The West Between The Wars, 1919-1939 A

An economic depression refers to a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. During an economic depression, there is a significant decline in economic output, businesses struggle or fail, and unemployment rates soar. This is often accompanied by a decrease in consumer spending, investment, and overall economic confidence. The term "economic depression" is used to describe a severe and prolonged downturn in the economy, characterized by widespread economic hardship and a lack of recovery in the short term.

Collectivization refers to a system in which private farms are eliminated and the government owns the land. This process typically involves the consolidation of individual farms into larger collective farms, with the aim of increasing agricultural production and promoting socialist principles. Collectivization was often implemented in totalitarian regimes, where the government had control over economic activities and sought to centralize power. This answer accurately describes the concept of collectivization and its association with the elimination of private farms and government ownership of land.

Fascism is a political philosophy that advocates for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. It emphasizes the idea of a powerful state that controls all aspects of society, including the economy and individual freedoms. Fascist regimes often suppress opposition, promote nationalism, and prioritize the interests of the nation over individual rights. This ideology emerged in the early 20th century, most notably in Italy under Benito Mussolini and in Germany under Adolf Hitler. Fascism is characterized by authoritarianism, militarism, and the belief in racial or ethnic superiority.

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented by Lenin in Soviet Russia in 1921 as a response to the economic disaster caused by the Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war. The NEP aimed to revive the economy by allowing limited private enterprise and foreign investment, while the state retained control over major industries. This modified capitalist system helped to stabilize the economy, encourage agricultural production, and attract foreign trade and investment. The NEP was considered a temporary measure to rebuild the economy before transitioning to full socialism.

The Dawes Plan was a financial agreement made in 1924 that aimed to reduce the amount of reparations that Germany had to pay after World War I. It was named after Charles Dawes, an American banker who was instrumental in its creation. The plan restructured Germany's debt and provided them with loans to help stabilize their economy. By reducing the burden of reparations, the Dawes Plan aimed to alleviate some of the economic hardships faced by Germany and promote stability in Europe.

The Nuremberg Law refers to a set of antisemitic laws enacted by the Nazi Party in Germany in 1935. These laws aimed at excluding Jews from German citizenship and stripping them of their basic rights. The Nuremberg Law was a key component of the Nazi regime's systematic discrimination against Jews and laid the foundation for their later persecution and genocide. It institutionalized racial discrimination and segregation, marking a significant step in the dehumanization and marginalization of Jews in Germany.

A totalitarian state is a government that aims to control all aspects of its citizens' lives, including political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects. In a totalitarian state, the government exercises complete control and authority over the people, often through oppressive and authoritarian means. This type of government seeks to eliminate individual freedoms and enforce strict conformity to its ideology or ruling party. It suppresses dissent and opposition, and there is little to no room for personal autonomy or independent thought.

The term "lebensraum" refers to the expansionist policies pursued by Nazi Germany, which aimed to acquire additional living space for the German population. This concept was used to justify the invasion and colonization of other countries, particularly in Eastern Europe. It was based on the belief that Germany needed more land to sustain its growing population and maintain its economic and political power. The Nazis believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and sought to create a racially pure empire. This expansionist ideology ultimately led to the outbreak of World War II and the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime.

Joseph Goebbels was the Nazi propaganda minister during Adolf Hitler's regime. He played a crucial role in shaping and disseminating Nazi propaganda to manipulate public opinion and control the narrative. Goebbels was known for his effective use of media, including films, radio, and newspapers, to promote Nazi ideology and demonize their enemies. His propaganda machine was instrumental in promoting Hitler's cult of personality and fostering support for the Nazi party. Goebbels' influence and manipulation of information were essential tools in the Nazis' rise to power and their ability to maintain control over the German population.

The purpose of Stalin's Five Year Plans was to transform the USSR from an agricultural economy into an industrial economy. This can be inferred from the fact that the Five Year Plans focused on rapid industrialization and the development of heavy industries such as steel, coal, and machinery. The plans aimed to modernize the Soviet economy and catch up with the industrialized nations of the West. This transformation was seen as crucial for the USSR to become a global superpower and strengthen its position in the world.

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Salvador Dali is the correct answer because he was a surrealist painter known for his unique style of painting everyday objects in a way that separated them from their normal contexts. Dali's works often featured dreamlike and fantastical elements, challenging the viewer's perception of reality. He was a prominent figure in the Surrealist movement and his paintings, such as "The Persistence of Memory," are iconic examples of his ability to transform ordinary objects into surreal and thought-provoking imagery.

The Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium. This means that Germany's borders with these countries were legally recognized and agreed upon by all parties involved in the treaty. It ensured stability and peace in the region by establishing clear boundaries and reducing the potential for future territorial disputes.

Heinrich Himmler is the correct answer because he was the one who set up the Nazi secret police forces. Himmler was a high-ranking member of the Nazi Party and the leader of the SS (Schutzstaffel). He played a key role in establishing and expanding the Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei), which was the secret police force responsible for suppressing opposition to the Nazi regime through surveillance, arrests, and brutal tactics. Himmler's role in setting up and overseeing these forces made him one of the most powerful and feared figures in Nazi Germany.

Benito Mussolini gained the support of the Catholic Church by providing them with financial support and official recognition. This gesture likely helped to strengthen the relationship between Mussolini's fascist government and the Church, as it provided the Church with resources and a sense of legitimacy. By giving the Church money and official recognition, Mussolini may have hoped to secure their loyalty and gain their support for his political agenda.

John Maynard Keynes argued that unemployment came not from overproduction, but from a decline in demand. This means that according to Keynes, the main cause of unemployment is not the excessive production of goods and services, but rather a decrease in the demand for those goods and services. Keynes believed that during times of economic downturn, when demand is low, businesses reduce their production and lay off workers, leading to higher unemployment rates. He emphasized the importance of stimulating demand through government intervention, such as increasing government spending or lowering interest rates, to address unemployment and promote economic growth.

The Kristallnacht refers to a destructive Nazi rampage against the Jews. It occurred on November 9-10, 1938, when Nazi forces in Germany and Austria attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. This violent event resulted in the destruction of Jewish property, the arrest and imprisonment of thousands of Jews, and the loss of many lives. The Kristallnacht is considered a significant turning point in the persecution of Jews during the Holocaust and a precursor to the atrocities that followed.

Hermann Hesse is the correct answer because he is the author of the literary works Siddhartha and Steppenwolf.

The given correct answer "Kraft dutch Freude" does not seem to be a coherent explanation for the program that offered leisure time activities to fill the free time of the working class. The phrase "Kraft dutch Freude" does not provide any meaningful information or context related to the program. Therefore, it is unclear why this answer is considered correct.

The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to establish a totalitarian state by giving the governing the power to ignore the constitution for four years. This means that Hitler and his government were able to make decisions and pass laws without any limitations or checks from the constitution. This gave Hitler immense power and control over the state, allowing him to implement his policies and ideologies without opposition. By bypassing the constitution, Hitler was able to consolidate his power and establish a dictatorship.