrate, and control mechanisms.
6)The circulatory system transports substances through the body and establishes immunity.
7)The lymphatic system is a subdivision of the circulatory system. It does not contain blood, but rather lymph, which is formed from the fluid surrounding body cells and diffused into lymph vessels. The major functions of the lymphatic system are the movement of fluid and its critical role in the defense mechanism of the body against disease.
8)The respiratory system exchanges oxygen from the air for the waste product carbon dioxide, which is eliminated from the body.
9)The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes solid waste.
10)The urinary system cleans waste products from blood in the form of urine and maintains electrolyte balance, water balance, and acid-base balance.
11)The reproductive system produces sex cells, allows transfer of sex cells and fertilization to occur, permits development and birth of offspring, nourishes offspring, and produces sex hormones.

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3)The digestive system secretes hormones into the blood to control body functions.

3. What are the differences between the Dorsal and Ventral body cavities?

Dorsal and ventral are interchangeable terms for the same side of the body.

Dorsal has the abdomen and ventral has the spine.

Dorsal is the front side and ventral is the back side.

Most simply dorsal = back side and ventral = or front side. This may vary depending on the morphology of the specific species you're looking at (i.e. back and front could mean top and bottom). An easy way to determine the dorsal side is asking yourself what side is closest to the spine, or the notochord etc. if not a vertebrate. In contrast, coming from the Latin word "venter" meaning belly; the ventral side contains the abdomen or digestive tract.

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In biology, dorsal typically refers to the back side while ventral typically refers to the front side of an organism. These terms are commonly used to describe orientation in various species, with the dorsal side often being closest to the spine or notochord, and the ventral side containing the abdomen or digestive tract.

Explanation

In biology, dorsal typically refers to the back side while ventral typically refers to the front side of an organism. These terms are commonly used to describe orientation in various species, with the dorsal side often being closest to the spine or notochord, and the ventral side containing the abdomen or digestive tract.

4. Compare and Contrast: Regeneration and Fibrosis.

1. Fibrosis is the replacement of cells and Regeneration is where it involves repair of the skin by forming a sar tissues

Fibrosis is the repair of the skin by forming scar tissues, while Regeneration is the replacement of cells.

Regeneration is the process where cells are replaced, whereas Fibrosis is the repair of tissues through scarring.

Regeneration and Fibrosis are the same processes with different names.

Regeneration and Fibrosis are distinct processes in tissue repair. Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells, whereas fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue to repair damaged areas. It is important to understand the differences between these two processes in the context of tissue healing.

Explanation

Regeneration and Fibrosis are distinct processes in tissue repair. Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells, whereas fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue to repair damaged areas. It is important to understand the differences between these two processes in the context of tissue healing.

5. What are the three major layers of the skin and their functions?

Follicle, Epithelium, Dermal Papilla

Our skin is a complex engineered covering. The skin has a slightly acidic coating of oil at the surface. This coating protects the skin against some bacteria. Below the surface is a complex of sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue. These are held together by a tough connective tissue called collagen. Collagen is very important in determining the health of the skin. The relative health of the collagen determines the contour of the skin, how wrinkled and lined it is. Healthy collagen is often called soluble collagen, because it can absorb and hold moisture. The skin has three layers. The inner most layer is known as the lower dermis, the middle layer is called the dermis, and the outer layer is known as the epidermis. Lower Dermis The various glands such as the oil and sweat glands originate in the lower dermis. From here, they rise to the surface of the skin to eliminate waste matter. Lower dermis also acts as a cushion for the rest of the skin. It contains the finely distributed muscles of the skin which regulate body temperature. Dermis The dermis is the layer that lies underneath the epidermis, and it is composed entirely of living cells. It consists of bundles of tough fibers which give your skin its elasticity, firmness and strength. There are also blood vessels, which feed vital nutrients to these areas. The most important function of dermis is respiration. The countless tiny blood vessels, or capillaries end here in finely-drawn networks, from where they feed the outer skin layer. Dermis also determines the tone of the skin. Epidermis This is the top layer of skin and the one you can actually see. It protects your body from invasion and infection and helps to seal in moisture. It's built up of several layers of living cells which are then topped by sheets of dead cells. It's constantly growing, with new cells being produced at its base. They quickly die, and are pushed up to the surface by the arrival of new ones, These dead cells eventually flake away, which means that every new layer of skin is another chance to have a soft, glowing complexion. The lower levels of living cells are fed by the blood supply from underneath, whereas the upper dead cells only need water to ensure they're kept plump and smooth. The epidermis is responsible for your coloring, as it holds the skin's pigment. It ranges in thickness from l/20-th of an inch on the palms and soles, to 1/200-th of an inch on the face.

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Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla

Hypodermis, Pores, Melanocytes

The skin has three layers: Lower Dermis, Dermis, and Epidermis, each with its own unique functions.

Explanation

The skin has three layers: Lower Dermis, Dermis, and Epidermis, each with its own unique functions.

6. What are three pigments associated with skin color and their functions?

Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

Melanin, Carotene, and hemoglobin are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

The amount of melanin causes the skin's color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black.

The red color is due to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells.

Carotene is a yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolk and carrots their color. this precursor of vitamin a which is used to synthesize pigments needed for vision, accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty ares of the dermis and subcutaneous layer in response to excessive dietary intake.

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Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are the three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to skin.

The correct answer includes Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin as the three pigments associated with skin color and their functions. Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are proteins, not pigments. Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are plant pigments, not found in human skin. Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are not typically associated with skin color.

Explanation

The correct answer includes Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin as the three pigments associated with skin color and their functions. Elastin, Collagen, and Keratin are proteins, not pigments. Chlorophyll, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoids are plant pigments, not found in human skin. Myoglobin, Bilirubin, and Dopamine are not typically associated with skin color.

7. What is the difference between a first, second and third degree burn?

Third degree burns only affect the superficial layers of the skin.

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Please wait... First degree burns are the least serious. They are basically like a mild sunburn. Second degree burns are worse, and blisters will be raised, but permanent damage is unlikely. Third degree burns are the worst. The skin is charred. Scarring is certain, and infection is likely. Third degree burns are also the most likely to be fatal.

Second degree burns are less serious than first degree burns.

First degree burns are the most severe and can cause immediate death.

8. What are the major functions of the Skeletal system?

1. Digesting food 2. Regulating body temperature 3. Transmitting nerve impulses

1. support
2. protection
3. Assisting in Movement
4. Storage of Minerals
5. Production of Blood Cells
6. Storage of Chemical Energy

The skeletal system is responsible for support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, and storage of chemical energy. Functions such as digesting food, regulating body temperature, and transmitting nerve impulses are not primarily related to the skeletal system.

Explanation

The skeletal system is responsible for support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, and storage of chemical energy. Functions such as digesting food, regulating body temperature, and transmitting nerve impulses are not primarily related to the skeletal system.

9. Identify four different types of bones and the specific region of a long bone.

The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility

Square bones found in the wrist

Triangular bones found in the shoulder

Round bones found in the skull

10. Identify the function of the different type of muscle and how they are different.

Cardiac muscle is found in the digestive tract.

CARDIAC MUSCLE:The cardiac muscles is the muscle of the heart itself. The cardiac muscle is the tissue that makes up the wall of the heart called the mydocardium. Also like the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscle is striated and contracts through the sliding filament method. However it is different from other types of muscles because it forms branching fibers. Unlike the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscle is attached together instead of been attach to a bone. SKELETAL MUSCLE:The skeletal muscle makes up about 40 % of an adults body weight. It has stripe-like markings, or striations. The skeletal muscles is composed of long muscle fibers. Each of these muscles fiber is a cell which contains several nuclei. The nervous system controls the contraction of the muscle. Many of the skeletal muscle contractions are automatic. However we still can control the action of the skeletal muscle. And it is because of this reason that the skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle. SMOOTH MUSCLE:Much of our internal organs is made up of smooth muscles. They are found in the urinary bladder, gallbladder, arteries, and veins. Also the digestive tract is made up of smooth muscle as well. The smooth muscles are controlled by the nervous system and hormones. We cannot consciously control the smooth muscle that is why they are often called involuntary muscles.

Smooth muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal muscle is controlled involuntarily.

The cardiac muscle is unique to the heart, not found in the digestive tract. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, not involuntary. Smooth muscle is not attached to bones, but found in internal organs.

Explanation

The cardiac muscle is unique to the heart, not found in the digestive tract. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, not involuntary. Smooth muscle is not attached to bones, but found in internal organs.

11. Explain the mechanism for muscle contraction.

The sliding thread model posits that muscles contract by pulling threads within the muscle fibers, causing them to tighten and shorten.

The sliding filament theory is the explanation for how muscles produce force (or, usually, shorten). It explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. In order to slide past one another, the myosin heads will interact with the actin filaments and, using ATP, bend to pull past the actin.

The cross-bridge theory suggests that muscles contract due to the formation of bridges between actin and myosin within the sarcomeres.

The static filament hypothesis proposes that muscles contract when the actin and myosin filaments remain stationary but change their molecular structure to reduce the length of the sarcomere.

The correct explanation for muscle contraction involves the sliding filament theory, not the cross-bridge theory, sliding thread model, or static filament hypothesis.

Explanation

The correct explanation for muscle contraction involves the sliding filament theory, not the cross-bridge theory, sliding thread model, or static filament hypothesis.

12. What is the role of the following in muscle contractions: ATP, calcium, actin, and myosin?

Actin functions as an enzyme breaking down glucose to provide energy for muscle contractions.

Myosin hydolyzes ATP and undergoes a conformational change into a high-energy state. The head group of myosin binds to actin forming a cross-bridge between the thick and thin filaments. The energy stored by myosin is released, and ADP and inorganic phosphate dissociate from myosin. The resulting relaxation of the myosin molecule entails rotation of the globular head, which induces longitudinal sliding of the filaments.

Calcium binds to myosin and regulates the production of ATP in muscle cells.

ATP acts as a structural protein maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers.

In muscle contractions, ATP is essential for providing energy for myosin to bind to actin, forming cross-bridges and enabling the sliding of filaments. Calcium plays a key role in regulating the process by triggering the release of stored calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Actin and myosin specifically interact to generate the force necessary for muscle contractions through a series of conformational changes and energy release.

Explanation

In muscle contractions, ATP is essential for providing energy for myosin to bind to actin, forming cross-bridges and enabling the sliding of filaments. Calcium plays a key role in regulating the process by triggering the release of stored calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Actin and myosin specifically interact to generate the force necessary for muscle contractions through a series of conformational changes and energy release.

13. Define the following: Origin, Insertion, Tendon, Ligament.

Joint: A joint is a point in the body where two bones meet.

Origin-The anatomical origin is a concept used when describing muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood and lymph vessels. Insertion-Insertion is the point at which a muscle attaches to a bone Tendon-A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. Ligament-ligament is used to denote any of three types of structures

Cartilage: Cartilage is a tough and flexible tissue found throughout the body.

Nerve: A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers.

The correct answers provide definitions of the terms related to musculoskeletal anatomy, while the incorrect answers relate to other structures and tissues in the body.

Explanation

The correct answers provide definitions of the terms related to musculoskeletal anatomy, while the incorrect answers relate to other structures and tissues in the body.

14. What are the functions of the different parts of the central and peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is responsible for the sense of taste, touch, and smell, whereas the peripheral nervous system controls memory, emotions, and decision-making.

The central nervous system includes the stomach, intestines, and spleen, whereas the peripheral nervous system is responsible for muscle movement and coordination.

The central nervous system consists of the heart and lungs, while the peripheral nervous system consists of the liver and kidneys.

The central nervous system of vertebrates (such as humans) contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system.

The correct answer describes the accurate functions and components of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in vertebrates.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the accurate functions and components of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in vertebrates.

15. What is the fight-or-flight response and what part of the nervous system is responsible for this?

The freeze response controlled by the enteric nervous system.

The fight-or-flight response (also called the fight-or-flight-or-freeze response, hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon.His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

The rest-and-digest response controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

The sleep response controlled by the central nervous system.

The fight-or-flight response is specifically controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while the incorrect answers do not align with the physiological reaction described in the question.

Explanation

The fight-or-flight response is specifically controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while the incorrect answers do not align with the physiological reaction described in the question.

16. Draw and identify the structures of a neuron.

A neuron is a type of bone cell involved in bone growth.

A neuron is a type of muscle in the body.

A neuron is a type of blood cell responsible for clotting.

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body and are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Explanation

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body and are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

17. Identify the functions of the cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon.

D) The diencephalon plays a key role in breathing, respiration, and balance.

A) The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for regulating blood pressure and heart rate.

B) The brain stem is primarily involved in fine motor control of the limbs and eye movements.

Cerebral hemisphere-"Consciousness" - awareness of one's self and one's environment Thought/ reasoning/ memory Vision, hearing, touch Speech, language Motor control (fine and gross)/ coordination Emotions ("limbic system" or the "emotional brain") brain stem-Breathing/respiration (pons, medulla) Heart rate/ action (medulla) Blood pressure (vasoconstriction)/ blood vessel diameter (medulla) Reflex centers for pupillary reflexes and eye movements (midbrain, pons); and for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccuping (medulla). cerebellum-Balance/ Equilibrium of the trunk (See also: Vestibular System) Muscle tension, spinal nerve reflexes, posture and balance of the limbs Fine motor control, eye movement. (Incoming information is transferred from the cerebral cortext via the pons. Outgoing information goes back to the cortex via the thalamus.) diencephalon-Voluntary movement/ motor integration Perception/ Sensory/mind-body integration Temperature Appetite

C) The cerebellum controls consciousness and awareness of one's self and environment.

The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for consciousness, thought, vision, speech, motor control, and emotions. The brain stem regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers. The cerebellum controls balance, muscle tension, and fine motor control. The diencephalon is involved in voluntary movement, perception, temperature, and appetite.

Explanation

The cerebral hemisphere is responsible for consciousness, thought, vision, speech, motor control, and emotions. The brain stem regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers. The cerebellum controls balance, muscle tension, and fine motor control. The diencephalon is involved in voluntary movement, perception, temperature, and appetite.

18. What is the function of the rods and cones in the eyes?

Rods respond to color. Cones respond to light.

Rods respond to light. Perfect example of this is the Seven Sisters. Looking directly at it you should see Five, but if you look off to the side a bit... you'll see six. That's because the Rods are not located in the center of the eye. Cones respond to color. They generally need more light and are located in the center of the eye. When you look in your peripheral vision, you do not see the color as vividly because your Rods are starting to take over the function. However when you look straight ahead you see colors very vividly.

Rods and cones both respond to light.

Rods and cones both respond to color.

Rods are responsible for responding to light, while cones are responsible for responding to color. This is why our peripheral vision is more sensitive to light and less vivid in color compared to our central vision.

Explanation

Rods are responsible for responding to light, while cones are responsible for responding to color. This is why our peripheral vision is more sensitive to light and less vivid in color compared to our central vision.

19. What are the structures associated with the anatomy of the eye?

Liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas

Lung, heart, stomach, intestine

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella

The structures associated with the anatomy of the eye include the cornea, retina, lens, iris, and optic nerve. These are essential components for vision and light sensing.

Explanation

The structures associated with the anatomy of the eye include the cornea, retina, lens, iris, and optic nerve. These are essential components for vision and light sensing.

20. What are the functions of the following hormones and the glands in which they are secreted: insulin, glucagon, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin, testosterone, oxytocin?

Hypothalamus is a gland that regulates body temperature and controls hunger and thirst.

Pineal gland is a gland that produces the hormone adrenaline in response to stress.

Endocrine gland is a gland whose secretions (called hormones) are collected by the blood and reach the tissues through the circulation. The hypophysis (pituitary) and the adrenals are examples of endocrine glands. Exocrine gland is a gland whose secretions are released externally through ducts (into the skin, intestinal lumen, mouth, etc.). The sebaceous glands and the salivary glands are examples of exocrine glands.

Endocrine gland is a gland that secretes digestive enzymes to break down food in the intestines.

In this question, the answer explains the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as providing examples of each. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the functions of the glands mentioned in the question.

Explanation

In this question, the answer explains the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as providing examples of each. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the functions of the glands mentioned in the question.

21. What are the major components of blood and what are the functions of these components?

Blood is made up of red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each are: Red cells- Carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from cells in the body.White cells- Defend your body from germs, viruses, and bacteriaPlasma- Carries nutrients and suspends the other 3 componentsPlatelets- Very important for clotting blood and repairing vessel walls
Blood also contains "clotting factors", which are also vital to the clotting process.

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Blood is made up of red cells, white cells, plasma, and ribosomes. The functions of each are...

Blood is made up of red cells, white cells, serum, and platelets. The functions of each are...

Blood is made up of yellow cells, blue cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each are...

The major components of blood are red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each component are crucial in maintaining the overall health of the body.

Explanation

The major components of blood are red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets. The functions of each component are crucial in maintaining the overall health of the body.

22. Compare and contrast the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

Comparison of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic SystemsCardiovascular System
(Blood)Lymphatic System
(Lymph)Blood is responsible for collecting and distributing oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the tissues of entire body.Lymph is responsible for collecting and removing waste products left behind in the tissues.Blood flows in a closed continuous loop throughout the body via the arteries, capillaries, and veins.Lymph flows in an open circuit from the tissues into lymphatic vessels. Once within these vessels, lymph flows in only one direction.Blood is pumped. The heart pumps blood into the arteries that carry it to all of the body. Veins return blood from all parts of the body to the heart. Lymph is not pumped. It passively flows from the tissues into the lymph capillaries. Flow within the lymphatic vessels is aided by other body movements such as deep breathing and the action of nearby muscles and blood vessels.Blood consists of the liquid plasma that transports the red and white blood cells and platelets.Lymph that has been filtered and is ready to return to the cardiovascular system is a clear or milky white fluid. Blood is visible and damage to blood vessels causes obvious signs such as bleeding or bruising.Lymph is invisible and damage to the lymphatic system is difficult to detect until swelling occurs.Blood is filtered by the kidneys. All blood flows through the kidneys where waste products and excess fluids are removed. Necessary fluids are returned to the cardiovascular circulation. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes located throughout the body. These nodes remove some fluid and debris. They also kill pathogens and some cancer cells.Blood vessel damage or insufficiency produces swelling that containing low-protein fluid. Lymphatic vessel damage or insufficiency produces swelling containing protein-rich fluid.

23. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between arteries and veins.

Veins differ from arteries in structure and function; for example, arteries are more muscular than veins, veins are often closer to the skin and contain valves to help keep blood flowing toward the heart, while arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries and veins have the same structure and function.

Veins are more muscular than arteries.

Arteries are often closer to the skin than veins.

Arteries and veins have distinct differences in terms of their structure, function, and location in the body. It is important to understand these variations to grasp the role each plays in the circulatory system.

Explanation

Arteries and veins have distinct differences in terms of their structure, function, and location in the body. It is important to understand these variations to grasp the role each plays in the circulatory system.

24. Describe the functions of the major blood vessels, such as the aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary vein, systemic arteries, superior and inferior vena cava.

The major blood vessels function as a storage unit for excess blood in case of emergency.

The point of blood vessels is to carry blood throughout the body. Arteries and veins are the largest of the blood vessels. Arteries move blood, which contains oxygen and nutrients to muscles and organs and veins carry the blood back to the heart.

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Blood vessels serve as a filtration system to clean the blood before it reaches the heart.

The main purpose of major blood vessels is to transport hormones to various organs in the body.

The correct answer explains the primary role of major blood vessels in carrying blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart for reoxygenation. The incorrect answers provide inaccurate functions of blood vessels that do not align with their actual physiological roles.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the primary role of major blood vessels in carrying blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart for reoxygenation. The incorrect answers provide inaccurate functions of blood vessels that do not align with their actual physiological roles.

25. What is the concept of blood pressure and blood pressure readings?

Blood pressure is a measurement of the oxygen level in the blood.

An average blood pressure reading for adults is around 140/90 mmHg.

Blood pressure is a measurement of the heart rate of an individual.

Blood pressure is a measurement of the actual pressure exerted upon artery walls by the force of the body's blood flow. A normal average reading for an adult would be about 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). This is just an approximate range; many different readings may be normal.

Read more: What Is a Normal Blood Preasure Reading? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_6370797_normal-blood-preasure-reading_.html#ixzz1jEZJtnuY

Blood pressure is not related to heart rate or oxygen levels, and the average reading for adults is closer to 120/80 mmHg.

Explanation

Blood pressure is not related to heart rate or oxygen levels, and the average reading for adults is closer to 120/80 mmHg.

26. What does the lymphatic system do and what is the largest lymphatic organ?

The lymphatic system is mainly involved in digestion and nutrient absorption. The largest lymphatic organ is the pancreas.

The lymphatic system has no specific function in the body. The largest lymphatic organ is the thymus gland.

The Lymphatic system consists of ducts, organs and nodes. Lymph is a fluid similar to the composition of blood plasma. When interstitial fluid enters the lymph capillaries that is when it is called "Lymph". Lymph distributes immune cells such as lymphocytes throughout the body.
Lymphatic vessels only carry fluid away from tissue unlike regular blood vessels. Fluid will run through the system several times successively to cleanse it and to check for foreign cells.
Lymphatic organs are characterized by clusters of lymphocytes and other cells enmeshed in a framework of short branching connecting tissues. There are lymph nodes and lymph ducts in the connecting tissues.

The lymphatic system is responsible for producing hormones and regulating body temperature. The largest lymphatic organ is the liver.

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the immune system and is involved in transporting lymph fluid, distributing immune cells, and removing foreign cells or waste. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and plays a key role in filtering blood and storing blood cells.

Explanation

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the immune system and is involved in transporting lymph fluid, distributing immune cells, and removing foreign cells or waste. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and plays a key role in filtering blood and storing blood cells.

27. What are the symptoms of the inflammatory response?

Fever, chills, muscle stiffness, and headache.

Skin rash, joint pain, nausea, and dizziness.

Cough, runny nose, sore throat, and fatigue.

However, chronic inflammation can also lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma).

The correct answer explains that chronic inflammation can result in various diseases, unlike the listed symptoms which do not encompass the full range of inflammatory response.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that chronic inflammation can result in various diseases, unlike the listed symptoms which do not encompass the full range of inflammatory response.

28. Identify the functions of the following types of immune system defenses: Phagocytes, natural killer T cells, complement, Interferon.

Natural killer T cells serve as the primary site of pathogen replication in the body.

Complement is a term used to describe the body's ability to resist infections through vaccination.

The immune system is closely tied to the lymphatic system, with B and T lymphocytes being found primarily within lymph nodes. Tonsils and the thymus gland are also considered lymph organs and are involved in immunity

Phagocytes are responsible for producing antibodies in the immune system.

Interferon is a type of white blood cell that helps to transport oxygen in the bloodstream

The correct answer explains the relationship between the immune system and the lymphatic system. The incorrect answers provide false information about the functions of the immune system defenses listed in the question.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the relationship between the immune system and the lymphatic system. The incorrect answers provide false information about the functions of the immune system defenses listed in the question.