Adv.biom16 Review

Menopause refers to the natural biological process that marks the end of menstruation and fertility in women. It typically occurs in the late 40s or early 50s. During menopause, hormonal changes cause the ovaries to stop releasing eggs and decrease the production of estrogen and progesterone.

Lactation specifically refers to the production and secretion of milk by female mammals to nourish their young.

Menses specifically refers to the shedding of the uterine endometrium resulting in blood loss from the vagina during a woman's menstrual cycle.

Implantation specifically refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium in the uterus, leading to the establishment of pregnancy.

Organogenesis specifically refers to the development and formation of organs in a developing fetus, not the study of oceans, photosynthesis, or insects.

The correct answers include male and female reproductive structures, while the incorrect answers do not belong to the reproductive system.

The testes need to be in the scrotum to stay at a lower temperature than body temperature for spermatogenesis to occur properly.

Spermatogonia are diploid cells in humans, meaning they have a total of 46 chromosomes - 23 pairs. Option b suggests half the number of chromosomes, which is incorrect. Option c incorrectly doubles the actual number of chromosomes. Option d provides a random incorrect number, which does not reflect the correct count.

Primary spermatocytes are the cells that undergo meiosis to produce sperm cells. During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved. Therefore, primary spermatocytes have 46 chromosomes, which is the diploid number before meiosis.

The correct answer is c because secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, resulting in 23 chromosomes. Option a is incorrect as primary oocytes actually have 23 chromosomes due to meiosis. Option b is incorrect as zygotes have 46 chromosomes, not 23. Option d is incorrect as somatic cells have 46 chromosomes before meiosis and genetic recombination.

Spermatids are haploid cells resulting from meiosis II, so they have 23 chromosomes. Each normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes, with 23 from each parent. Spermatids are involved in the formation of sperm cells during spermatogenesis.

Sperm, being haploid cells, contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. In humans, somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, with each parent contributing 23 chromosomes. Therefore, the correct and logical answer is e. Sperm containing 23 chromosomes as they are mature spermatids.

A primary oocyte in humans has 46 chromosomes as it is stuck in prophase I of meiosis where the genetic material has not been separated equally between daughter cells yet.

A secondary oocyte is an egg cell that has completed the first stage of meiosis, resulting in 23 chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated, leading to a total of 46 chromatids; however, they are still considered to be 23 chromosomes with duplicates.

A zygote results from the fusion of a sperm and egg, each contributing 23 chromosomes, totaling 46 chromosomes in a normal human zygote.

FSH primarily acts on the Sertoli cells in males, while LH mainly affects the Leydig cells. Spermatogonia are affected by both FSH and LH, but not the primary cell types.