Hardest Test On Microbiology! Trivia Quiz

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1. The __________ __________ is the most prevalent form of a gene in a population. (2 words)  
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2. Mutations resulting from exposure to physical or chemical agents are called __________ mutations.   
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3. __________ mutations occur in the promoter or operator region of a gene or set of genes and affects the expression of the downstream genes without affecting the amino acid sequences of the gene products.   
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4. In mismatch repair on newly replicated DNA, enzymes distinguish between old and newly replicated DNA strands based on the fact that newly replicated DNA strands are ________ methylated relative to older DNA.   
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5. __________ __________ is the process by which some cells are capable of degrading an exogenote. (2 words)  
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6. A __________ is a piece of extrachromosomal DNA that has its own replication origin.   
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7.  A plasmid that can either exist independently of the chromosome or be integrated into it is called a(n) __________.   
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8. In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________, which may occur only at certain stages in the life cycle of the organism.   
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9. __________ mutations affect only a single base pair in a gene.   
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10. Plasmids that have genes for pili and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation are called __________ plasmids.   
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11. A __________ is a latent form of a virus genome that remains within the host without destroying it.   
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12. __________ are physical or chemical agents that cause mutation.   
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13. Photoreactivation repairs thymine dimers by splitting them back into separate thymines.   
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14. Transformation has been observed in only a limited number of species in nature, but we have found ways to force the process upon other species in the laboratory.   
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15. A recipient cell that is temporarily diploid for a portion of the genome during the replacement process is called a(n) __________.   
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16. Approximately half of known animal carcinogens can be detected by the Ames test.   
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17. Repair of thymine dimers using light to split the dimers apart into separate monomers is called   
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18. Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.    
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19. _______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that supports growth of the wild type strain but are able to grow on the minimal medium if one or more nutritional supplements are added.   
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20. Mutations that result in the death of an organism when expressed are called __________ mutations.   
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21. A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product.   
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22.  In an HFR  F+ mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete. Therefore, the recipient remains F-.   
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23. A mutation from the most prevalent form of a gene to a mutant form is called a __________ mutation.   
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24. A __________ mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.   
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25.  Transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to another is called   
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26. A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide sequence break and rejoin in a crossover is called __________ recombination.    
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27.  In the mechanics of conjugation, exclusive of gene transfer, Hfr and F+ strains behave the same.   
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28. The Ames test  
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29. The genome of a recipient cell is called a(n) __________.   
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30. Lethal mutations can be maintained in diploid organisms if they are   
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31. Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called   
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32. The process in which one or more nucleic acid molecules are rearranged or combined to produce a new nucleotide sequence is called    
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33. Which of the following is a possible fate for an exogenote?   
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34. Which of the following effects may be mediated by transposable elements?    
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35. In an F+  F- conjugation, the donor is the __________ strain.  
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36. A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double helix, distorting the DNA to induce single-pair insertions or deletions is called a(n) __________ agent.   
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37.  Insertion sequences are    
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38. When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called    
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39. Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool?   
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40. Site-specific recombination systems    
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41.  After an F+  F- mating, the donor is __________ and the recipient is __________.    
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42. Which of the following occurs with generalized transduction?    
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43. Which of the following can lead to transition mutations?   
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44. A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein by substitution is called a __________ mutation.   
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45. Which of these transposable elements do not carry genes for functions other than those needed for transposition?  
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46.  Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called    
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47. Which of the following is the most error-prone of the repair mechanisms?   
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48. SOS repair   
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49. As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) __________ mutation.   
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50. Microbial strains that can grow on minimal medium are called __________.   
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51. Transposable elements have been found only in prokaryotes and do not appear to play a major role in eukaryotes.    
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52. Which of the following is true of the integration of a viral genome into the host chromosome?   
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53. Lethal mutations can be recovered in haploid organisms if they are   
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54. Repair of an apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by AP endonuclease must be completed by the action of   
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55.  DNA molecules that enter a bacterium by one of several mechanisms is called a(n)    
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56. Complete transfer in an Hfr  F- mating takes approximately __________ minutes.  
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57. When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called   
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58. Specialized transduction can be carried out by    
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59. Spontaneous mutations are caused by   
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60. Which of the following is considered a reverse mutation that will restore the wild type phenotype?   
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61. Transposons that transpose by inserting a copy at a new location while a copy remains at the original location are said to transpose by _______________ transposition.   
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62. Who is credited with demonstrating unidirectional and nonreciprocal transfer of DNA between two mating E. coli cells?    
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63. Which one of the following contributes to the utility of the strains of Salmonella typhimurium used in the Ames reversion assay?   
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64. Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr  F- mating?   
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65. The conjugation bridge in an Hfr  F- mating usually breaks before chromosome transfer is complete; however, because at least part of the plasmid is transferred first, the recipient becomes F+.   
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66. When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as   
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67. In an F+  F- mating, all or part of the host chromosome usually is transferred to the recipient.   
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68. The incorporation of a single strand of donor DNA into a recipient DNA duplex so that the donor strand replaces one of the strands or the recipient duplex generates __________ DNA.    
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69. An F' plasmid results when   
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70. The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10-6, or about 1 in 1,000,000 when an excess of DNA is used.    
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71. When an F' plasmid acts as the donor in a mating, which of the following do(es) not happen?   
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72. Which of the following is not true of specialized transduction?    
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73. Conjugative transposons    
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The __________ __________ is the most prevalent form of a gene in a...
Mutations resulting from exposure to physical or chemical agents are...
__________ mutations occur in the promoter or operator region of a...
In mismatch repair on newly replicated DNA, enzymes distinguish...
__________ __________ is the process by which some cells are capable...
A __________ is a piece of extrachromosomal DNA that has its own...
 A plasmid that can either exist independently of the chromosome...
In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________,...
__________ mutations affect only a single base pair in a gene.  ...
Plasmids that have genes for pili and can transfer copies of...
A __________ is a latent form of a virus genome that remains within...
__________ are physical or chemical agents that cause mutation.  ...
Photoreactivation repairs thymine dimers by splitting them back into...
Transformation has been observed in only a limited number of species...
A recipient cell that is temporarily diploid for a portion of the...
Approximately half of known animal carcinogens can be detected by the...
Repair of thymine dimers using light to split the dimers apart into...
Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to...
_______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that...
Mutations that result in the death of an organism when expressed are...
A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the...
 In an HFR  F+ mating, the conjugation bridge usually breaks...
A mutation from the most prevalent form of a gene to a mutant form is...
A __________ mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of the...
 Transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to...
A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide...
 In the mechanics of conjugation, exclusive of gene transfer, Hfr...
The Ames test  
The genome of a recipient cell is called a(n) __________.  ...
Lethal mutations can be maintained in diploid organisms if they...
Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called  ...
The process in which one or more nucleic acid molecules are rearranged...
Which of the following is a possible fate for an exogenote?  ...
Which of the following effects may be mediated by transposable...
In an F+  F- conjugation, the donor is the __________ strain. ...
A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double...
 Insertion sequences are    
When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the...
Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in...
Site-specific recombination systems    
 After an F+  F- mating, the donor is __________ and the...
Which of the following occurs with generalized transduction?   ...
Which of the following can lead to transition mutations?  ...
A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting...
Which of these transposable elements do not carry genes for functions...
 Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is...
Which of the following is the most error-prone of the repair...
SOS repair   
As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for...
Microbial strains that can grow on minimal medium are called...
Transposable elements have been found only in prokaryotes and do not...
Which of the following is true of the integration of a viral genome...
Lethal mutations can be recovered in haploid organisms if they...
Repair of an apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by AP endonuclease...
 DNA molecules that enter a bacterium by one of several...
Complete transfer in an Hfr  F- mating takes approximately...
When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus,...
Specialized transduction can be carried out by    
Spontaneous mutations are caused by   
Which of the following is considered a reverse mutation that will...
Transposons that transpose by inserting a copy at a new location while...
Who is credited with demonstrating unidirectional and nonreciprocal...
Which one of the following contributes to the utility of the strains...
Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in...
The conjugation bridge in an Hfr  F- mating usually breaks before...
When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is...
In an F+  F- mating, all or part of the host chromosome usually...
The incorporation of a single strand of donor DNA into a recipient DNA...
An F' plasmid results when   
The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10-6, or...
When an F' plasmid acts as the donor in a mating, which of the...
Which of the following is not true of specialized transduction?  ...
Conjugative transposons    
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