Chp.8

The average cost method is a suitable inventory method in situations with rapid turnover because it calculates the average cost of all units in inventory. This method is similar to the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method in terms of balance sheet valuation. The average cost method ensures that the cost of goods sold and the value of ending inventory reflect the average cost of all units purchased, which is beneficial in situations where there is a rapid turnover of inventory.

Goods in transit that are shipped f.o.b. destination should be included in the inventory of the seller. This is because f.o.b. destination means that the seller retains ownership of the goods until they reach the buyer's destination. Therefore, the seller is responsible for including these goods in their inventory until they are delivered to the buyer.

During a period of rising prices, the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) inventory method generally provides the greatest amount of net income. This is because FIFO assumes that the oldest inventory items are sold first, resulting in the cost of goods sold being calculated using the lower cost of the older inventory items. As a result, the ending inventory is valued at the higher cost of the more recent inventory items, leading to a higher net income.

LIFO (Last In, First Out) inventory method generally provides the greatest amount of net income in a period of falling prices. This is because under LIFO, the most recent inventory purchases are considered as sold first, resulting in higher cost of goods sold and lower ending inventory. As a result, the cost of goods sold is higher, which reduces the taxable income and increases the net income. This is beneficial during periods of falling prices as it matches the higher costs with the higher revenue, resulting in a higher net income.

Raw materials should be classified as inventory on the balance sheet because they are considered a current asset that will be used in the production process to create finished goods. Inventory represents the goods that a company holds for sale or for use in the production process. Raw materials are a crucial component of a company's inventory, and their value is recorded on the balance sheet to accurately reflect the company's assets and their potential for future revenue generation.

Goods in transit that are shipped f.o.b. (free on board) shipping point are the responsibility of the buyer once they leave the seller's location. This means that the buyer has legal ownership and control over the goods during transit. Therefore, these goods should be included in the inventory of the buyer as they are considered part of their assets and not the seller's or the shipping company's inventory.

Inventories are included in the computation of net income because they are directly related to the cost of goods sold. By including inventories in the calculation, a company can accurately determine the cost of the goods that were sold during a specific period of time. This allows for an accurate calculation of net income, as it takes into account the expenses incurred in producing and selling the goods.

A LIFO reserve refers to the difference between the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) inventory and the amount that is used for internal reporting purposes. This reserve is created because LIFO inventory valuation assumes that the most recently purchased or produced items are sold first, which may result in a lower inventory value compared to other inventory valuation methods. The LIFO reserve helps to adjust the reported inventory value to reflect the actual cost of inventory for internal reporting purposes.

Raw materials are considered a product cost as they directly contribute to the production of goods. These materials are used in the manufacturing process and are included in the inventory of the company until they are transformed into finished products. Selling costs and interest costs are not directly related to inventory, as they are expenses incurred in the selling and financing activities of the company. Abnormal spoilage is a loss that occurs during the production process and is not considered a product cost as it does not contribute to the creation of inventory.

A company can obtain a price index in order to apply dollar-value LIFO by using any of the mentioned methods. They can calculate an index based on recent inventory purchases, use a general price level index published by the government, or use a price index prepared by an industry group. All of these methods can provide the necessary price index for applying dollar-value LIFO.

When using a perpetual inventory system, all of the given options are correct. In a perpetual inventory system, there is no need for a Purchases account as inventory is continuously updated. A Cost of Goods Sold account is used to record the cost of goods sold during a specific period. Additionally, two entries are required to record a sale: one to decrease the inventory and another to record the revenue from the sale. Therefore, all of these options are applicable when using a perpetual inventory system.

When a company uses the periodic inventory system, goods in transit f.o.b. shipping point are included in purchases but not in the ending inventory. This means that these goods are considered as part of the company's expenses but not as part of its assets. As a result, including goods in transit f.o.b. shipping point in purchases but not in the ending inventory will decrease the company's current assets without affecting its current liabilities. This will lead to a decrease in the current ratio, which measures the company's ability to cover its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. Therefore, the correct answer is "Understate the current ratio."

Inventory costs include the costs directly associated with acquiring or producing a product, such as the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. These costs are considered product costs because they are incurred to bring the product to its present location and condition. Period costs, on the other hand, are not included in inventory costs as they are not directly related to the production or acquisition of the product, but rather relate to the overall operation of the business, such as selling, administrative, and marketing expenses.

Finished Goods inventory is similar to the merchandise inventory of a retailer because it refers to the completed products that are ready for sale to customers. Just like a retailer's merchandise inventory, finished goods inventory represents the final products that have been manufactured or produced and are awaiting delivery or purchase by customers.

Equipment is not reported in inventory because it is considered a fixed asset, not a current asset. Inventory refers to the goods that a company holds for sale in the ordinary course of business, such as raw materials, finished goods, and supplies. Equipment, on the other hand, is used in the production process or for other long-term purposes and is classified as a fixed asset on the balance sheet.

The correct answer is "a and b" because both the net method and gross method can be used to record cash discounts that a company receives for paying suppliers promptly. The net method involves recording the cash discount as a reduction in the cost of inventory, while the gross method involves recording the cash discount as a separate income account. Therefore, both methods can be used to accurately record and track the cash discounts received by the company.

FIFO (First-In, First-Out) method assumes that the first items purchased are the first ones sold, which closely approximates the current cost for ending inventory. LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) method assumes that the last items purchased are the first ones sold, which closely approximates the current cost for cost of goods sold. Therefore, FIFO method is more suitable for calculating the current cost of ending inventory, while LIFO method is more suitable for calculating the current cost of goods sold.

Selling costs are considered period costs because they are incurred during a specific period of time and are not directly associated with the production of goods or services. These costs include expenses related to advertising, marketing, sales commissions, and distribution. Unlike production costs, which are directly tied to the manufacturing process, selling costs are incurred to promote and sell the products or services to customers. Therefore, selling costs are classified as period costs rather than product costs.

In a period of rising prices, the first-in, first-out (FIFO) inventory method tends to give the highest reported net income. This is because the FIFO method assumes that the items that were purchased first are also the first ones to be sold. As prices rise, the older, lower-cost inventory is sold first, resulting in a lower cost of goods sold (COGS) and a higher reported net income. This is because the COGS is calculated based on the lower cost of the older inventory, while the remaining inventory is valued at the higher current prices.

Consigned inventory refers to goods that are shipped to a retailer or distributor, but the ownership or title of the goods remains with the original supplier or shipper. The retailer or distributor holds the inventory on behalf of the supplier and only pays for the goods once they are sold to the end customer. This arrangement allows the supplier to maintain control over the inventory and reduces the risk of unsold goods for the retailer or distributor.

The cost of the inventory should appear on the books of Carne Corporation at the December 31, 2010 balance sheet date. This means that Carne Corporation is responsible for recording and reporting the value of the inventory in their financial statements. The other options, Nolan Corporation and Norwalk Bank, are not mentioned as being responsible for the inventory in the question. The last option suggests that Carne Corporation should make note disclosure of the transaction, indicating that they are the ones who should record the inventory.

A perpetual inventory system is a method of tracking inventory in real-time, where inventory records are continuously updated to reflect purchases, sales, and changes in stock levels. In this system, the cost of goods sold is recorded with each sale, meaning that the cost of the goods sold is immediately recognized and deducted from the inventory account at the time of the sale. This allows for accurate and up-to-date tracking of inventory costs and helps in managing inventory levels efficiently.

Manufacturing overhead costs are considered product costs because they are directly related to the production process and are necessary for the creation of the final product. These costs include expenses such as factory rent, utilities, equipment depreciation, and indirect labor. Unlike selling costs, which are incurred to promote and distribute the product, manufacturing overhead costs are specifically tied to the manufacturing process and are therefore classified as product costs.

When Dolan Co. recorded the consignment as a purchase and included the goods in inventory, it incorrectly increased both its current assets (inventory) and current liabilities (accounts payable). However, since the goods were received on consignment, Dolan Co. does not actually own the goods and should not have recorded them as inventory. As a result, the current assets and current liabilities were overstated on the financial statements. However, net income was not affected because no actual purchase or sale had taken place.

LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) is the inventory method that tends to give the highest reported cost of goods sold during a period of rising prices. This is because under LIFO, the most recent inventory purchases are assumed to be sold first, resulting in higher costs being assigned to goods sold. As prices rise, the older, lower-cost inventory remains on hand, which leads to a higher reported cost of goods sold compared to other inventory methods like FIFO (First-In, First-Out) or average cost.

Goods on consignment are recorded in a Consignment Out account, which is an inventory account. This means that the goods are not included in the consignee's inventory, as they still belong to the consignor. The Consignment Out account is used to track the goods that have been sent out on consignment and to record any sales or returns related to those goods. Therefore, the correct answer is that goods on consignment are recorded in a Consignment Out account, which is an inventory account.

Under the weighted-average method of inventory valuation, the pricing of issues from inventory is deferred until the end of the accounting period. This means that the cost of goods sold and the value of ending inventory are calculated based on the average cost of all units available for sale during the period. This method ensures that the cost of inventory is spread out evenly across all units, regardless of when they were purchased or produced. Therefore, the pricing of issues from inventory is not determined until the end of the accounting period when the average cost can be calculated accurately.

When a significant amount of consignment inventory is present, it is reported separately on the consignor's balance sheet. This means that the consignor, who is the owner of the inventory, will list the consignment inventory as a separate line item on their balance sheet. This allows for clear visibility and tracking of the consignment inventory, distinguishing it from the consignor's own inventory.

Goods in transit that were recently purchased f.o.b. destination should not be included on the balance sheet because they have not yet been received by the company. The company does not have physical possession of these goods, so they cannot be considered as part of the inventory. They also do not represent a liability or an asset, so they should not be included in the accounts payable or equipment categories. Therefore, the correct answer is that they should not be included on the balance sheet.

If the cost of goods sold computed using the FIFO method exceeds the cost of goods sold computed using the LIFO method, it suggests that the older, lower-cost inventory items are being sold first under the FIFO method. This means that the remaining inventory consists of newer, higher-cost items. Therefore, the trend of inventory prices would likely be decreasing, as the older, lower-cost items are being sold first and replaced with newer, higher-cost items.

The given transaction is known as a product financing arrangement. In this scenario, Carne Corporation transferred inventory to Nolan Corporation with an agreement to repurchase it later. Nolan used the inventory as collateral to borrow from Norwalk Bank and then used the proceeds from the loan to repay the bank when Carne repurchased the inventory. This arrangement involves financing the product through borrowing against the inventory.

Inventoriable costs are costs that are directly connected with the production or acquisition of goods. These costs are added to the cost of inventory and are expensed when the inventory is sold. The costs that are directly connected with the bringing of goods to the place of business of the buyer and the costs that are directly connected with the converting of goods to a salable condition are both examples of inventoriable costs. Buying costs of a purchasing department are also considered inventoriable costs. However, selling costs of a sales department are not inventoriable costs because they are not directly connected with the production or acquisition of goods. Instead, selling costs are considered period costs and are expensed in the period they are incurred.

When a company uses the periodic inventory system, purchases are recorded when goods are received, and the cost of goods sold is calculated at the end of the accounting period. Including goods in transit f.o.b. shipping point in purchases means that these goods are recorded as purchases even though they have not yet been received. However, if these goods are not included in the ending inventory, it means that they will not be considered as part of the cost of goods sold. As a result, the cost of goods sold will be understated, leading to an understatement of expenses and ultimately understating the net income.

Interest incurred during the production of discrete projects such as ships or real estate projects should be capitalized as a product cost because it is directly related to the production process and contributes to the cost of the inventory being manufactured. This type of interest cost is considered necessary and integral to the production process and therefore should be included as part of the cost of the inventory.

If the beginning inventory for 2010 is overstated, it means that the value of the inventory at the start of the year is higher than it actually is. This would result in an overstatement of the cost of goods sold for 2010 because the higher beginning inventory would be subtracted from the total cost of goods available for sale, leading to a lower cost of goods sold. As a result, net income for 2010 would be understated because the lower cost of goods sold would lead to higher gross profit. However, the overstatement of beginning inventory in 2010 would have no effect on the assets at December 31, 2011, as the error relates to the previous year's inventory.

First-in, first-out (FIFO) is the method of inventory pricing that best approximates specific identification of the actual flow of costs and units in most manufacturing situations. This method assumes that the first items purchased or produced are the first ones to be sold or used, which is usually the case in manufacturing where older inventory is typically used or sold before newer inventory. FIFO ensures that the cost of goods sold reflects the cost of the oldest inventory, which is more accurate in matching costs with revenue.

FIFO stands for "First In, First Out" and is an inventory pricing procedure where the oldest costs incurred are assumed to be the first ones sold. This means that the ending inventory valuation is based on the most recent costs, while the oldest costs have little to no effect. In other words, FIFO assumes that the first items purchased are the first ones sold, resulting in a more accurate representation of current inventory value.

If Green Co. received merchandise on consignment but did not record the transaction, it means that the value of the merchandise was included in the inventory, but no corresponding expense was recognized. This would result in an overstatement of net income because expenses were not properly accounted for. Additionally, since the value of the merchandise was included in the inventory, current assets would be overstated. Retained earnings would also be overstated because net income is a component of retained earnings.

None of the items mentioned should be included in a company's inventory at the balance sheet date. Goods in transit purchased f.o.b. destination do not belong to the company until they reach their destination. Goods received from another company on consignment are not owned by the company and should not be included in their inventory. Goods sold to a customer but being held for the customer to call for at their convenience are not in the company's possession and should not be included in their inventory.

The specific identification method is considered ideal for assigning costs to inventory and cost of goods sold because it allows for the matching of cost flow with the physical flow of inventory. This means that the actual cost of each specific item in inventory is tracked and used to determine the cost of goods sold. This method eliminates the need for arbitrary allocation of costs and reduces the potential for manipulation of net income. Additionally, it can be used for all types of inventory, making it a versatile and accurate method of cost assignment.

An overstatement of last year's inventory means that the inventory was recorded at a higher value than it actually was. However, this overstatement does not directly affect the current year's ending retained earnings balance. Retained earnings are calculated by adding net income or subtracting net loss from the beginning retained earnings balance. The inventory overstatement does not directly impact net income or net loss, so it does not affect the ending retained earnings balance. Therefore, the correct answer is "No effect."

Valuation of inventories requires determining the costs to be included in inventory, the physical goods to be included in inventory, and the cost flow assumption to be adopted. However, the cost of goods held on consignment from other companies is not required to determine the valuation of inventories.

In a period of rising prices, the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) inventory method tends to give the highest reported inventory. This is because the FIFO method assumes that the items purchased or produced first are the first ones to be sold, leaving the more recently purchased or produced items in inventory. As prices are rising, the older, lower-cost items are being sold first, resulting in a higher reported inventory value.

Recording purchases at gross amounts would result in the highest cost of goods sold for 2010. This is because recording purchases at gross amounts includes the full amount of the purchases before any cash discounts are taken. By not deducting the amount of discounts taken from the cost of goods sold, the cost of goods sold will be higher compared to recording purchases at net amounts.

Both options 1 and 2 will result in the same net income for 2010. Option 1 records purchases at gross amounts, which means the full amount of the purchases is recorded as an expense. Option 2 records purchases at net amounts, taking into account any discounts not taken. However, the amount of discounts not taken is shown under "other expenses" in the income statement. Therefore, the net income will be the same for both options, regardless of whether discounts are taken into account or not.

When prices are rising, LIFO (Last In, First Out) method assumes that the most recent inventory purchases are sold first, resulting in the older, lower-cost inventory remaining in the balance sheet. This leads to a higher cost of goods sold and lower ending inventory, which can reduce the company's reported earnings and income tax liability. However, one disadvantage of LIFO in this scenario is that the inventory will be overstated. This is because the older, lower-cost inventory is still valued at older prices, which do not reflect the current higher prices. This can misrepresent the true value of the inventory on the balance sheet.

The cost of purchases moved down during the period. This is because the inventory cost on the balance sheet was lower using first-in, first-out (FIFO) than it would have been using last-in, first-out (LIFO). In FIFO, the oldest inventory is sold first, resulting in lower inventory costs. Therefore, if the inventory cost on the balance sheet was lower using FIFO, it suggests that the cost of purchases decreased during the period.

The effect of not including the merchandise in its inventory would result in an understatement of net income, current assets, and retained earnings. This is because the cost of the merchandise would not be recognized as an expense, leading to an understatement of expenses and therefore an overstatement of net income. Additionally, not including the merchandise in the inventory would result in an understatement of current assets, as the value of the merchandise would not be included. Finally, retained earnings would also be understated as net income is a component of retained earnings.

The correct answer states that it is easier to erode LIFO layers using dollar-value LIFO techniques than it is with specific goods pooled LIFO. This means that the dollar-value LIFO method allows for more flexibility in manipulating the inventory layers to achieve desired financial results. In contrast, specific goods pooled LIFO requires more specific identification and tracking of inventory items, making it more difficult to manipulate the layers.

The periodic inventory system records the cost of goods sold by only including the inventory in the cost of goods sold section of the income statement. This means that the inventory is not listed as a current asset on the balance sheet. Therefore, the correct answer is "only in the cost of goods sold section of the income statement."