Sociology 101 Quiz For Chapters 6-10

Groupthink refers to the tendency of individuals within a group to conform and adopt a narrow perspective on a particular issue. In such situations, group members prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking, leading to a suppression of dissenting opinions and a lack of consideration for alternative viewpoints. This can result in flawed decision-making processes and a failure to consider all available information, potentially leading to negative outcomes.

The statement accurately defines social interaction as the process in which individuals engage with others by behaving and responding in relation to them. Social interaction involves various forms of communication, such as verbal and non-verbal cues, and is essential for the development of relationships, social norms, and the functioning of society as a whole.

Asch's research was based on the subjects going along with the group rather than risking opposition. He conducted famous conformity experiments where participants were asked to match line lengths, and the majority of the group intentionally gave incorrect answers. Asch found that many participants conformed to the group's incorrect answers, even though they knew they were wrong. This demonstrated the power of social influence and the tendency of individuals to conform to the group, even when it goes against their own judgment.

A reference group is a social group that individuals use as a standard or point of comparison when making evaluations and decisions. This group may not necessarily include the person themselves, but they still look to it for guidance and to understand social norms and values. The reference group can influence an individual's behavior, attitudes, and beliefs, as they strive to conform to the group's expectations and gain acceptance.

A hate crime refers to a criminal act committed against an individual or their property, driven by a bias or prejudice based on race or other factors. This type of crime is motivated by hatred or intolerance towards a specific group or individual. Hate crimes are distinct from other types of criminal acts as they specifically target individuals based on their race, religion, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics. The motive behind hate crimes is to instill fear and intimidate the targeted group or individual, making it a particularly heinous offense.

Role conflict refers to the conflict that arises when an individual is faced with conflicting expectations or demands from different roles they hold in society. This conflict occurs when the roles connected to two or more statuses clash, causing tension and difficulty in fulfilling the expectations of each role. It can occur in various contexts, such as work, family, or social settings, and can lead to stress and confusion for the individual involved.

Close face to face interactions like family are examples of primary social groups. Primary social groups are small, intimate, and characterized by strong emotional ties, frequent interaction, and a sense of belonging. They play a crucial role in shaping an individual's identity, values, and socialization. Families are considered primary social groups because they provide emotional support, socialization, and fulfill basic needs like love, care, and belongingness. These groups are typically long-lasting and have a significant impact on an individual's life.

The social construction of feeling refers to the idea that emotions are not solely individual experiences, but are also influenced by social and cultural factors. Emotions are not universal or fixed, but rather shaped by societal norms, values, and expectations. This means that the way we feel and express emotions is learned and influenced by the social context we are in. Therefore, emotions are not solely a personal experience, but are also constructed and influenced by the society we live in.

Organized crime refers to a business or group that engages in illegal activities, such as supplying illegal goods or services. This type of crime is typically carried out by organized groups with a hierarchical structure, aiming to make a profit through illegal means. Unlike corporate crime, which involves illegal actions committed by a corporation, or white collar crime, which refers to non-violent crimes committed by individuals in professional settings, organized crime specifically focuses on illegal activities conducted by organized groups. It is distinct from hate crime, which involves criminal acts motivated by prejudice or bias.

An ascribed status refers to a social position that an individual receives at birth or acquires later in life involuntarily. This means that the person has little or no control over this status and does not have the ability to choose it. It is typically based on characteristics such as gender, race, or family background, which are not within the individual's control. Unlike achieved status, which is earned through personal effort or accomplishments, ascribed status is assigned to individuals without their active involvement or choice.

Erving Goffman's study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as "dramaturgical analysis." This approach views social interactions as a stage where individuals play different roles and engage in impression management to present themselves in a favorable light. Goffman compares social life to a theatrical performance, with individuals acting out their roles, using props and costumes, and managing their behavior to create specific impressions. This perspective emphasizes the importance of symbols, gestures, and nonverbal cues in understanding social interactions and the construction of identity.

Societal protection refers to the act of rendering an offender incapable of committing further offenses, either temporarily through imprisonment or permanently through execution. This approach aims to safeguard society by removing individuals who pose a threat to others. It focuses on preventing future harm and ensuring the safety and well-being of the community as a whole.

Matza theory suggests that individuals can drift in and out of criminal behavior. This theory argues that people have the ability to neutralize their moral values and temporarily suspend their commitment to conventional norms, allowing them to engage in criminal behavior. They use techniques of neutralization to justify their actions and rationalize their behavior, enabling them to drift between criminal and non-criminal activities. This theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the process of transitioning in and out of criminal behavior, rather than viewing individuals as either purely criminal or non-criminal.

Rehabilitation refers to a program aimed at reforming offenders in order to prevent them from committing future offenses. It focuses on providing education, therapy, and support to help individuals reintegrate into society and lead productive lives. This approach recognizes that offenders can change and offers them opportunities for personal growth and development. By addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior and providing the necessary tools for rehabilitation, this program aims to reduce recidivism rates and promote a safer and more inclusive society.

Deviance refers to recognizing the violation of social norms. It is the act of behaving or acting in a way that goes against the accepted standards or expectations of a society. Deviant behavior can vary across different cultures and societies, as what may be considered deviant in one context may be seen as normal in another. Recognizing deviance is important for maintaining social order and enforcing social control within a community.

Reality Play refers to the social construction of humor. This means that humor is not an inherent or objective quality, but rather a product of social and cultural influences. Different societies and cultures have different understandings and interpretations of what is funny, and these ideas are shaped by various factors such as language, history, and social norms. Therefore, humor is not universal but rather constructed and shaped by the society in which it exists.

A person who feels competition or opposition can be considered part of the out-group because they are experiencing a sense of being excluded or not belonging to the dominant or majority group. They may feel disconnected or at odds with the values, beliefs, or goals of the larger group, leading to a sense of being an outsider or part of a smaller, marginalized group.

Tertiary deviance refers to the process in which individuals who have been labeled as deviant reject the label and instead embrace their deviant behavior as a positive and legitimate identity. This involves redefining their behavior as non-deviant and justifying their wrong behavior by rationalizing it. Unlike primary and secondary deviance, which involve initial acts of deviance and subsequent acceptance of the deviant label, tertiary deviance involves a complete rejection of the label and a deliberate embrace of deviant behavior.

Corporate crime refers to illegal activities committed by a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf. This can include various forms of misconduct such as fraud, embezzlement, bribery, insider trading, and environmental violations. Unlike other types of crimes, corporate crimes are carried out by organizations or individuals within a corporate structure. These actions often involve financial gain or the manipulation of resources for personal or corporate benefit. The term "corporate crime" emphasizes the involvement of corporations in unlawful activities and the potential harm caused to society, the economy, and individuals.

Groupthink refers to the phenomenon where members of a group prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent decision-making. This tendency to conform within a group often leads to a narrow view of issues, as dissenting opinions or alternative perspectives are suppressed or ignored. Groupthink can hinder creativity, innovation, and effective problem-solving within a group, as it discourages open discussion and the exploration of different viewpoints.

Bureaucracy is a correct answer because it refers to an organizational model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Bureaucratic systems are characterized by a hierarchical structure, division of labor, standardized procedures, and clear lines of authority. This model aims to increase efficiency and effectiveness by promoting specialization, coordination, and adherence to rules and regulations.

Achieved status refers to a social position that an individual attains through their own efforts and abilities. Unlike ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or based on characteristics beyond one's control, achieved status is earned through personal achievements, skills, and qualifications. It reflects the individual's choices, actions, and accomplishments, indicating their level of success and recognition in society. This concept recognizes that individuals have the agency to actively pursue and attain certain social positions, highlighting the importance of personal effort and ability in shaping one's social identity.

A social group refers to a collection of two or more individuals who recognize and engage with each other. It involves people who share common interests, goals, or activities and interact on a regular basis. This term encompasses various types of groups, such as families, friends, clubs, or organizations, where individuals form connections and relationships with one another.

Social stratification is the correct answer because it refers to the system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. It is the division of society into different social classes based on factors such as wealth, occupation, and social status. Social stratification helps to determine the social position and opportunities available to individuals in a society, creating inequalities and disparities among different groups. It is an essential aspect of social organization and plays a significant role in shaping social interactions, social control, and social deviance within a society.

Ethnomethodology is the study of the way people make sense of everyday surroundings or the study of common sense knowledge. It focuses on understanding how individuals create and maintain social order through their everyday interactions and practices. This approach examines the methods and strategies people use to interpret and navigate social situations, highlighting the importance of shared understandings and the construction of social reality. Ethnomethodology aims to uncover the underlying assumptions and taken-for-granted knowledge that shape social interactions and contribute to the functioning of society.

A primary social group refers to a small social group where members share personal and lasting relationships. This group is characterized by close and intimate interactions, mutual support, and a sense of belonging. Unlike secondary social groups, which are more formal and impersonal, primary social groups are based on emotional connections and play a significant role in shaping individuals' identities and socialization. They often include family members, close friends, and other individuals with whom one has strong bonds.

Hirshi's Control & Bond Theory suggests that individuals who have stronger social bonds with family, church, school, and other social institutions are less likely to commit crimes. This theory emphasizes the importance of social control and attachment to conventional society in preventing criminal behavior. When individuals have strong bonds and connections to these institutions, they are more likely to conform to societal norms and values, reducing the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.

White collar crime refers to criminal activities that are committed by individuals who hold high social positions, typically in business or professional settings. These crimes are often non-violent and involve deceit, fraud, or other illegal activities for financial gain. Unlike organized crime, which involves groups or syndicates engaging in criminal activities, white collar crime is typically carried out by individuals. Similarly, corporate crime refers to illegal actions committed by corporations or businesses, often for financial gain. Therefore, white collar is the correct answer as it specifically refers to crimes committed by people of high social position, such as executives or professionals.

Role exit refers to the process of disengaging from an important role in one's life. It occurs when an individual undergoes a significant change in their identity, such as leaving a job, retiring, or ending a long-term relationship. Role exit involves a process of disengagement from the responsibilities, expectations, and behaviors associated with a particular role. It often involves a period of reflection, reevaluation, and adjustment as the individual transitions into a new role or identity.

Symbolic interactionism is the best theoretical perspective to evaluate social interaction in everyday life. This perspective focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to symbols and gestures in their interactions with others. It emphasizes the importance of shared meanings, social roles, and the construction of reality through these interactions. Symbolic interactionism helps us understand how individuals negotiate and navigate social situations, how they create and maintain social bonds, and how they construct their identities through their interactions with others. It provides a micro-level analysis of social interaction and highlights the subjective experiences of individuals in shaping social reality.

The correct answer is "a number of roles attached to a single status". Role set refers to the various roles that are connected to a particular status. It implies that individuals holding a specific status are expected to fulfill multiple roles that are associated with that status. For example, a teacher may have the roles of an instructor, mentor, evaluator, and disciplinarian, all of which are connected to their status as a teacher. Therefore, role set represents the multiple responsibilities and expectations that come with a particular status.

The correct answer is a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. Incest taboo refers to the cultural or social prohibition against engaging in sexual relationships or marriage with close relatives, such as siblings, parents, or children. This norm exists in most societies to prevent genetic abnormalities and maintain social order.

Secondary deviance refers to the deviant behavior that occurs as a result of the labeling process. When a person is labeled as deviant or "bad" by society, they may internalize this label and start engaging in further deviant behavior. This can be seen as a reaction to the negative societal reaction and expectations placed upon them. Secondary deviance is different from primary deviance, which refers to the initial act of deviance before any labeling occurs. Criminal deviance refers specifically to deviant behavior that violates criminal laws, while tertiary deviance refers to the process of redefining certain behaviors as acceptable or non-deviant.

Deterrence refers to the attempt to discourage criminal behavior by implementing punishment. The idea behind deterrence is that individuals will be less likely to commit crimes if they know they will face negative consequences. This can be achieved through various means such as imposing fines, imprisonment, or even the threat of punishment. The goal of deterrence is to create a fear of punishment that will deter potential criminals from engaging in illegal activities.

Labeling theory suggests that deviance and conformity are not inherent in an individual's actions, but rather are a result of how society labels and reacts to those actions. According to this theory, individuals become deviant when they are labeled as such by others, and this labeling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the individual internalizes the deviant label and continues to engage in deviant behavior. This theory emphasizes the importance of societal reactions and the power of labels in shaping individuals' behavior and identity.

Sutherland's Differential Theory suggests that a person's tendency towards conformity or deviance is influenced by their association with others who either encourage or reject conventional behavior. According to this theory, individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior if they are surrounded by peers who also engage in such behavior, while those who are surrounded by individuals who encourage conventional behavior are more likely to conform to societal norms. Therefore, the theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and the influence of others in shaping an individual's behavior.

The correct answer is social construction of reality. This concept refers to the idea that individuals and society collectively create and interpret the meaning of reality through social interactions. It emphasizes how our understanding of reality is not fixed, but rather influenced by cultural, historical, and social factors. This process involves constructing shared meanings, beliefs, and norms that shape our understanding of the world and guide our behavior. It highlights the active role individuals play in shaping and interpreting their social reality.

Retribution refers to the act of seeking moral vengeance, where society makes the offender suffer to an extent equivalent to the suffering caused by the crime. It is a form of punishment aimed at providing a sense of justice and retribution to the victims and society. Retribution focuses on the idea that the punishment should fit the crime, and it serves as a way to satisfy the need for revenge and maintain social order.

The given question asks for a leadership style that is not presented in the text. The text mentions three leadership styles - authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. However, it does not mention the participatory leadership style. Therefore, the correct answer is participatory, as it is the only leadership style not mentioned in the text.

Hirschi's social bond theory suggests that the stronger an individual's social bonds are, the less likely they are to engage in criminal behavior. According to this theory, individuals who have strong attachments to their family, school, peers, and community are less likely to commit crimes because they have more to lose by engaging in illegal activities. These social bonds provide individuals with a sense of belonging, support, and opportunities for positive socialization, which in turn reduces the likelihood of criminal behavior.

The term "role" refers to the behavior that is expected of someone who holds a particular status. It encompasses the responsibilities, duties, and expectations associated with a specific position or social identity. Roles can vary depending on the context and can be influenced by factors such as culture, norms, and personal characteristics. In social interactions, individuals are expected to fulfill their roles in order to maintain social order and cohesion.

Milgram's research was based on testers believing they were shocking subjects at the direction of the researcher all the way to 450 volts. This refers to Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiments conducted in the 1960s. In these experiments, participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person (who was actually an actor) in increasing voltage increments, even when the actor appeared to be in pain or distress. The study aimed to investigate the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures, and it revealed the alarming levels of obedience and willingness to harm others under certain conditions.

The correct answer is "member feels respect & loyalty". This answer is supported by the statement "member feels respect & loyalty" which indicates that in a group, the members experience feelings of respect and loyalty towards each other. This implies that there is a positive and supportive atmosphere within the group, where members value and trust each other.

The social foundation of deviance involves both norms and the way people define rule-breaking behavior involving social power. This means that deviant behavior is not only determined by societal norms but also influenced by the power dynamics within a social group. Additionally, deviance varies according to cultural norms, meaning that what is considered deviant in one culture may not be seen as deviant in another. Finally, people become deviant as others define them that way, indicating that deviance is a social construct and individuals are labeled as deviant based on the perceptions and judgments of others.

George Ritzer's McDonalization of Society is based on the principles of efficiency, uniformity, and control. Efficiency refers to the emphasis on streamlining processes and maximizing output in the most time and cost-effective way possible. Uniformity refers to the standardization of products, services, and experiences to ensure consistency and predictability. Control refers to the strict regulations and guidelines that are put in place to maintain order and conformity within the system. These three principles are central to Ritzer's concept of McDonalization, which argues that modern society is increasingly adopting the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant, where efficiency, uniformity, and control are prioritized.

Heterosexism refers to a belief system that privileges and assumes heterosexuality as the norm, while marginalizing and discriminating against individuals who do not identify as heterosexual. It encompasses a range of attitudes and behaviors that reinforce the dominance of heterosexuality in society, often leading to the exclusion and stigmatization of LGBTQ+ individuals. This view does not necessarily label non-heterosexual individuals as "queer," but rather perpetuates a system that discriminates against them based on their sexual orientation.

The given correct answer is "caste". Caste refers to a social system in which individuals are born into a specific social group and their social status is determined by their caste. This system is based on ascription, meaning that one's social position is assigned at birth and is not easily changeable. Caste systems are often characterized by rigid social hierarchies and limited social mobility.

An oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people hold power and make decisions on behalf of the larger population. The term "rule of the many by the few" accurately describes an oligarchy, as it highlights the concentration of power in the hands of a select few individuals. In an oligarchy, the ruling class often has significant influence and control over political, economic, and social affairs, which can lead to inequality and limited representation for the majority of the population.

The correct answer is 2.8% of men & 1.4% of women. This answer suggests that a higher percentage of men claim a homosexual identity compared to women.

An expressive leadership role focuses on the emotional well-being and satisfaction of the group members. The leader in this role encourages open communication, empathy, and support among the group. They prioritize building relationships, fostering a positive atmosphere, and ensuring that everyone's needs and feelings are acknowledged and addressed. This style of leadership promotes collaboration, trust, and a sense of belonging within the group, which can lead to higher levels of motivation and productivity.