Terminology -Chapter 6 Digestive System

Paracentesis is a surgical procedure that involves puncturing the abdomen to remove excess fluid. It is commonly performed to relieve symptoms caused by fluid accumulation in conditions such as ascites or peritonitis. During the procedure, a needle or catheter is inserted into the abdominal cavity, and the fluid is drained. Paracentesis can provide both diagnostic information and therapeutic relief for patients experiencing abdominal discomfort or swelling due to fluid buildup.

A gingivectomy is a periodontal procedure that involves the removal of diseased gum tissue. It is commonly performed to treat gum disease and improve the health of the gums. During a gingivectomy, the dentist or periodontist will carefully remove the infected gum tissue, reshape the gums, and clean the area to promote healing. This procedure helps to reduce pocket depth and prevent further damage to the gums and underlying bone.

Pyloric stenosis refers to the narrowing of the opening between the stomach and intestine. This condition occurs when the muscles in the pylorus, the lower part of the stomach, become thickened and restrict the passage of food from the stomach into the intestines. The narrowing can lead to symptoms such as projectile vomiting, poor weight gain, and dehydration. Pyloric stenosis is most common in infants and requires surgical intervention to widen the pylorus and restore normal digestion.

Dyspepsia refers to a condition characterized by difficult digestion. It is commonly known as indigestion and is associated with symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, and nausea after eating. Dyspepsia can be caused by various factors such as overeating, eating too quickly, or consuming fatty or spicy foods. It can also be a symptom of underlying conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or peptic ulcers. Treatment for dyspepsia often involves lifestyle changes, such as eating smaller meals and avoiding trigger foods, as well as medications to alleviate symptoms.

Lipase is an enzyme that specifically digests or breaks down fats. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, allowing for the absorption and utilization of dietary fats. Lipase is produced in various tissues, including the pancreas, and plays a crucial role in the digestion and metabolism of fats in the body.

Spitting up blood from the respiratory tract and lungs is referred to as hemoptysis. Hemoptysis occurs when there is bleeding in the respiratory system, which can be caused by various factors such as infections, lung diseases, or trauma. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing hemoptysis, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

The suffix "-rrhea" means flow or discharge. It is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate excessive or abnormal flow or discharge from a specific organ or body part. For example, diarrhea refers to the abnormal flow of loose or watery stool from the intestines. Similarly, terms like gonorrhea and pyorrhea indicate abnormal discharges from the genitals and gums, respectively.

Esophageal atresia refers to a congenital condition where there is a lack of continuity in the esophagus. This means that the esophagus does not fully develop or connect properly, leading to a separation or blockage in the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. This condition requires medical intervention and surgical repair to restore normal function.

The suffix "-stenosis" is the opposite of "-ectasis" because "-ectasis" refers to the dilation or expansion of a structure, while "-stenosis" refers to the narrowing or constriction of a structure. Therefore, "-stenosis" is the opposite of "-ectasis" as it represents the opposite condition.

Menorrhagia is the medical term used to describe heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. It is characterized by excessive blood flow, longer periods, and the need to change sanitary protection frequently. Menorrhagia can be caused by hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, or certain medical conditions. It can lead to anemia, fatigue, and interfere with daily activities. Treatment options include hormonal medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and in severe cases, surgical interventions.

The medical term for salivary stones is sialolithiasis. Sialolithiasis refers to the condition where calcified stones, also known as salivary stones, form in the salivary glands or ducts. These stones can obstruct the flow of saliva, leading to symptoms like pain, swelling, and difficulty in eating or speaking. Treatment options for sialolithiasis may include conservative measures like warm compresses and hydration, or more invasive procedures like salivary gland massage or surgical removal of the stones.

Proptosis refers to the forward protrusion of the eye. It is a medical condition that can be caused by various factors such as trauma, infection, or underlying diseases like thyroid eye disease. This condition can result in the eye appearing to bulge out of the eye socket, leading to discomfort, vision problems, and potential complications if left untreated. Proptosis is commonly associated with conditions like Graves' disease or orbital tumors.

An anastomosis is a surgical procedure that involves connecting two or more tubular structures in the body. Cholecystojejunostomy is an example of anastomosis because it involves creating a connection between the gallbladder and the jejunum, which is a part of the small intestine. This procedure is often performed to bypass a blockage in the bile duct or to restore the flow of bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine. The other options, ileostomy and colostomy, involve creating an artificial opening in the abdominal wall to divert the flow of waste material, while duodenorrhaphy refers to the suturing of the duodenum, which is not an example of anastomosis.

The suffix "-rrhaphy" refers to the act of suturing or stitching. It is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate a surgical procedure or technique involving the use of sutures. For example, "herniorrhaphy" refers to the surgical repair of a hernia using sutures. Thus, the correct answer is "-rrhaphy".

Dilation of a lymph vessel is called lymphangiectasis. Lymphangiectasis refers to the abnormal enlargement or dilation of lymphatic vessels. This condition can occur due to various factors such as inflammation, obstruction, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to the accumulation of lymph fluid, causing swelling and discomfort. Treatment options for lymphangiectasis may include compression therapy, surgical intervention, or management of the underlying cause.

The visual exam of the abdomen is known as laparoscopy. This procedure involves making small incisions in the abdomen and inserting a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a camera attached to it. The camera allows the doctor to view the internal organs and structures in the abdomen. Laparoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as appendicitis, ovarian cysts, and endometriosis. It is a minimally invasive procedure that offers a quicker recovery time and less scarring compared to traditional open surgery.

The combining form "choledoch/o" refers to the common bile duct.

A jejunojejunostomy refers to a new opening that is created between two parts of the jejunum. This surgical procedure is commonly performed to treat certain conditions such as bowel obstruction or to bypass a diseased segment of the small intestine. By creating this new opening, it allows for the passage of food and digestive juices to continue flowing through the jejunum, restoring normal bowel function.

Cecal volvulus refers to the twisting of the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine, upon itself. This condition can lead to a blockage in the intestine, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. Prompt medical intervention is necessary to prevent complications like tissue death or perforation of the intestine.

Transhepatic cholangiography is a diagnostic procedure used to detect choledocholithiasis, which refers to the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. During this test, a contrast dye is injected into the liver, and X-rays are taken to visualize the bile ducts. If there are gallstones present in the common bile duct, they will be visible on the X-rays, confirming the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. This procedure is considered an effective method for identifying gallstones in the bile ducts and guiding further treatment decisions.