Hardest Test On Microbiology! Trivia Quiz

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13. Photoreactivation repairs thymine dimers by splitting them back into separate thymines.

True

False

14. Transformation has been observed in only a limited number of species in nature, but we have found ways to force the process upon other species in the laboratory.

True

False

15. A recipient cell that is temporarily diploid for a portion of the genome during the replacement process is called a(n) __________.

Merozygote

Exogenote

Endogenote

None of the choices

16. Repair of thymine dimers using light to split the dimers apart into separate monomers is called

Photodedimerication.

Photoreactivation

Photoreparation

None of the choices

17. Approximately half of known animal carcinogens can be detected by the Ames test.

True

False

18. Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.

Col

Resistance

Virulence

Metabolic

19. A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product.

Missense

Nonsense

Silent

None of the choices

20. Mutations that result in the death of an organism when expressed are called __________ mutations.

Dominant

Recessive

Lethal

Conditional

21. _______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that supports growth of the wild type strain but are able to grow on the minimal medium if one or more nutritional supplements are added.

Autotrophs

Auxotrophs

Portotrophs

Minitrophs

22. In an HFR F⁺ mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete. Therefore, the recipient remains F^-.

True

False

23. Transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to another is called

Horizontal gene transfer.

Lateral gene transfer.

Vertical gene transfer.

Orthogonal gene transfer.

24. A mutation from the most prevalent form of a gene to a mutant form is called a __________ mutation.

Forward

Reverse

Wild card

Escalating

25. A __________ mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.

Missense

Nonsense

Silent

None of the choices

26. In the mechanics of conjugation, exclusive of gene transfer, Hfr and F⁺ strains behave the same.

True

False

27. A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide sequence break and rejoin in a crossover is called __________ recombination.

Homologous

Site-specific

Replicative

None of the choices

28. The Ames test

Can be used to measure the mutagenicity of chemicals.

Is used to measure the repair of thymine dimers.

is used to measure levels of oxygen free radicals.

None of the choices

29. The genome of a recipient cell is called a(n) __________.

Merozygote

Exogenote

Endogenote

None of the choices

30. Lethal mutations can be maintained in diploid organisms if they are

Dominant

Recessive

Deletions

None of the choices

31. Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called

Isoforms

Alterons

Alleles

Lethal

32. The process in which one or more nucleic acid molecules are rearranged or combined to produce a new nucleotide sequence is called

Transformation

Conjugation

Recombination

Transduction

33. Which of the following effects may be mediated by transposable elements?

Insertion into a gene, causing a mutation.

Activation of nearby genes.

Formation of genetic deletions.

All of the choices.

34. In an F⁺ F^- conjugation, the donor is the __________ strain.

F+

F-

Both F+ and F- (It is a reciprocal exchange)

Neither F+ nor F- (There is no exchange)

35. Which of the following is a possible fate for an exogenote?

integration into the host chromosome

independent replication and functioning

Degradation to nucleotides

All of the choices

36. Insertion sequences are

Normally relatively short (700 to 1,650 bp).  

Capable of transposition.

Are discrete genetic elements bounded at both ends with inverted repeats.

All of the choices

37. A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double helix, distorting the DNA to induce single-pair insertions or deletions is called a(n) __________ agent.

Insertional

Interspersing

Intercalating

Distortional

38. When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

Transfection

39. Site-specific recombination systems

Do not depend on extensive nucleotide sequence homology.

Depend on enzymes that are often specific for sequences within the host.

are features of some viruses.  

All of the the choices are true

40. Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool?

Nonsense

Missense

Frameshift

Deletion

41. After an F⁺ F^- mating, the donor is and the recipient is .

F+; F-

F-; F+

F-; F-

F+; F+

42. Which of the following occurs with generalized transduction?

Degradation of the host chromosome into randomly sized fragments

Packaging of any DNA fragment of the appropriate size

Transfer of any bacterial gene to the subsequent host

All of these occur with generalized transduction.

43. Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called

Transformation

Transduction

Transfection

Conjugation

44. A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein by substitution is called a __________ mutation.

Missense

Nonsense

Silent

None of the choices

45. Which of the following can lead to transition mutations?

Incorporation of a base analog that exhibits different base-pairing properties from the base it replaces

A small insertion or deletion

46. Which of these transposable elements do not carry genes for functions other than those needed for transposition?

Insertion sequences

Composite transposons

Retrotransposons

Conjugal transposons

47. Which of the following is the most error-prone of the repair mechanisms?

postreplication repair

Recombination repair

SOS repair

Photoreactivation

48. SOS repair

Requires RecA protein.

Is inducible by DNA damage.

is error prone, i.e., produces mutations. 

All of the choices

49. As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) __________ mutation.

Transversion

Transition

Frameshift

Insertion

50. Transposable elements have been found only in prokaryotes and do not appear to play a major role in eukaryotes.

True

False

51. Microbial strains that can grow on minimal medium are called __________.

Autotrophs

Auxotrophs

Prototrophs

Minitrophs

52. Which of the following is true of the integration of a viral genome into the host chromosome?

It is a form of site-specific recombination. 

The enzymes are specific for the virus and its host.

Integration begins the process of host chromosome degradation.

It is a form of site-specific recombination and the enzymes are specific for the virus and its host

53. Repair of an apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by AP endonuclease must be completed by the action of

UvrABC endonuclease.

RecA protein.

DNA polymerase I. 

None of the choices.

54. Lethal mutations can be recovered in haploid organisms if they are

Dominant

Active

Conditional

None of the choices

55. Complete transfer in an Hfr F^- mating takes approximately __________ minutes.

20

50

100

200

56. DNA molecules that enter a bacterium by one of several mechanisms is called a(n)

Merozygote

Exogenote

Endogenote

None of the choices

57. Specialized transduction can be carried out by

Any bacteriophage.

Any temperate bacteriophage.

Only those temperate bacteriophages that integrate into the host chromosome.

All of the choices

58. When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

Transfection

59. Spontaneous mutations are caused by

Errors in DNA replication

Insertion of transposons

Radiation

Errors in DNA replication and insertion of transposons

All of the choices

60. Who is credited with demonstrating unidirectional and nonreciprocal transfer of DNA between two mating E. coli cells?

Hayes

Lederberg

Tatum

None of the choices

61. Which of the following is considered a reverse mutation that will restore the wild type phenotype?

true reversion back to the wild type base sequence

All of the choices

62. Transposons that transpose by inserting a copy at a new location while a copy remains at the original location are said to transpose by _______________ transposition.

Simple

Composite

Incomplete

Replicative

63. Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr F^- mating?

All plasmid genes followed by some or all of the chromosome

Part of the plasmid followed by the chromosome followed by the rest of the plasmid

The chromosome followed by the plasmid

part of the chromosome followed by the plasmid followed by the rest of the chromosome

64. Which one of the following contributes to the utility of the strains of Salmonella typhimurium used in the Ames reversion assay?

They are highly permeable to test substances.

They are defective in DNA repair and, therefore, cannot readily repair damage done by the test substances.

It is very straightforward to assay the conversion of their histidine auxotrophy mutations to histidine prototrophy.

All of the choices

65. The conjugation bridge in an Hfr F^- mating usually breaks before chromosome transfer is complete; however, because at least part of the plasmid is transferred first, the recipient becomes F⁺.

True

False

66. When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

F+.

Hfr.

F'.

F-.

67. In an F⁺ F^- mating, all or part of the host chromosome usually is transferred to the recipient.

True

False

68. An F' plasmid results when

An F+ F- mating is interrupted before completion. 

An Hfr F- mating is interrupted before completion. 

an integrated F plasmid is incorrectly excised, bringing host genes with it

None of the choices

69. The incorporation of a single strand of donor DNA into a recipient DNA duplex so that the donor strand replaces one of the strands or the recipient duplex generates __________ DNA.

Aberrant

Unstable

Heterogeneous

Heteroduplex

70. The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10^-6, or about 1 in 1,000,000 when an excess of DNA is used.

True

False

71. When an F' plasmid acts as the donor in a mating, which of the following do(es) not happen?

The recipient becomes F'.

The plasmid is transferred, including the chromosomal genes now on the plasmid. 

Some chromosomal genes not on the plasmid are transferred.

all of the choices

72. Which of the following is not true of specialized transduction?

It is carried out by temperate phage.

It is restricted to those genes on either side of an integrated prophage.  

The phage genome retains the full complement of phage genes.  

All of these are true of specialized transduction.

73. Conjugative transposons

Can be transferred from one bacterium to another by a phage mediated process  

May be involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria  

Often express enzymes that degrade aromatic compounds  

All of the choices

Hardest Test On Microbiology! Trivia Quiz

1. In mismatch repair on newly replicated DNA, enzymes distinguish between old and newly replicated DNA strands based on the fact that newly replicated DNA strands are ________ methylated relative to older DNA.

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________, which may occur only at certain stages in the life cycle of the organism.

3. A __________ is a piece of extrachromosomal DNA that has its own replication origin.

4. __________ __________ is the process by which some cells are capable of degrading an exogenote. (2 words)

5. __________ mutations occur in the promoter or operator region of a gene or set of genes and affects the expression of the downstream genes without affecting the amino acid sequences of the gene products.

6. Mutations resulting from exposure to physical or chemical agents are called __________ mutations.

7. The __________ __________ is the most prevalent form of a gene in a population. (2 words)

8. A plasmid that can either exist independently of the chromosome or be integrated into it is called a(n) __________.

9. __________ mutations affect only a single base pair in a gene.

10. A __________ is a latent form of a virus genome that remains within the host without destroying it.

11. Plasmids that have genes for pili and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation are called __________ plasmids.

12. __________ are physical or chemical agents that cause mutation.

13. Photoreactivation repairs thymine dimers by splitting them back into separate thymines.

14. Transformation has been observed in only a limited number of species in nature, but we have found ways to force the process upon other species in the laboratory.

15. A recipient cell that is temporarily diploid for a portion of the genome during the replacement process is called a(n) __________.

16. Repair of thymine dimers using light to split the dimers apart into separate monomers is called

17. Approximately half of known animal carcinogens can be detected by the Ames test.

18. Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.

19. A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product.

20. Mutations that result in the death of an organism when expressed are called __________ mutations.

21. _______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that supports growth of the wild type strain but are able to grow on the minimal medium if one or more nutritional supplements are added.

22. In an HFR F+ mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete. Therefore, the recipient remains F-.

23. Transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to another is called

24. A mutation from the most prevalent form of a gene to a mutant form is called a __________ mutation.

25. A __________ mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.

26. In the mechanics of conjugation, exclusive of gene transfer, Hfr and F+ strains behave the same.

27. A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide sequence break and rejoin in a crossover is called __________ recombination.

28. The Ames test

29. The genome of a recipient cell is called a(n) __________.

30. Lethal mutations can be maintained in diploid organisms if they are

31. Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called

32. The process in which one or more nucleic acid molecules are rearranged or combined to produce a new nucleotide sequence is called

33. Which of the following effects may be mediated by transposable elements?

34. In an F+ F- conjugation, the donor is the __________ strain.

35. Which of the following is a possible fate for an exogenote?

36. Insertion sequences are

37. A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double helix, distorting the DNA to induce single-pair insertions or deletions is called a(n) __________ agent.

38. When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called

39. Site-specific recombination systems

40. Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool?

41. After an F+ F- mating, the donor is __________ and the recipient is __________.

42. Which of the following occurs with generalized transduction?

43. Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called

44. A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein by substitution is called a __________ mutation.

45. Which of the following can lead to transition mutations?

46. Which of these transposable elements do not carry genes for functions other than those needed for transposition?

47. Which of the following is the most error-prone of the repair mechanisms?

48. SOS repair

49. As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) __________ mutation.

50. Transposable elements have been found only in prokaryotes and do not appear to play a major role in eukaryotes.

51. Microbial strains that can grow on minimal medium are called __________.

52. Which of the following is true of the integration of a viral genome into the host chromosome?

53. Repair of an apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by AP endonuclease must be completed by the action of

54. Lethal mutations can be recovered in haploid organisms if they are

55. Complete transfer in an Hfr F- mating takes approximately __________ minutes.

56. DNA molecules that enter a bacterium by one of several mechanisms is called a(n)

57. Specialized transduction can be carried out by

58. When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called

59. Spontaneous mutations are caused by

60. Who is credited with demonstrating unidirectional and nonreciprocal transfer of DNA between two mating E. coli cells?

61. Which of the following is considered a reverse mutation that will restore the wild type phenotype?

62. Transposons that transpose by inserting a copy at a new location while a copy remains at the original location are said to transpose by _______________ transposition.

63. Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr F- mating?

64. Which one of the following contributes to the utility of the strains of Salmonella typhimurium used in the Ames reversion assay?

65. The conjugation bridge in an Hfr F- mating usually breaks before chromosome transfer is complete; however, because at least part of the plasmid is transferred first, the recipient becomes F+.

66. When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

67. In an F+ F- mating, all or part of the host chromosome usually is transferred to the recipient.

68. An F' plasmid results when

69. The incorporation of a single strand of donor DNA into a recipient DNA duplex so that the donor strand replaces one of the strands or the recipient duplex generates __________ DNA.

70. The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10-6, or about 1 in 1,000,000 when an excess of DNA is used.

71. When an F' plasmid acts as the donor in a mating, which of the following do(es) not happen?

72. Which of the following is not true of specialized transduction?

73. Conjugative transposons

4. is the process by which some cells are capable of degrading an exogenote. (2 words)

7. The is the most prevalent form of a gene in a population. (2 words)

22. In an HFR F⁺ mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete. Therefore, the recipient remains F^-.

26. In the mechanics of conjugation, exclusive of gene transfer, Hfr and F⁺ strains behave the same.

34. In an F⁺ F^- conjugation, the donor is the __________ strain.

41. After an F⁺ F^- mating, the donor is and the recipient is .

55. Complete transfer in an Hfr F^- mating takes approximately __________ minutes.

63. Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr F^- mating?

65. The conjugation bridge in an Hfr F^- mating usually breaks before chromosome transfer is complete; however, because at least part of the plasmid is transferred first, the recipient becomes F⁺.

67. In an F⁺ F^- mating, all or part of the host chromosome usually is transferred to the recipient.

70. The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10^-6, or about 1 in 1,000,000 when an excess of DNA is used.