Rwh Fall Final Exam

The quipu is a recording device used by the Inca civilization for record keeping. It consists of a series of knotted strings that represent numbers and other information. Each knot and its position on the string have a specific meaning, allowing the Inca to keep track of various data such as census figures, tax records, and historical events. The quipu was an important tool for the Inca to maintain their administrative and bureaucratic systems.

The Umayyads replaced the "rightly guided" caliphs. The "rightly guided" caliphs refer to the first four caliphs after the death of Prophet Muhammad, who were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The Umayyads came into power after the assassination of Ali and established their own caliphate. They moved the capital from Medina to Damascus and expanded the Islamic empire. They ruled from 661 to 750 CE before being overthrown by the Abbasids.

The correct answer is hajj because it is the pilgrimage that every Muslim aims to complete at least once in their lifetime. Hajj is considered one of the Five Pillars of Islam and is a religious duty for Muslims. It involves traveling to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and performing specific rituals and acts of worship. The significance of hajj lies in its ability to bring Muslims closer to Allah, promote unity among believers, and provide spiritual purification and renewal.

Advances in agricultural production most enabled early peoples to form permanent settlements. With the ability to cultivate crops and domesticate animals, early humans were able to settle in one place and establish a stable food supply. This allowed them to build permanent structures and develop complex societies. Agricultural advancements also led to population growth, as more food could be produced to support larger communities. Overall, the ability to produce food consistently and in larger quantities played a crucial role in the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled civilizations.

The Ten Commandments of the ancient Hebrews has had the greatest influence on the development of Western moral and ethical teachings. These commandments, which include principles such as not stealing, not lying, and not committing murder, have formed the basis of ethical codes and moral values in Western societies. They have influenced the legal systems, social norms, and personal conduct of individuals, shaping the moral fabric of Western civilizations.

Ziggurats were the stepped pyramids of Mesopotamia. These structures were massive, multi-tiered temples that were built by the ancient Mesopotamians. They were made of mud-brick and had a series of terraces or levels that were stacked on top of each other, creating a stepped appearance. Ziggurats were religious structures and were believed to be the dwelling places of the gods. They were used for worship, sacrifices, and other religious ceremonies. The most famous ziggurat is the Tower of Babel, mentioned in the Bible.

The Mongols were traditionally nomadic horse riders based on tribal communities. This means that they were a group of people who moved from place to place, relying on horses for transportation and living in tribal communities. This lifestyle allowed them to have a flexible and mobile way of life, which was important for their conquests and military campaigns. Their nomadic lifestyle also influenced their culture and values, such as their horsemanship skills and their strong sense of community within their tribes.

The Mongol territory at its greatest extent spanned across Asia, reaching into the Middle East, Russia, and Europe. It also included parts of modern-day India and China, and extended eastward as far as the Korean peninsula.

The major accomplishment of the Sui dynasty was the construction of the Grand Canal connecting the Huang He and the Yangtze River. This canal served as a major transportation route, facilitating trade and communication between northern and southern China. It also played a crucial role in unifying the empire and promoting economic development. The construction of the Grand Canal was a massive engineering feat and a significant achievement in Chinese history.

China moved away from agricultural production based on wheat and barley after introducing fast-ripening rice from Vietnam. Fast-ripening rice is a type of rice that has a shorter growing season and can be harvested earlier than traditional rice varieties. This allowed China to increase its rice production and reduce its reliance on wheat and barley. The introduction of fast-ripening rice revolutionized China's agricultural practices and played a significant role in shaping its food production system.

In 1258, the city of Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols. This event, known as the Siege of Baghdad, was a devastating attack in which the Mongols, led by Hulagu Khan, captured and destroyed the city. The Mongols pillaged and looted Baghdad, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. This event marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate and had a significant impact on the region's history.

Aqueducts were Roman channels that were used to transport water to cities and towns. They were a remarkable engineering feat of the ancient world, designed to overcome the natural obstacles of the landscape and bring water from distant sources. Aqueducts played a crucial role in providing a reliable water supply for drinking, bathing, and sanitation purposes. They were built with a series of arches and elevated structures to ensure a steady flow of water downhill. The construction of aqueducts demonstrated the advanced engineering skills of the Romans and their ability to create sophisticated infrastructure systems.

Communion is not one of the 5 pillars of Islam. The 5 pillars of Islam are Faith (Shahada), Alms-giving (Zakat), Fasting (Sawm), Pilgrimage (Hajj), and Prayer (Salat). Communion is a Christian sacrament, not a pillar of Islam.

Marco Polo is a famous European who traveled to the court of the Great Khan in China and wrote about his experiences. He embarked on a journey to China in the 13th century and spent several years in the Mongol Empire, serving as an official in the court of Kublai Khan. Polo's book, "The Travels of Marco Polo," became one of the most influential travelogues in history, providing valuable insights into the culture, geography, and politics of China and other Asian countries. His writings played a crucial role in introducing Europeans to the wonders of the East and sparked a wave of exploration and trade between Europe and Asia.

In Chinese history, a "dynasty" refers to a family that passed the imperial title from generation to generation. This means that the ruling power and authority were inherited within a specific family lineage, ensuring continuity and stability in governance. It allowed for the establishment of long-lasting political systems and traditions, with power and control concentrated within the ruling family. This system played a significant role in shaping Chinese history and culture.

During the period from 500 to 1000 in Europe, there was a significant decline in various aspects of Roman civilization. This included the loss of written language, advanced architectural and building techniques, complex government systems, and access to long-distance trade. This period is commonly referred to as the Dark Ages because it was characterized by a lack of cultural and intellectual development. The term "Dark Ages" suggests a time of societal regression and decline, highlighting the contrast with the advancements of the Roman Empire and the subsequent Age of Enlightenment.

The Inca civilization was located in the Andes mountain range. The Andes is the longest continental mountain range in the world, stretching along the western coast of South America. It is known for its high peaks, including the famous Mount Aconcagua, and its diverse ecosystems. The Inca civilization thrived in this mountainous region, building their empire in what is now modern-day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and parts of Colombia, Chile, and Argentina. The Andes provided the Inca people with natural defenses, fertile land for agriculture, and access to important resources such as minerals and water.

Conquered peoples in the Muslim Empire were allowed to practice their own religions, but they faced certain restrictions and taxes. This means that while they were not forced to convert to Islam, they were still subjected to certain limitations and financial burdens. This policy of religious tolerance with imposed restrictions and taxes was a common practice in many empires throughout history, aimed at maintaining control over conquered territories while allowing a degree of religious freedom.

Hagia Sophia was the name of the great cathedral built by Justinian. It was a significant architectural achievement and is considered one of the greatest Byzantine structures. The name "Hagia Sophia" translates to "Holy Wisdom" in Greek, reflecting its purpose as a place of worship. The cathedral served as the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for centuries and later became a mosque and then a museum. It is known for its massive dome, intricate mosaics, and rich history. Constantinople, Hippodrome, and Church of the Apostles are not correct answers as they do not refer to the specific cathedral built by Justinian.

During his reign, Justinian sought to establish a comprehensive legal system that would govern the complex society of the Byzantine Empire. To achieve this, he assembled a panel of ten experts who were tasked with compiling laws. This panel, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, collected and organized existing Roman laws and legal opinions, resulting in a unified and comprehensive legal code. This compilation played a crucial role in regulating various aspects of society, including property rights, criminal offenses, and civil procedures. Therefore, the correct answer is "compile laws to regulate a complex society."

The Great Schism refers to the split between the Roman Pope and the Patriarch in Constantinople in 1054. This event marked the official division between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Pope and the Patriarch agreed that their religious differences were irreconcilable, leading to the establishment of two separate branches of Christianity.

The growing power of the Church did not contribute to the end of medieval Europe. The Church's influence and authority continued to grow during this time period, particularly with the rise of the papacy and the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusades, the Black Death, and the Hundred Years' War were significant factors that led to the decline and transformation of medieval Europe. The Crusades brought about political, economic, and social changes, while the Black Death caused a massive loss of life and disrupted the feudal system. The Hundred Years' War weakened the power of feudal lords and contributed to the rise of centralized nation-states.

The Great Wall was constructed to protect against invasions, as it served as a defensive barrier against nomadic tribes from the north. On the other hand, the Grand Canal was built to provide an alternative transportation route between the north and the south, facilitating trade and communication between different regions of China.

The correct answer is "Exile from their homeland." The diaspora refers to the scattering or dispersion of the Jewish people from their original homeland, typically referring to their exile from ancient Israel and subsequent migrations throughout history. This term is often used to describe the Jewish communities living outside of Israel.

The correct answer is Tigris & Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamia is an ancient region located between these two rivers, which are known as the Tigris and Euphrates. This region was home to one of the earliest civilizations in human history, known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The fertile land between these rivers allowed for agriculture and the development of complex societies.

The Swahili city-states were not united politically, but they were well developed and played a crucial role in facilitating long-distance trade across the Indian Ocean. These city-states, located along the eastern coast of Africa, were known for their thriving trade networks and cultural exchange. They traded goods such as gold, ivory, and spices with merchants from Arabia, Persia, and India. The Swahili city-states were important hubs for the Indian Ocean trade, connecting different regions and facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.

The correct answer is "Developed extensive writing systems". This is because all three civilizations, Mesopotamia, the Egyptians, and the Chinese, had complex writing systems that were used for various purposes, such as record-keeping, communication, and literature. These writing systems played a crucial role in the development and preservation of their respective cultures and histories.

Abraham is considered the patriarch of Judaism because he is regarded as the founding father of the Jewish people. In the Hebrew Bible, Abraham is portrayed as a central figure who made a covenant with God, and his descendants became the chosen people of God. He is highly revered in Jewish tradition and is seen as the ancestor of the Jewish people, making Judaism the correct answer.

The Neolithic Revolution occurred around 8,000 BCE. This was a significant turning point in human history, marking the transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming communities. During this period, humans began to domesticate plants and animals, leading to the development of agriculture. This shift allowed for a more stable food supply, leading to population growth, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the development of complex societies. The Neolithic Revolution laid the foundation for the development of civilization as we know it today.

The Roman Catholic church does not allow priests to be married. This is because priests are expected to devote their entire lives to serving God and the church, and marriage is seen as a potential distraction from their religious duties. Celibacy is considered a sacred vow in the Catholic church, and priests are expected to abstain from sexual relationships in order to fully commit themselves to their spiritual calling.

Ancient Ghana's prosperity was mainly based on its control over the gold salt trades. Gold and salt were highly valuable commodities during that time, and Ghana's control over these trades allowed them to accumulate wealth and exert influence over other regions. The trade in kola nuts, the use of camels in long-distance trade, and the fertile farmland of the Niger River valley may have contributed to Ghana's prosperity to some extent, but they were not the primary factors that led to its success.

The caste system in ancient India was a social system where individuals were born into a specific caste or social class and were unable to change their status unless they were reincarnated into a higher caste in their next life. This system determined an individual's occupation, social interactions, and overall place in society. It was a rigid system that enforced strict social hierarchy and limited social mobility.

The correct answer is "developed a rigid class structure." Both the Japanese feudal system and the Hindu caste system were characterized by a hierarchical structure where individuals were born into a specific social class and had limited opportunities for upward mobility. In both systems, social status and occupation were determined by birth, and there were strict rules and restrictions on interactions between different classes. This rigid class structure was a defining feature of both systems, leading to limited social mobility for individuals within these societies.

The correct answer is the khanate of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde was a Mongol and Turkic khanate that ruled over the Russian principalities from the 13th to the 15th century. It was established by Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, and was known for its control over a vast territory, including parts of Eastern Europe. The Golden Horde played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Russia during this period.

Confucianism in traditional China and feudalism in Europe both served to maintain social order. Confucianism emphasized the importance of social hierarchy, filial piety, and respect for authority, which helped to establish and maintain a stable social structure. Similarly, feudalism in Europe was based on a hierarchical system where individuals had specific roles and responsibilities, ensuring social stability and order. Both systems aimed to regulate society and prevent chaos by establishing clear social norms and expectations.

The correct answer is Qin -> Han -> Sui -> Tang -> Song. This is the correct chronological order of the Chinese dynasties. The Qin dynasty was the first followed by the Han dynasty. After the Han dynasty came the Sui dynasty, followed by the Tang dynasty, and finally the Song dynasty.

Copernicus was an astronomer who made the groundbreaking discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun. This heliocentric model challenged the prevailing belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus's work laid the foundation for modern astronomy and revolutionized our understanding of the solar system.

Shi'a is the division of Islam that believes that only a relative of Muhammad is qualified to be a caliph. This belief is based on the concept of Imamate, which holds that the caliphate should be passed down through the bloodline of Muhammad's family. Shi'a Muslims consider Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and his descendants as the rightful successors to the Prophet. They reject the legitimacy of the caliphs who came after Ali and believe that the imams have a divine connection and are infallible.

The correct answer is Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is widely recognized as the birthplace of civilization and is known for its development of writing systems. Cuneiform, the earliest known form of writing, was developed in Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE. This system of writing was used to record various aspects of Mesopotamian society, including laws, religion, and literature. Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq, was home to several ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These civilizations made significant contributions to the development of writing, mathematics, agriculture, and many other fields.

The statement that best explains the association between the West African civilizations of Ghana and Mali and the Sahara is that salt mined in the Sahara was exchanged for gold from the West African civilizations. This trade relationship between the Sahara and the West African civilizations was a significant aspect of their economic and cultural development. The Sahara was rich in salt deposits, which were highly valued in West Africa. In exchange for the salt, the West African civilizations traded their abundant gold resources. This trade route facilitated the growth and prosperity of these civilizations, as well as the exchange of ideas and cultural influences.

The correct answer is China because the "Mandate of Heaven" was a belief system in ancient China. It was the idea that the ruler of China was chosen by the gods and had the divine right to rule. This concept played a significant role in Chinese politics and dynastic succession, as it provided justification for the overthrow of a ruling dynasty if they were perceived as losing the favor of the gods. The belief in the "Mandate of Heaven" was central to the Chinese political and social order for centuries.

This portion of the Hammurabi code of law reflects the idea that divisions existed between social classes. It states that if a noble knocks out the tooth of another noble, their tooth will be knocked out as well, but if they knock out the tooth of a commoner, they will have to pay a fine. This distinction in punishment based on social class suggests that there were clear divisions and hierarchies in Babylonian society.

The Silk Roads were trade routes that connected the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty of China during the Classical Period. These routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices between the two empires. The Roman Empire, located in Europe and the Mediterranean region, traded goods such as silk, spices, and precious metals with the Han Dynasty, which controlled vast territories in Asia. This trade network played a significant role in promoting economic growth and cultural exchange between these empires.

Shinto is the correct answer because it is a native Japanese religion that translates to "way of the gods." Shinto is characterized by the worship of spirits and deities known as kami, and it emphasizes the connection between humans and nature. It is deeply ingrained in Japanese culture and has influenced various aspects of Japanese society, including art, architecture, and rituals.

During the Yuan dynasty in China, the Mongols refused to reinstate civil service examinations. This decision was made because they wanted to maintain Mongolians at the top of the social hierarchy. By not allowing the examinations, they ensured that ethnic Chinese individuals would not have the opportunity to rise in social status and potentially challenge Mongol rule. This policy reflected the Mongols' desire to maintain their dominance and control over the Chinese population.

Speaker D is expressing an economic motive for the Crusades by mentioning that investing in ships and knights will result in gaining control over profitable trade routes. This suggests that the speaker sees the Crusades as a means to expand economic power and wealth through trade.

Nirvana refers to the state of full union with the divine essence. It is a concept commonly associated with Buddhism, where it represents the ultimate goal of spiritual enlightenment and liberation from suffering. In this state, an individual achieves complete awakening and attains a deep understanding of the true nature of reality. It is a state of bliss, peace, and transcendence, where one is free from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. It is not related to reincarnation in a higher caste, acquiring earthly wealth, or any specific Hindu holy book.

The Neolithic Revolution, which refers to the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settled communities, occurred first in the Middle East. This region, also known as the Fertile Crescent, witnessed the domestication of plants and animals around 10,000 BCE. The availability of fertile land, suitable climate, and the presence of wild cereal grains like wheat and barley contributed to the development of agriculture in this area. The Middle East's early adoption of agriculture had a profound impact on human civilization, leading to the rise of complex societies and the development of tools, pottery, and other innovations.

Alexander the Great's conquests had a major impact on the spread of Greek culture throughout the eastern Mediterranean. As he conquered various regions, he encouraged the adoption of Greek language, customs, and traditions. This resulted in the spread of Hellenism, which encompassed Greek art, architecture, philosophy, and literature. Alexander's conquests not only brought Greek culture to new territories but also facilitated cultural exchanges between the Greeks and the conquered peoples, leading to the development of a diverse and vibrant Hellenistic culture in the eastern Mediterranean.

The Qur'an is considered the Muslim holy book and is believed to be the true word of God. It holds a significant place in Islam and is revered by Muslims worldwide. The Qur'an is believed to have been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic, and therefore the original Arabic version is considered the most authentic and accurate. Translations of the Qur'an exist in various languages, but the original Arabic version is considered the true and unchanged word of God.