The Special Senses

1. What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

Depth perception

Color vision

Vision in dim light

Accommodation for near vision

2. Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

Tympanic membrane

Vestibule

3. There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

Cone cells

Rod cells

4. The blind spot of the eye is where ________.

More rods than cones are found

The macula lutea is located

Only cones occur

The optic nerve leaves the eye

5. Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________.

Ménière's syndrome

Conjunctivitis

Strabismus

Motion sickness

6. Light passes through the following structures in which order?

Vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor

Aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor

7. Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.

Is not a living tissue

Has no nerve supply

Has no blood supply

Does not contain connective tissue

8. Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?

Olfactory receptor cells

Retinal bipolar cells

Retinal ganglion cells

Auditory outer and inner hair cells

9. Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear?

Pinna

External acoustic meatus

Tympanic membrane

Pharyngotympanic tube

10. During dark adaptation ________.

The sensitivity of the retina decreases

The rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated

Rhodopsin accumulates in the rods

The cones are activated

11. Farsightedness is more properly called ________.

Myopia

Hypopia

Hyperopia

Presbyopia

12. Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________.

Go to the superior colliculus only

Pass posteriorly without crossing over the chiasma

Divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing

Cross over to the opposire side at the chiasma

13. Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________.

Substances in solution

Stretching of the receptor cells

The movement of otoliths

Movement of a cupula

14. Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.

Eye

Ears

Skin

Nose

15. Motion sickness seems to ________.

Respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins

Respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs

Result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem

Result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs

16. Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________.

Thalamus

Occipital lobe of the cortex

Chiasma

Superior calliculus

17. Ceruminous glands are ________.

Saliva glands found at the base of the tongue

Modified apocrine sweat glands

Glands found in the lateral corners of your eye

Modified taste buds

18. Taste buds are not found ________.

In fungiform papillae

In filiform papillae

In circumvallate papillae

Lining the buccal cavity

19. Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related?

Frequency: loudness

Quality: frequency number

Amplitude: sound intensity

Frequency: wavelength number

20. Which of the following is true about light and vision?

Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range.

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium ofrelatively less density

The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of lightbending.

21. The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________.

Rods and cones

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

Amacrine cells

22. 2) What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

Aqueous humor

Lens

Cornea

Iris

23. Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.

Motor cortex

Visual cortex

Brain stem reflex centers

Back muscles

24. Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

Macula lutea

Optic chiasma

Fovea centralis

Optic disc

25. Dark adaptation ________.

Is much faster than light adaptation

Results in inhibition of rod function

Involves improvement of acuity and color vision

Involves accumulation of rhodopsin

26. In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.

Medial retina

Lateral geniculate body

Primary visual cortex

Optic chiasma

27. In the uterus ________.

The fetus cannot see and therefore visual cortical connections are not made

The fetus can see only light and shadow, but not forms, so partial visual connections are made

Despite the fact that the fetus cannot see, functional visual cortical connections are established

Scanty visual connections are made that proliferate greatly during infancy

28. Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?

They are ciliated

They are unipolar neurons

They are chemoreceptors.

They have a short life span of about 60 days

29. U.S. employees must wear hearing protection at ________ dB or above.

100

90

80

70

30. The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________.

Superior colliculi

Lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Visual cortex

Temporal lobe

31. The oval window is connected directly to which passageway?

Scala vestibuli

External acoustic meatus

Pharyngotympanic tube

Scala tympani

32. What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close?

Lacrimal fluid

Ciliary gland secretions

Tarsal gland secretions

Conjunctival fluid

33. The oil component found in tears is produced by the ________.

Lacrimal glands

Ciliary glands

Conjunctiva

Tarsal glands

34. The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.

Semicircular canals

Macula

Utricle

Cochlear duct

35. As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________.

Outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

Outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium

Inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

Inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium

36. Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________.

Depth perception

High-acuity vision

Night vision

Movement perception

37. Which of the following is true about photoreceptors?

Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.

In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.

Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow.

If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the colorperceived is black.

38. Select the correct statement about olfaction.

Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical.

Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors.

Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.

39. Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate?

The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes

Visual pigment content is reduced in both rods and cones.

The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function

40. The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________.

Mesenchyme

Optic discs

Optic vesicles

Optic cups

41. An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________.

Spiral organ (of Corti)

Cupula

Scala media

Otoliths

42. What is a modiolus?

Bone in the center of a semicircular canal

Bone around the cochlea

A bone pillar in the center of the cochlea

A bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves

43. The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.

Basal cells

Gustatory hairs

Fungiform papillae

Taste buds

44. Damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect ________.

Refraction

Accommodation

Convergence

Pupil constriction

45. Hich of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it?

Sweetorganic substances such as sugar and some lead salts

Souracids

Saltymetal ions

Bitteralkaloids

Umamiamino acids glutamate and lysine

46. The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________.

Is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate

Is connected to the superior rectus muscle

Is connected to the levator palpebrae

Assists in the act of winking

47. Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness?

Impacted cerumen

Middle ear infection

Cochlear nerve degeneration

Otosclerosis

48. Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors?

In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic

The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli

Complete adaption occurs in about one to five minutes.

All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation

49. The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________.

Lateral rectus

Superior oblique

Inferior oblique

Medial rectus

50. Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________.

X rays and UV

Gamma rays and infrared

Microwaves and radio waves

UV and infrared

51. Most newborns ________.

Are myopic

Often use only one eye at a time

See in tones of red and green only

Cry with copious tears

52. Which statement about sound localization is not true?

It requires processing at the cortical level.

It requires input from both ears.

It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears.

It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline.

53. Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark.

Pretectal nuclei