Anatomy & Physiology Exam # 2

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue where the nuclei are at different levels, giving the appearance of stratification, but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Therefore, the statement is true.

The lunule, located at the base of the nail close to the cuticle, is where the most rapid cell division occurs, contributing to the growth of the nail.

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with endosteum, which is a connective tissue membrane. The periosteum is the connective tissue surrounding the outer surface of bones, while the epiphysis refers to the end part of a long bone. Cancellous bone is a spongy, porous bone tissue that typically fills the interior of bones.

The integument, which consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands, performs various functions such as acting as a barrier, synthesizing vitamin D, regulating body temperature, and maintaining water balance. However, the integument is not involved in nutrient absorption, as this function primarily occurs in the digestive system.

The axial skeleton includes the skull, ribs, and spinal column, which all form the central axis of the body. The hip bone, also known as the pelvic bone, belongs to the appendicular skeleton which consists of the bones of the limbs and the supporting bones that connect them to the axial skeleton.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue that is tough and waterproof, making it ideal for protecting the skin from external factors such as water loss, UV radiation, and physical damage. It is not typically found in the lungs, stomach, or brain.

The correct term for the layer between the deepest cells of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is the basement membrane. It provides structural support and acts as a barrier between the epithelium and the connective tissue.

Compact bone is made up of units called osteons, which are the structural building blocks that make up the hard outer layer of bones. Ligaments and tendons are connective tissues that support and connect bones and muscles, while cartilage is a firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body.

The stratum lucidum is only found in the epidermis of the lips, palms, and soles. It is a clear layer present only in these specific areas. The stratum corneum, on the other hand, is the outermost layer of the epidermis and consists of dead cells that are constantly shed and replaced by new cells.

The periosteum is the outer covering of each bone, while endosteum is the inner covering. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, and cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis responsible for cell division and giving rise to all other layers. The other mentioned layers are superficial layers of the epidermis with different functions.

Transitional epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that can change their shape from cuboidal or columnar to squamous when stretched, allowing for distension of the organ they line.

The correct answer is pseudostratified columnar epithelium because this type of epithelium appears to be stratified due to the varying heights of its cells, but all cells are in fact attached to the basement membrane. Simple squamous epithelium consists of thin, flat cells; stratified squamous epithelium has multiple cell layers; simple cuboidal epithelium is made up of single layer of cube-shaped cells.

The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, has a prominent spine called the spine of the scapula. It is a key feature of this bone that helps in the attachment of muscles and provides structure to the shoulder region.

Areolar connective tissue is the correct answer because it is a loose connective tissue that surrounds organs and helps support them, as well as connecting the skin to underlying structures. Adipose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and cartilage connective tissue do not perform the same functions as areolar connective tissue in the body.

Apocrine sweat glands are known to produce a distinct, musky odor that is believed to play a role in sexual attraction. Eccrine sweat glands produce odorless sweat for regulating body temperature while sebaceous glands secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair. Salivary glands produce saliva for the digestive process.

Hemopoietic tissue, responsible for the production of blood cells, is primarily found in red marrow within bones. Yellow marrow is mainly composed of fat cells and has minimal blood cell production. Lymph nodes and spleen play roles in immune function but do not house hemopoietic tissue.

Carpal bones are classified as short bones due to their cube-like shape and compact structure, providing strength and support to the wrist.

Tactile cells, also known as Merkel cells, are skin cells responsible for the sensation of touch. Keratinocytes are the most common type of skin cells responsible for producing keratin. Melanocytes are responsible for producing the pigment melanin. Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response of the skin.

Thick skin, also known as hairless skin, is found on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and toes. It lacks hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, making it different from the skin found elsewhere on the body.

In nerve cells, the cell body is also known as the soma or perikaryon, and it contains the nucleus where genetic information is stored and is responsible for general cell functions. Axon, dendrite, and myelin sheath are other components of nerve cells with different functions.

Dense connective tissue fits the description provided because of its collagen-rich matrix, ability to have fibers oriented in different directions, and its capability to withstand pulling forces. Adipose tissue is mainly composed of fat cells, muscle tissue primarily consists of muscle cells, and cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is not primarily composed of collagen fibers.

Irregular dense connective tissue does not have a specific orientation like regular dense connective tissue. It is arranged in many different directions, unlike regular dense connective tissue which is oriented in a single direction.

Regular dense connective tissue is oriented in one direction, providing strength and support to structures like tendons and ligaments.

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone tissue, while osteoblasts are involved in bone formation. Chondrocytes are cartilage cells, and fibroblasts are cells that produce collagen fibers.

Hydroxyapatites are actually inorganic components of bone, while the other options listed are organic components.

Hair primarily provides protection for the scalp and helps regulate body temperature by providing insulation. While hair does absorb some nutrients and can contribute to sensory perception, these are not its primary functions in humans.

Tendons require the structure and strength provided by dense regular connective tissue for their function of connecting muscles to bones.

Dendritic cells play a critical role in alerting the immune system to pathogens, while fibroblasts, melanocytes, and keratinocytes have other functions within the skin structure.