Review Quiz For Obgyn Midterm

As the bladder fills, it expands and the dome of the bladder moves upwards into the false pelvis. This displacement of the bowel creates a clear space or window that allows for better visualization of pelvic anatomy using ultrasound. Therefore, the statement is true.

The correct answer is "Brightly echogenic with beam attenuation." In ultrasound imaging, echogenicity refers to the ability of a structure to reflect sound waves. Bright echogenicity indicates that the IUD is highly reflective and appears bright on the ultrasound image. Beam attenuation refers to the reduction in the intensity of the ultrasound beam as it passes through the IUD. This combination of bright echogenicity and beam attenuation is characteristic of an IUD in the uterus.

Tamoxifen is indeed a drug used to treat breast cancer. It is a type of medication known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that works by blocking the effects of estrogen in the breast tissue. This helps to prevent the growth and spread of breast cancer cells that rely on estrogen to grow. Tamoxifen is commonly prescribed for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, as well as for reducing the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk individuals. It is an important and widely used treatment option in breast cancer management.

LH (luteinizing hormone) is responsible for stimulating the maturation and ovulation of the graffian follicle, which is the mature ovarian follicle that releases the egg during ovulation. Additionally, LH also plays a role in the development of the corpus luteum (CL), which is the structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone. Progesterone is essential for preparing the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining pregnancy. Therefore, LH is crucial for the reproductive processes of ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum.

The false pelvis is located above the plane bounded by the iliac wings. This means that it is situated superiorly to the plane formed by the bony projections known as the iliac wings. The false pelvis is a shallow, wide space that is part of the greater pelvis and is located superior to the true pelvis. It provides support for the abdominal organs and serves as a passageway for structures such as the ureters and blood vessels.

The menstrual phases of the uterine response are menstrual, proliferative, and secretory. During the menstrual phase, the lining of the uterus is shed. In the proliferative phase, the uterus begins to build up a new lining. Finally, in the secretory phase, the lining becomes thicker and prepares for possible implantation of a fertilized egg.

Osseous ligaments serve the purpose of both supporting bone structure and binding pelvic bones together. These ligaments are dense connective tissues that connect bones to other bones, providing stability and strength to the skeletal system. They help to maintain the alignment and positioning of bones, preventing excessive movement and ensuring proper functioning of joints. In the case of the pelvic bones, osseous ligaments play a crucial role in holding them together and maintaining the stability of the pelvis. Therefore, the correct answer is that the purpose of osseous ligaments is both to support bone structure and bind pelvic bones together.

Dygerminoma is indeed the name for a malignant germ cell tumor. This type of tumor arises from the germ cells, which are cells that give rise to eggs or sperm. Dygerminoma is most commonly found in the ovaries or testes and is considered a highly aggressive and potentially life-threatening cancer. Therefore, the statement "Dygerminoma is the name for a malignant germ cell tumor" is true.

Absent venous flow is a key indicator that can help rule out ovarian torsion. Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary twists, leading to compromised blood flow. This can result in severe pain and potential damage to the ovary. By confirming the absence of venous flow, it suggests that the blood vessels are not constricted or twisted, therefore ruling out ovarian torsion as a cause for the symptoms.

The false pelvis, also known as the greater pelvis, is the upper part of the pelvis. Its main purpose is to support and protect the abdominal organs, including the intestines. Therefore, the statement that the false pelvis supports the intestine is true.

The "tip of the iceberg" sign refers to a radiological finding where only a small portion of a larger pathology is visible, indicating that there is much more beneath the surface. This sign is commonly associated with Dermoid Germ Cell Tumors, as these tumors often have a solid component that is visible on imaging, while the majority of the tumor is composed of cystic elements that are not visible. This makes Dermoid Germ Cell Tumors a likely explanation for the given answer.

The suspensory ligaments are responsible for anchoring the uterus in the pelvic cavity. These ligaments provide support to the uterus and help keep it in its proper position. Without the suspensory ligaments, the uterus would not be securely held in place and could potentially move or shift within the pelvic cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is that the suspensory ligaments anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

The true pelvis contains the uterus, ovaries, adnexa (which refers to the structures surrounding the uterus such as the fallopian tubes and ligaments), bladder, and the small bowel anterior to the uterus. These structures are all located within the pelvic cavity, which is the lower part of the abdomen.

The most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is endometrial hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasia refers to the excessive growth of the lining of the uterus, which can lead to irregular or heavy bleeding. This condition is commonly caused by hormonal imbalances, particularly an excess of estrogen relative to progesterone. Other factors such as obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and certain medications can also contribute to the development of endometrial hyperplasia and subsequently, AUB.

The false pelvis musculature includes the rectus abdominis, psoas major, and iliacus muscles. These muscles play important roles in stabilizing and supporting the pelvis and spine. The rectus abdominis is a long muscle that runs vertically along the front of the abdomen, while the psoas major and iliacus muscles are part of the hip flexor group and are located deep within the pelvis. Together, these muscles contribute to core stability and assist in movements such as bending forward at the waist and lifting the legs.

The true pelvis musculature consists of the levator ani, coccygeus, and obturator internus muscles. These muscles play important roles in supporting the pelvic organs, stabilizing the pelvis, and aiding in various movements of the pelvis and hips. The levator ani muscle forms the majority of the pelvic floor and helps maintain continence by supporting the bladder, rectum, and uterus. The coccygeus muscle is located at the back of the pelvis and assists in stabilizing the coccyx. The obturator internus muscle is responsible for external rotation and abduction of the hip joint. The piriformis muscle, although not mentioned in the answer, is not part of the true pelvis musculature.

FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, plays a crucial role in the growth and development of ovarian follicles. It stimulates the follicles in the ovaries, which contain the eggs, to mature and develop. Additionally, FSH also responds to increased levels of estradiol, a form of estrogen, in the follicles. This response triggers the release of the mature egg from the follicle, a process known as ovulation. Therefore, FSH not only stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles but also plays a role in inducing ovulation.

most caudal structure of the pelvic cavity. visualized on TA if angled inferiorly.