Unit 8 - Particles In Solution

Nonelectrolytes are substances that do not ionize in water and therefore cannot conduct electricity. When a substance does not dissociate into ions in water, it does not form charged particles that can carry an electric current. Instead, it remains in its molecular form and does not contribute to the conductivity of the solution. Therefore, nonelectrolytes are unable to conduct electricity.

Vitamin C is a polar compound because it readily dissolves in water. Polar compounds have a positive and negative charge distribution, which allows them to interact with the polar water molecules. This interaction leads to the dissolution of vitamin C in water. Nonpolar compounds, on the other hand, do not have a charge distribution and do not readily dissolve in water. Fat-soluble compounds dissolve in lipids, not water, and oily substances are generally nonpolar.

Electrolytes are compounds that form charged particles when dissolved in water or melted. These charged particles, called ions, are capable of conducting electricity. This is because electrolytes dissociate into positive and negative ions, allowing the flow of electric current. Examples of electrolytes include salts, acids, and bases. In contrast, nonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions and do not conduct electricity.

When a solute is added to a solvent, it disrupts the regular arrangement of solvent molecules, making it more difficult for them to form solid crystals. This results in a decrease in the freezing point of the solvent. Therefore, the correct answer is "lowers".

Dissociation is the process in which water molecules separate or break apart ions from a crystalline solid and disperse them into solution. This occurs due to the polar nature of water molecules, which have a positive end (hydrogen) and a negative end (oxygen). The positive end of water molecules attracts negatively charged ions, while the negative end attracts positively charged ions, causing them to dissociate and become surrounded by water molecules. This process is essential for the dissolution of many ionic compounds in water.

Decreasing attraction between solvent molecules increases the rate of evaporation. When the attraction between solvent molecules is reduced, it becomes easier for the molecules at the surface of the liquid to escape into the gas phase. This leads to a higher rate of evaporation as more molecules are able to escape from the liquid.