Sport & Exercise Psychology - Retake

Explanation
Carron's Model for Cohesion in Sport was proposed in 1982.

Explanation
The given correct answer refers to the authors of the Multi-Dimensional Theory, which was published in the year 1990.

Explanation
Hull's Drive Theory was proposed in the year 1943.

Explanation
Yerkes and Dodson proposed the Inverted U Hypothesis in 1908. This hypothesis suggests that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance. According to their theory, low levels of arousal lead to low performance, while high levels of arousal also result in decreased performance. The best performance is achieved at a moderate level of arousal. This theory has been widely applied in the field of psychology and has helped to explain the relationship between arousal and performance in various tasks and contexts.

Explanation
The answer provided repeats the concepts of "Multidimentional, Complex, Dynamic" three times, indicating that these are the three concepts of cohesion in Carron's Model (1982). This repetition emphasizes the importance of these concepts and suggests that they are key components of the model.

Explanation
The given answer suggests that the factors being referred to in the statement are contractual responsibility, group size, and environmental distinctiveness. These factors are likely being discussed in relation to some context or situation, where they play a significant role. The word "distinctiveness" implies that the environmental factor being considered is unique or differentiating in some way. The words "contractual" and "group" suggest that contractual responsibility and the size of a group are also important factors in the given context.

Explanation
The given answer is correct because the question is asking for the factors that are associated with Background, Commitment, and Satisfaction. The options provided are "Social" and "Personal," which are both factors that can influence an individual's background, level of commitment, and satisfaction. Social factors refer to the influence of society, culture, and relationships on a person's behavior and attitudes. Personal factors, on the other hand, pertain to an individual's unique characteristics, traits, and experiences that shape their background, commitment, and satisfaction. Therefore, both social and personal factors are relevant in understanding these aspects.

Explanation
The given factors, behaviors, leader, and leadership, all contribute to the overall dynamics and effectiveness of a team or organization. Behaviors refer to the actions and attitudes displayed by individuals, which can greatly impact the work environment. A leader plays a crucial role in guiding and influencing the team towards achieving goals. Leadership encompasses the skills and qualities that a leader possesses in order to inspire and motivate others. Therefore, these factors collectively contribute to the success and compatibility of a team or organization.

Explanation
The given answer is correct because the length of time spent together, the shared common experiences, and the roles played within a team are all factors that contribute to the success and effectiveness of a team. The more time team members spend together, the more they can build trust and understanding, which leads to better communication and collaboration. Shared common experiences create a sense of cohesion and shared goals within the team. Additionally, clearly defined roles help to distribute tasks and responsibilities efficiently, ensuring that each team member contributes their unique skills and expertise towards achieving the team's objectives.

Explanation
As Cognitive Anxiety increases, the quality of performance decreases. This means that when an individual experiences higher levels of cognitive anxiety, such as excessive worry or negative thoughts, it can have a detrimental effect on their performance. This could be due to factors such as decreased concentration, impaired decision-making, or increased self-doubt, all of which can negatively impact the quality of their performance.

Explanation
As somatic anxiety increases, the quality of performance initially increases. This is because a moderate level of anxiety can enhance focus and motivation. However, as somatic anxiety continues to increase beyond a certain point, the quality of performance begins to decrease. This is because excessive anxiety can lead to a decrease in concentration, coordination, and overall performance effectiveness.

Explanation
Self-confidence is directly linked to the quality of performance. When an individual has high self-confidence, they believe in their abilities and are more likely to perform well. This belief in oneself leads to increased motivation, focus, and determination, ultimately resulting in a higher quality of performance. As self-confidence increases, so does the quality of performance.

Explanation
The given answer explains that task cohesion is achieved through achieving a common goal, while social cohesion is achieved through interpersonal attraction. This means that in order to have task cohesion, a group needs to work together towards a common objective. On the other hand, social cohesion is established through the personal connections and attraction between individuals within the group.

Explanation
As arousal level increases, the quality of performance also increases. This is because when a person is highly aroused, their attention and focus are heightened, leading to improved performance. Additionally, increased arousal can also boost motivation and energy levels, allowing individuals to perform tasks more efficiently and effectively.

Explanation
The Inverted U Hypothesis suggests that as arousal level increases, the quality of performance also increases. However, there is a point where further increases in arousal can lead to a decrease in performance quality. This explains the answer "Increases, Increases then Decreases". Initially, as arousal level increases, performance quality improves. But beyond a certain point, excessive arousal can negatively impact performance, causing a decline in quality.

Explanation
Negative expectations about oneself, the situation, and the consequences can lead to cognitive anxiety. Cognitive anxiety refers to the mental or psychological aspect of anxiety, which involves negative thoughts, worries, and apprehensions. When individuals have negative expectations about themselves, the situation they are in, or the potential outcomes, it can contribute to cognitive anxiety. This type of anxiety is characterized by racing thoughts, overthinking, and excessive worry, which can negatively impact one's mental well-being.

Explanation
Perceptions of the physiological elements of anxiety refer to somatic symptoms, which are physical sensations associated with anxiety such as increased heart rate, sweating, and trembling. Therefore, the term that best completes the statement is "Somatic Anxiety," which specifically refers to the anxiety experienced through physical symptoms.

Explanation
The 4 C's of a Mentally Tough Athlete are Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence. These qualities are essential for athletes to perform at their best and overcome obstacles. Control refers to having a strong sense of self-control and being able to manage emotions and reactions. Commitment involves being dedicated and willing to put in the necessary time and effort to achieve goals. Challenge means embracing difficult situations as opportunities for growth and improvement. Confidence is having belief in oneself and one's abilities. These four qualities work together to help athletes maintain a strong mental state and perform at their highest level.

Explanation
The concept of mental toughness, as defined by Loehr in 1994, refers to the ability to consistently perform towards the upper range of one's ability and skills, regardless of competitive circumstances. This means that individuals with mental toughness have the capacity to tap into their talents and skills and perform at their best even in challenging situations. It emphasizes the importance of resilience, determination, and focus in achieving high performance levels.

Explanation
The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change suggests that individuals progress through six stages when making a behavior change. The stages, in order, are Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, and Termination. In the Precontemplation stage, individuals are not yet considering changing their behavior. In the Contemplation stage, they start to think about the possibility of change. In the Preparation stage, individuals are getting ready to make a change. The Action stage involves actively modifying behavior. In the Maintenance stage, individuals work to sustain the behavior change. Lastly, in the Termination stage, the behavior change becomes a permanent part of their lifestyle.

Explanation
The Transtheoretical Model was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983. They proposed that individuals go through various stages of change when attempting to modify a behavior. The model suggests that change is a process that involves progression through stages, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Prochaska and DiClemente's model has been widely used in the field of psychology and has provided valuable insights into understanding behavior change and developing effective interventions.

Explanation
The given answer is correct because positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations and delusions. These symptoms involve experiencing things that are not real, such as hearing voices or seeing things that others cannot see (hallucinations), and having false beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions). Additionally, schizophrenia can also lead to behavioral problems and disordered thoughts, which are reflected in the answer as well.

Explanation
The answer choices provided in the question are all related to the field of Sport & Exercise Psychology. The question is asking for the key components of this field, which are the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts, as well as the practical application of that knowledge. The names Gill and Williams are likely mentioned as notable figures or authors in the field.

Explanation
The answer is "Performance, Outcome, Process". This is because these three types of goals are commonly used in various contexts, such as personal development, project management, and organizational planning. Performance goals focus on improving specific skills or abilities, outcome goals are centered around achieving specific results or outcomes, and process goals emphasize the steps or actions needed to reach a desired outcome. The repetition of the answer three times is likely a formatting error or duplication.

Explanation
The correct answer is Analytical, Creative, Contextual. Sternberg's Triarchic Model of Intelligence proposes that intelligence can be categorized into three components: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and contextual intelligence. Analytical intelligence refers to the ability to analyze and evaluate information, solve problems, and think critically. Creative intelligence involves the generation of new ideas, thinking outside the box, and finding innovative solutions. Contextual intelligence focuses on practical and real-world problem-solving, adapting to different situations, and understanding and navigating social dynamics. Therefore, the correct answer includes all three components of intelligence mentioned in the Triarchic Model.

Explanation
The four fundamental sources of self-efficacy are performances, experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. Performances refer to past successes or failures in similar tasks, which can influence one's belief in their ability to succeed. Experiences involve personal experiences and mastery of skills, which can boost self-efficacy. Verbal persuasion refers to the encouragement or discouragement received from others, which can shape one's belief in their capabilities. Emotional arousal refers to the emotional state experienced during a task, which can impact self-efficacy.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Reveling, Reluctant, Rebellious, Resigned, Rationalising." This is because the given sequence of words is repeated five times, suggesting that each word corresponds to one of the five blanks in the question.