Hemodynamic Disorders

1. What is an embolus?

An intravascular mass that forms in one anatomic site

A freely movable, intravascular mass that is carried from one anatomic site to another by the blood

An intravascular mass that forms in the legs

An intravascular mass that forms in the brain

An intravascular mass that forms in the foramen ovale

2. In the formation of a thrombus _______ is polymerized into _______ forming a meshwork of thin filaments that bind together cellular elements of blood forming a clot.

Fibrinogen; fibrin

Fibrin; fibrinogen

3. Cholesterol crystals detached from atherosclerotic plaques, tumor cells, bone marrow emboli, and parts of bullets are all examples of what type of emboli?

Liquid emboli

Gaseous emboli

Solid particle emboli

Septic emboli

4. True of False? All pulmonary emboli are considered saddle types.

True

False

5. True or False? Red infarcts are also typical of organs that have a dual blood supply such as the liver or lungs.

True

False

6. White infarcts are cause by ____________ obstruction.

Venous

Arterial

7. An infarction is typically caused by:

Overexhaustion

Liver failure

Thrombosis of emboli

Respiratory failure

Stroke

8. The spleen, kidney, intestine, brain are all vulnerable to ____________ emboli.

Venous

Arterial

Pulmonary

Saddle

9. ____________ cells cannot regenerate or form fibrous tissue but instead form liquid cysts that later undergo gliosis.

Heart

Kidney

Liver

Brain

10. Fat emboli and amniotic fluid emboli are all examples of:

Gaseous emboli

Solid particle emboli

Liquid emboli

Septic emboli

11. True or False? Since arteries have thinner walls than veins, they are more predisposed to red infarcts.

True

False

12. ______________ are venous emboli that reach the arterial circulation through the foramen ovale or an interventricular septal defect that can cause symptoms similar to those of arterial emboli.

Paired emboli

Parental emboli

Passage emboli

Paradoxical emboli

Arterial emboli

13. What is the most common form of emboli seen in clinical practice?

Liquid emboli

Fat emboli

Gaseous emboli

Solid particle emboli

Thromboemboli

14. Fat embolism syndrome occurs in _______ of patients with severe skeletal injuries; less than ___ of patients have clinical findings.

50%; 90%

10%; 90%

90%; 10%

90%; 50%

15. Which of the following is not a possible fate of an arterial embolism?

Brain

Spleen

Mesentary

Kidney

Pulmonary vein

16. Infarcts typical of arterial occlusion in solid organs such as the kidneys and heart are:

Black

Caseous

White

Red

Lines of zahn

17. Where do most arterial emboli originate?

In the deep veins of the leg

In the jugular veins of the neck

In the right atrium, inferior vena cava, and major veins

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium or ventricle, aorta, and major arteries

18. A saddle embolism is carried by venous blood and obstructs blood flow in the:

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Middle cerebral artery

Carotid artery

Abdominal aorta

19. Based on pathological classification, which of the following thrombi contain fibrin called "lines of zahn"

Red thrombi

Layered thrombi

Fat thrombi

Coronary artery thrombi

20. Which of the following thrombi are found in arterioles, capillaries, venules and are typical of disseminated intravascular coagulation?

Arterial thrombi

Mural thrombi

Venous thrombi

Microvascular thrombi

21. Which of the following infarcts are typical of venous obstruction involving the testes such as in torsion or the intestines seen in a volvulus?

Black

Lines of zahn

White

Red

Arterial

22. A patient comes in with an acute MI, after one night of hospitalization and subsequent treatment you send them home with instructions. What is something that can occur in the patient 1-2 weeks after the MI?

CHF

COPD

Kidney failure

Stroke

Fat metabolism syndrome

23. A patient admits to the ER after a jugular vein stabbing wound. What type of emboli would you most suspect to occur in this patient?

Solid particle emboli

Liquid emboli

Gaseous emboli

Fat emboli

Bullet emboli

24. Based on pathological classification, which of the following thrombi are composed of tightly intermixed RBC's and fibrin?

Layered thrombi

Red thrombi

Fat thrombi

Lines of zahn

25. Infarction in the ___________ is replaced by fibrous tissue resulting in fibrosis and scarring.

Brain

Heart

Intestines

Kidneys

A & B

26. Intramural thrombi are attached to the mural endocardium of the heart chambers and are commonly found:

As an ulcerated atheroma in an atherosclerotic aorta

Lodged in an pulmonary vein

Overlying a MI which may embolize

In a distant femoral vein

27. Where are Red infarcts not typically seen:

Intestines

Testes

Liver

Lungs

Kidneys

28. Thrombi in small vessels tends to be:

Fat emboli

Layered emboli

Red emboli

Pulmonary emboli

29. What is the most likely fate of a venous emboli in a pt. with an interventricular septal defect?

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary infarct

Stroke

A & B

None of the above

30. Which of the following types of emboli will result in widespread mental changes, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, acute resp. distress, and lesions in the brain including cerebral edema and microinfarcts.

Solid particle emboli

Pulmonary embolism

Fat embolism syndrome

Coronary artery embolism

Gaseous embolism

31. Thrombi in larger arteries and veins, as well as mural thrombi tend to be:

Fat emboli

Red emboli

Layered emboli

Coronary artery emboli

32. True or False? A red infarct is often rimmed by a thin red zone containing extravasated blood that was destined to reach the ischemic zone from surrounded anastomotic blood vessels.

True

False

33. The most severe form of fat embolism syndrome is characterized by what 1-3 days post-injury?

MI

Stroke

Respiratory failure

Pulmonary embolism

Acute liver failure