Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification Quiz

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE).

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Layers four through seven (Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, and Application Layer) are applied between the DOCSIS modem and CMTS.

Layers one through four (Simple Network Management Protocol, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, and E-mail) are applied between the DOCSIS modem and CMTS.

Layers four through seven (Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, and Transport Layer) are applied between the DOCSIS modem and CMTS.

Layers one through four (Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, and Transport Layer) are applied between the DOCSIS modem and CMTS.

Increased bandwidth of the upstream and advanced access systems so that higher orders of modulation (and higher data rates) are possible.

Increased bandwidth of the upstream and advanced access systems so that lower orders of modulation (and higher data rates) are possible.

Increased bandwidth of the upstream so that enhanced security and adaptive equalization in the upstream path for improved data throughput are possible.

Increased bandwidth of the downstream with advanced access systems so that higher orders of modulation (and higher data rates) are possible.

TCP/IP provides the basic protocol for directing data traffic over the Internet by dividing the data packet into four elements: the packet sequence; the data; the destination address; and the checksum of data.

TCP/IP provides the basic protocol for directing data traffic over the Internet by dividing the data packet into two elements: the data and the destination address.

SNMP provides the basic protocol for directing data traffic over the Internet by dividing the data packet into four elements: the packet sequence; the data; the destination address; and the checksum of data.

SNMP provides the basic protocol for directing data traffic over the Internet by dividing the data packet into two elements: the data and the destination address.

Thin clients are not capable of running applications independent of the server. Thick clients are capable of downloading and running installed applications independent of a server.

Thin clients are small portable devices such as laptop computers and smart phones. Thick clients are stationary devices such as desktop and mainframe computers.

Thin clients will only work with one dedicated server. Thick clients will work with multiple servers simultaneously.

Thin clients are used for home applications such as game consoles or to download movies. Thick clients are used for business applications in computers.

When an upstream transmission request is received, the MAC protocols instruct the cable modem termination system (CMTS) when to transmit, its bandwidth, and its transmission interval to prevent or decrease the number of upstream packet collisions. The reduction of collisions increases the upstream transmission efficiency since colliding packets need not be resent.

When a downstream transmission request is received, the MAC protocols instruct the cable modem termination system (CMTS) when to transmit, its bandwidth, and its transmission interval to prevent or decrease the number of downstream packet collisions. The reduction of collisions increases the upstream transmission efficiency since colliding packets need not be resent.

When a downstream transmission request is received, the MAC protocols instruct the cable modem when to transmit, its bandwidth, and its transmission interval to prevent or decrease the number of upstream packet collisions. The reduction of collisions increases the upstream transmission efficiency since colliding packets need not be resent.

When an upstream transmission request is received, the MAC protocols instruct the cable modem when to transmit, its bandwidth, and its transmission interval to prevent or decrease the number of upstream packet collisions. The reduction of collisions increases the upstream transmission efficiency since colliding packets need not be resent.

Channel bonding combines the data throughput of a single channel with a number of channels to achieve a maximum data throughput equal to the cumulative total of the bonded channels.

Channel bonding ties the downstream and upstream RF data carriers to fixed frequencies so that the cable modem always knows what frequency to tune to receive downstream data.

Channel bonding combines the data throughput of up to eight adjacent data channels to create a single wide bandwidth data channel to achieve a maximum data throughput equal to the cumulative total of the bonded channels.

Channel bonding ties the downstream cable modem carrier to the out-of-band (00B) data carrier sent to the digital set-top box (STB) to enable the cable modem to receive television signals over the Internet.

When powered on and connected to cable system, the cable modem receives an upstream channel descriptor (UCD) which contains upstream transmission parameters, including frequency and carrier level.

After it is authorized for service, the cable modem receives an upstream channel descriptor (UCD) which contains upstream transmission parameters, including frequency and carrier level.

The installer enters the modem's upstream transmission parameters, including frequency and carrier level, into the modem's configuration file during its activation.

During initialization the cable modem receives upstream transmission parameters, including frequency and carrier level, that were entered for the modem's location in the system.

The shared services environment makes optimum use of the network to efficiently transport the continuous data traffic to and from the modems.

The shared services environment follows the same model for television content distribution. Instead of the customer choosing which channel to watch, the cable modem chooses which data packet to receive and then decode.

The shared services environment is a less expensive alternative than dedicated connections, which is most efficient for transporting the intermittent data traffic to and from the modems.

The shared services environment makes optimum use of the network to efficiently transport the intermittent data traffic to and from the modems.

Ranging and automatic adjustment.

Characterizing.

Registration

Synchronization of data.

Intermittent operation which is a symptom of noise or interference in the downstream.

Intermittent operation which is a symptom of noise or interference in the upstream.

Buzzing audio and horizontal lines, which become quite obvious on digital channels.

The video and audio carrier levels to make sure that they are on frequency and that their respective levels are 15 dB, plus or minus 2 dB.

The lower the bandwidth, the higher the data throughput, the higher the susceptibility to noise.

The higher the bandwidth, the higher the data throughput, the lower the susceptibility to noise.

The higher the bandwidth, the lower the data throughput, the higher the susceptibility to noise.

The higher the bandwidth, the higher the data throughput, the higher the susceptibility to noise.

Noise funneling the accumulation of noise from different sources, travels downstream from the customer premises to the headend.

Ingress that appears in the upstream frequencies, which is of no consequence in the downstream, must be identified and eliminated.

Ingress that appears in the downstream frequencies, which is of no consequence in the upstream, must be identified and eliminated.

Noise funneling the accumulation of noise from different sources, travels downstream from the headend to the customer premises.

Two-way house amplifiers, window filters, or step attenuators.

High-pass filters, two-way house amplifiers, or step attenuators.

High-pass filters, window filters, or step attenuators.

High-pass filters, window filters, or two-way house amplifiers.

5 dB.

No change.

10 dB.

15 dB.

ANSI/TIA/EIA-5708.

T568B.

T568A.

Universal Service Order Codes (USOC).

Using an unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable.

Using a flat silver-satin telephone cable.

Using a shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable.

Using the universal serial bus (USB) cable.

The cable modem power supply should be plugged into a dedicated electrical outlet that will not be switched off and has no other appliances or devices plugged into it.

The cable modem power supply should be plugged into an electrical outlet that will not be switched off, near the customer's computer, and in a well-ventilated area so that it remains cool.

The cable modem power supply should be plugged into an electrical outlet that will not be switched off and because of its size is not likely to be unplugged.

The cable modem power supply should be plugged into an electrical outlet that will be switched off and because of its size is not likely to be unplugged.

Scanning for downstream carrier.

Ranging.

Obtaining an IP address.

Downloading configuration data.

Rebooting the computer ensures that the modem provisioning software installed on the computer remains in place.

Rebooting the computer confirms that any changed settings are stored in the computer's memory and that the computer and modem continue to operate together after rebooting.

Rebooting the computer prevents the unintentional downloading of modem-specific features into the customer's computer.

Rebooting the computer ensures that the modem installation client is installed in the customer's computer.

Ingress and noise from each drop is filtered at each common point, affecting only the signals from that drop's customer premises equipment (CPE).

Ingress and noise from each drop is carried independently over fiber to the headend where the noise is filtered out.

Ingress and noise from multiple drops along a service area funnels into a common point, affecting all signals from that service area.

Ingress and noise from multiple drops funnels into multiple points along the return path, affecting just the signals from the first service area.

The use of a step attenuator or a high-pass filter on the combiner at the headend will block any noise generated on the drop in the return frequencies from entering the leg.

The use of a step attenuator between the drop and the cable modem will block any noise generated on the drop in the return frequencies from entering the leg.

The use of a diplex filter at the ground block will block any noise generated on the drop in the return frequencies from entering the leg.

The use of a high-pass filter at the tap will block any noise generated on the drop in the return frequencies from entering the leg.

At the directional coupler of the drop farthest away from the node.

At the return amplifier farthest away from the node.

At the node.

At the tap farthest away from the node.

Installing separate drops for high-speed data (HSD), cable telephony, and cable television service.

Splitting the distribution legs into separate optical return paths.

Funneling in more distribution legs into a single optical node.

Reducing the number of cable modem termination system (CMTS) ports in the headend.

Thermal noise is always present in a transmission path and is created by the temperature fluctuations of the laser in an optical node.

Thermal noise is microwave ingress in a transmission path and is caused by local public safety radio transmissions.

Thermal noise is intermittent in a transmission path and is caused by the occasional electrical switching device like a motor or transformer.

Thermal noise is caused by fluctuations in electron density within amplifier circuitry. As the signal passes through an amplifier, thermal noise is generated and added to the amplified signal.

STBs are always in communications with the headend. A non-responsive STB generates an e-mail alert.

STBs send a status message to the cable modem to let it know when it loses contact with the headend.

STBs are polled to see if they respond and a report is created. Non-responsive STBs can result in a significant loss of revenue.

STBs are polled by the EMTA periodically to see if they respond. Non-responsive SIGs are replaced.

A ground fault detector can easily isolate the cause of cable telephony or HSD cable modem problems in the drop system.

A modem emulator function in a signal level meter (SLM) can aid in troubleshooting the cause of cable telephony or HSD cable modem problems in the drop system.

A digital multimeter (DMM) can easily isolate the cause of cable telephony or HSD cable modem problems in the drop system.

A return path tester can be used to easily isolate the cause of cable telephony or HSD cable modem problems in the drop system.

A forward sweep from 54-860 MHz will deliver the most accurate alignment results.

A return sweep from 5-42 MHz will deliver the most accurate alignment results.

Injecting RF frequencies from 5-108 MHz at 6 MHz intervals will deliver the most accurate alignment results.

Injecting RF frequencies from 5-42 MHz at 6 MHz intervals will deliver the most accurate alignment results.

Service interruptions from laser clipping.

Fluctuations in thermal noise.

Six MHz intermodulation beats due to common path distortion.

Fast transient signals such as impulse noise.

Most cable modems, test generators, and set-top boxes (STB) have diagnostic pages.

Most leakage detectors, cable emulators, and return path testers have diagnostic pages.

Most cable modems, embedded multimedia terminal adapters (EMTA), and set-top boxes (STB) have diagnostic pages.

Most leakage detectors, cable emulators, and test generators have diagnostic pages.

Attenuation in the return path is primarily due to fiber-optic cable.

Attenuation in the return path is primarily due to the coaxial cable.

Attenuation in the return path is primarily due to the passive devices.

Attenuation in the return path is primarily due to the active devices.

Long-loop AGC adjusts the transmit levels of the customer premises equipment.

Long-loop AGC adjusts the receive levels of the customer premises equipment.

Long-loop AGC adjusts the transmit levels from the headend to the customer premises equipment.

Long-loop AGC adjusts the receive levels from the headend to the customer premises equipment.

Each return amplifier must be adjusted so that the levels received at the next amplifier are 25 dBmV.

The output of each return amplifier must be adjusted so that the input levels received at the next amplifier are the same.

Each return amplifier must be adjusted by the decibel (dB) value of the directional coupler (DC).

Each return amplifier must be adjusted so that the levels received at the next amplifier are within 15 dB of each other.

Most cable modems are configured to operate above 38 and below 42 MHz.

Most cable modems are configured to operate above 5 and below 20 MHz.

Most cable modems are configured to operate above 38 and below 54 MHz.

Most cable modems are configured to operate above 28 and below 38 MHz.

The drop cable loss is 3.2 dB plus 7.0 dB (the loss of a three-way splitter) plus 9 dB (DC loss), for a total of 19.2 dB in drop return path loss.

The drop cable loss is 3.2 dB minus 3.5 dB (the hot-leg loss of a three-way splitter) plus 9 dB (DC loss) for a total of 8.7 dB in drop return path loss.

The drop cable loss is 3.2 dB plus 3.5 dB (the hot-leg loss of a three-way splitter) plus 9 dB (DC loss), for a total of 15.7 dB in drop return path loss.

The drop cable loss is 3.2 dB plus 3.5 dB (the hot-leg loss of a three-way splitter) minus 9 dB (DC loss), for a total of -2.3dB in drop return path loss.

Overloaded input levels to a house amplifier that are reflected back to their source.

The use of splitters instead of directional couplers in the drop system.

Unpowered house amplifiers that reflect signals back to their source.

Loose or bad connections at the tap or unterminated splitter ports in the drop system.

Impulse noise can be reduced by transmitting power on the distribution amplifiers.

Impulse noise can be reduced by tightening all connections and installing 75 Q terminators on unused tap ports.

Impulse noise can be reduced by locating taps and splitters close to switching power supplies.

Impulse noise can be reduced by tightening all connections and installing 10 dB attenuator pads on all used tap ports.

At the coax interface on the node.

At the distribution amplifier.

The customer premises and the drop cable.

At the headend.

Window filters act on specific frequencies from 5-42 MHz.

Window filters act on specific frequencies above 5-42 MHz.

Step attenuators provide 100 dB of attenuation on frequencies from 5-42 MHz.

High-pass filters block all frequencies above 108 MHz.

Replacing tap plates of 17 dB or less with higher value tap plates.

Installing high-pass filters on all unused tap ports.

Installing high-pass filters on tap ports that are 17 dB or less.

Installing terminators on all unused tap ports.

Compared to the downstream path, the narrower bandwidths and lower orders of modulation used to transport data over the return path cause the downstream and upstream data throughput to be unequal or asymmetrical.

Compared to the downstream path, the narrower bandwidths and lower transmit power of the modems used to transmit data over the return path cause the downstream and upstream data throughput to be unequal or asymmetrical.

Compared to the downstream path, the narrower bandwidths and higher orders of modulation used to transport data over the return path cause the downstream and upstream data throughput to be unequal or asymmetrical.

Compared to the downstream path, the higher bandwidths and lower orders of modulation used to transport data over the return path cause the downstream and upstream data throughput to be unequal or asymmetrical.

Channel bonding, IP version 6 (IPv6) support, and enhanced use of IP broadcast.

Channel bonding, IP version 6 (IPv6) support, and enhanced use of IP multicast.

Channel bonding, IP version 6 (IPv6) support, and best effort delivery of IP multicast.

Channel bonding, IP version 6 (IPv6) support, and exclusive quality of service (QoS).

38 Mbps.

152 Mbps.

108 Mbps.

76 Mbps.

IP version 4 (IPv4), IP version 6 (IPv6), dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), and dual-stack mode (DPM).

IP version 4 (IPv4), IP version 6 (IPv6), alternate provisioning mode (APM), and dual-stack mode (DPM).

IP version 4 (IPv4), IP version 6 (IPv6), alternate provisioning mode (APM), and dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP).

IP version 4 (IPv4), IP version 6 (IPv6), IP multicast, and dual-stack mode (DPM).

IP multicast traffic is only sent to specific modem addresses on the network; IP broadcast traffic is sent to all modems on the network.

IP multicast traffic is only sent to one modem at a time on the network; IP broadcast traffic is sent to all modems on the network all the time.

IP multicast traffic is sent to all modems on the network; IP broadcast traffic is only sent to specific modem addresses on the network.

IP multicast traffic is only sent to a maximum of 100 modem addresses on the network; IP broadcast traffic is sent to all modems on the network.

The ground block.

The network interface card (NIC) in the customer's computer.

The cable modem.

The customer's wireless router.

Because data throughput is an obscure measurement that the customer is unable to relate to their service.

Because the data throughput measurement is derived from data packets traveling downstream only, separating downstream issues from upstream issues.

Because data throughput is an easy measurement that can be accurately obtained by the customer going to a generic speed test site on the Internet.

Because data throughput can be compromised by traffic congestion and errors introduced during transport through the network.

26 dB or less.

32 dB or greater.

32 dB or less.

26 dB or greater.

From the customer's computer to the throughput server that is connected to the cable modem termination system (CMTS) in the headend or hub.

From the customer's computer to a Web site server on the Internet.

From the customer's computer to a speed test Web site on the Internet.

From the customer's computer to a special cable modem located in the headend or hub.

Dynamic host configuration provisioning (DHCP) and dual-stack provisioning mode (DPM).

Alternate provisioning mode (APM) and multistack provisioning mode (MPM).

Alternate provisioning mode (APM) and dual-stack provisioning mode (DPM).

Alternate provisioning mode (APM) and dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) mode.

It is evolving quickly and rather unpredictably as the products and services are changing.

It has no set of competing standards for communications protocols, interfaces, and networks.

It only uses visible light waves to carry a signal through atmospheric space rather than along a wire.

It has appeal because all frequencies do not require any form of licensing by the Federal Communications Commission.

Since 1969 exclusively has used a simplex mode of operation and manual call placement.

Uses a base station consisting of a transmitter, receiver, controller, and an antenna system and has a wired link to a mobile switching center (MSC).

Is any mobile communications network with a series of overlapping hexagonal cells in a honeycomb pattern.

Began with the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) that was introduced in the United States in 1993.

Typically, every seventh cell uses the same set of frequencies.

Cells use an unlimited number of transmission frequencies.

The base station hands off the call to the mobile switching center in the next cell into which the user is traveling.

Two cells can use the same frequency for different conversations as long as the cells are adjacent to each other.

Analog CDMA technology.

Analog TDMA technology.

Digital CDMA technology.

Digital FDMA technology.

Can carry data along with voice by digitizing the voice, expanding it, and then transmitting the voice interspersed with other conversations.

Was rejected as the access technique for the global system for mobile communications (GSM) system.

Allocates only two time slots per 30 kHz channel.

Digital technology is designed to coexist with the analog AMPS.

CDMA spread spectrum technology separates users by assigning them digital codes within the available frequency.

CDMA makes it easy for hackers to grab orderly, meaningful data and does not ensure secure communications.

FDMA divides the frequency spectrum into time slots, and TDMA divides the frequency spectrum into frequency slots.

CDMA has the same capacity of TDMA but nearly 10 times that of FDMA.

And equipment include cellular phones, pagers, cordless phones, cordless laptops, palmtops, computer peripheral devices, home entertainment control systems, and other products.

Require a minimum bit rate of 10 kbps to satisfy intersystem matching between wireless and wired LANs.

Using wireless local area network technology can offer substantially higher data rates by increasing the size of the coverage area.

Using cordless and wireless local area network (WLAN) technology have higher mobility and higher cost than cellular systems.

Are more reliable than wired LANs; error rates are lower when compared with wired media.

Are regulated by the IEEE 802.11 standard, which defines some common features for connectivity on the 2.4 GHz licensed radio band.

Have the exact same physical medium as the wired media; both are shared and have limited point-to-point connection ranges.

Are flexible communications systems implemented as extensions to or as alternatives for the wired LANs in buildings or on campuses.

Are available in analog and digital system configurations, with analog configurations dominating the current products.

Must use line-of-sight for the transmit/receive antennas, which cannot be more than about 30 miles apart.

Are not affected by atmospheric conditions such as rain and humidity.

Using digital technology consist of four major components on both sides of the link: modem, RF unit, waveguide, and an antenna.

Contains 42 translators, which are similar to transceivers, each a dedicated communications channel.

Has a translator that receives a signal from an earth station, amplifies the signal, changes its frequency, and then retransmits the signal back to Earth.

Operating at low earth orbit (LEO) is traveling at an elevation between 1,800 and 6,500 miles.

Operating at a geostationary orbit (GEO) is traveling above the equator at an altitude of 22,300 miles.

Uses five bytes (24 bits) of control information to describe the type of HDLC frame, routing parameters, and other packet identifiers.

Is specified as the standard protocol for Layer 15 in the OSI model.

Consists of raw data or information and an overhead that envelops the raw data.

Allows every device to send (but not receive) information without being controlled by any other device.

Some hardware and software, such as the network interface card (NIC) and the network drivers, reside in the server.

The software that interacts between an application and a network is defined as client software.

The network operating system (NOS) software resides on a computer called the "server."

The cost of hardware maintenance is significantly increased because the client machines are more complex and expensive.

Uses the bus topology to put the secondary station in control of all communication on the bus.

Uses the star topology to place the secondary station at the center, allowing connection to all primary stations.

Uses the peer-to-peer bus topology to enable any station to initiate communication with any other station through a primary station.

Uses the ring topology to eliminate the problems with contention found on peer-to-peer bus networks.

Each station receives and then regenerates the token.

Network access is disorderly and response time is unpredictable.

If any station or node goes down, the entire network collapses only when bypass software is used.

When the addressed station receives the data, it cannot modify the packet's control field.

Any of the network devices can transmit data onto the network at will; there is no central controller.

Stations are unable to listen to the network to hear if it is in use before they send data.

An interface can transmit when another one is transmitting, a technique called carrier sensing.

The response time is predictable under conditions of a heavily loaded system.

The most common baseband LAN technologies are token bus, token ring, fiber distributed data interface, and Ethernet.

Token ring is a 4 or 16 Mbps ring-architectured system, which uses a token-passing access method with unpredictable response time under all loads.

FDDI stations are connected in a dual bus with fiber-optic cable, and the LAN uses the token-passing concept but operating at a slower speed.

Ethernet is a star-architectured broadband system in which each physical link uses a shared media access control (MAC)-addressed port.

The system is described as a heavy-duty network because as the number of hosts increase, the share each gets of the total available bandwidth increases.

The 10BaseT supports a 100 Mbps transmission rate and uses a bus topology, which is implemented by a hub or wiring concentrator.

Gigabit Ethernet can operate over fiber-optic, CAT-5 UTP, and coaxial cabling, typically.

The 100BaseT standard does not support applications and networking software running on 10BaseT networks.

Are transceivers that receive, amplify, and retransmit information.

Are being replaced by hubs and routers as the dominant form of internetworking.

Establish point-to-point connection between ports at the full wire speed of the network.

Have the ability to filter out and block unwanted or unauthorized traffic.

A packet will travel through only one network point with a router before arriving at its destination.

Router performance is measured by its packet-forwarding rate.

The gateway is processor-intensive, and the device is designed to link only compatible networks.

A router is a network bridge combined with a switch.

Four fast Ethernet ports can be trunked to work only like one big 20 Mbps pipe.

A Layer 2 switch is used as a trunk port.

A networking device bonds multiple physical links into a group that works like one logical link.

A computing device such as a server or desktop computer cannot be used.

The frame relay layer establishes logical channels and a virtual circuit from each source to each destination.

Each packet contains all of the necessary control and routing information to deliver the packet across the network.

A packet connects two sites, the same as a leased line, except the bandwidth is shared.

Analog circuits deliver error performance of at least 10-9 and often better.

Frame relay uses error checking at every node and continual message exchange regarding the progress of packets.

Frame relay uses a technique called distributed queue on a dual bus, which distributes the network requests of users into queues to handle information transfer.

Frame relay was designed to ensure guaranteed data delivery and integrity because its circuits have analog error rates of 10-sto 10-6.

Each node on the network only checks the address but never verifies the payload and passes the frame along a predetermined path.

Is a guaranteed rate of throughput when using frame relay.

Is based on five classes of service, which provides control over how much information a node can place on the network.

Is equal to total throughput added to the Br and Be values.

Is not allowed by some carriers, who limit the maximum throughput to the bursting rate.

The BRI is appropriate for a business that utilizes a T-1 line, since it offers an economic alternative for connecting analog PBXs, LANs, and other devices to the network.

The BRI uses one "B" channel and 23 "D" channels, all at 128 kbps, yielding a 1.544 Mbps line.

The BRI is a "2B+D" interface, with two 64 kbps bearer ("B") channels that can carry voice, data or video, and one 16 kbps data ("D") channel that provides intelligent line management.

The phone company replaces the basic rate interface (BRI) circuit with a conventional analog circuit.

Defines the properties of an optical bit stream that specify the characteristics of optical fiber, which allow data to move across the medium.

Is based upon half the fundamental rate of 150 Mbps.

Is identical to synchronous digital hierarchy.

Cannot be installed over fiber because it was designed to operate over copper cable by ensuring interoperability.

The ATM layer adds a 53-byte header with connection and QoS information to each cell and passes the cell to the application layer.

An ATM cell consists of 155 8-bit bytes, with the 155-byte cell size resulting from a compromise between voice and video communications.

ATM is a connectionless protocol that requires a single virtual path to be set up for all flows.

ATM's ability to create virtual paths and channels means that multiple customers' traffic can be carried on a single network without security concerns or encryption overhead.

Cannot accept real-time traffic, such as voice and video, because it introduces too much latency and jitter while serving as a statistical multiplexer.

Provides seven service classes, one for each layer of the OSI.

Will give traffic access to a virtual circuit regardless of whether a contracted Qo5 standard can be ensured.

Cells consisting of 53 bytes are too small for efficient data transfer since a minimum IP data packet is 64 bytes.

Requires ATM to map IP packets directly onto SONET frames.

Makes a network that uses a combination of T-1 and T-3 lines for voice and data a prime candidate for redesign.

Transfers packets with less efficiency of bandwidth than over ATM on an OC-3 link.

Protocols are optimized for fixed-length packets rather than variable length ATM cells.

Accommodates ordinary analog telephone calls over a different wire connection that uses the "D" channel.

Cannot be implemented on most of the existing copper infrastructure.

Supports a wide variety of high-bandwidth applications including virtual private networking and streaming multimedia content.

Uses a line-sharing technique that is a simplified form of old-fashioned time division multiplexing.

Is an optical-access architecture that facilitates broadband communications over an active optical distribution network.

Provides a dedicated optical connection that is secure all the way to the central office.

Architecture has a minimum of 32 ONUs that can share the capacity of a single fiber using passive optical splitter/ combiner technology.

Applies a framing structure to the upstream signals to support multimode operation.

Has become the least accepted set of protocols in the telecommunications industry.

Was the result of a development effort to reach heterogeneous connectivity in packet-switched networks.

Uses session and presentation layers for all of its standard services.

Is a true international standard (not a de facto standard) for global educational and government industries.

If reliability is ensured at a higher layer, such as the application layer, then UDP, which is less efficient than TCP, cannot be used for transport.

TCP cannot be used with 051 Layer 3 protocols such as IP.

In comparison with TCP, UDP is a reliable, connection- oriented protocol with more overhead.

Connectionless means that a protocol does not require a session to be established between two devices, and transmission occurs on a best-effort basis.

Consists of end-to-end error checking and acknowledgement, making it a highly reliable protocol.

Segments and packetizes data for transmission and then applies a header for delivery.

Headers include the source address but not the destination address, enabling an end-to-end data flow.

Routing specifies that IP datagrams travel through internetworks with the entire route known at the outset of the journey.

Multicast addressing for Class D networks is decreasing in usage because it consumes too much bandwidth.

Addressing supports five different network classes, with the bits to the far left indicating the network class.

Addressing requires a unique 48-bit address for each host on an IP-based network.

Addresses for Class A networks are intended mainly for use with small networks, with a maximum of 200 Class A networks available.

Divides a 32-bit IP address into four 8-bit (1-byte) fields, with the value of each field specified as a decimal number.

Expresses IP addresses via the use of three-letter identifiers with "com" or "edu" endings separated by hyphens.

IP addresses can be translated into meaningful and easy-to-remember domain names through the use of an EDU server.

For Class A addresses sets the left-hand bit position in the first byte field to five.

That sends standard, interoperable text messages from one computer system to another is called the simple mail transfer protocol.

Post office protocol (POP) provides a store-and-forward mechanism that ensures clients connected to the network are able to retrieve e-mail via the Internet.

FTP can tolerate packet loss, but TELNET cannot because it is bandwidth-intensive.

Known as point-to-point protocol (PPP) was designed to route a single protocol over always-on links through point-to-point separations.

Maintain the privacy of communications mainly by encrypting and tunneling the data forwarded between sites.

Continue the connection between locations even after the transmission session is terminated.

Are characterized by connections that occur between point-to-point secure clients and are controlled by hardware and switching made prior to the connection.

Are static and maintain permanent links between the end-points that make up the corporate network.

Solutions need not accommodate features such as automatic attendant capability, teleconferencing, or caller ID.

Fulfills all but the most fundamental aspect of network management of integrating the transport of information cost-effectively.

Uses a variety of hardware and software products for voice digitization and compression that enable voice to be transported on public and private networks originally developed to transport data.

Is required to treat different data types exactly alike and must have high delay for voice telephony, megabit data streams for video, and high error rates for mission-critical data.

Resource reservation protocol lets all applications share a path across an IP network, even when resources are inadequate to provide the required level of service.

Real-time transport protocol is implemented in applications that do not need much bandwidth, but is unable to compensate for any packet loss.

H.323 protocol is the recommended standard for multimedia transmission on wide area and packet networks that have a guaranteed bandwidth.

Open settlement protocol involves a dedicated server to handle authentication, authorization, call routing, and call detail over IP networks.

Is the focus of two protocols, DiffServ and multiprotocol label switching.

Is not affected by changes in network traffic load.

Gives all packets equal priority in a congested network.

Uses multiprotocol services switching, which works with IP, ATM, and frame relay protocols by forwarding packets at Layer 3 rather than Layer 2.