Respiratory Quiz -module 1

Explanation
The given statement is false because the bronchioles are not part of the upper respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and trachea, but not the bronchioles.

Explanation
The lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, and alveoli. These structures are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The bronchi are the main airways that lead to the lungs, while the bronchioles are smaller branches that further divide within the lungs. The alveoli are tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Therefore, the statement "Lower respiratory tract consists of bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, and alveoli" is true.

Explanation
The nasal sinuses, with their air spaces, serve multiple functions. One of these functions is to lighten the skull by reducing its weight. The air-filled cavities of the sinuses help to make the skull less heavy, which can be beneficial for overall head balance and movement. Additionally, the nasal sinuses also play a role in giving resonance to the voice. The air within the sinuses acts as a resonating chamber, enhancing the quality and tone of the voice. Therefore, both statements are true regarding the functions of the nasal sinuses.

Explanation
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing. Its main function is to cover the opening of the trachea during swallowing to ensure that food and liquids go down the esophagus and into the stomach, rather than entering the airway. Therefore, the statement that the function of the epiglottis is to keep the trachea open when eating is false.

Explanation
The larynx is commonly known as the voice box and is responsible for producing sound. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to create different pitches and tones. Additionally, the larynx plays a crucial role in keeping the airway open by preventing food and other substances from entering the trachea. This helps to protect the lungs and maintain a clear passage for breathing. Therefore, both statements accurately describe the functions of the larynx.

Explanation
The trachea is commonly referred to as the windpipe. It is a tube-like structure that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi in the lungs, allowing air to pass through and facilitate breathing. The term "windpipe" is often used to describe this vital respiratory organ in layman's terms.

Explanation
The trachea is kept open by c-shaped cartilage rings. These rings provide structural support to the trachea, preventing it from collapsing and maintaining its shape. The c-shaped rings are incomplete at the back, allowing the trachea to be flexible and allowing the passage of food through the esophagus behind it. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation
The trachea does not split or divide into the bronchioles. The trachea is a single tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, which then further divide into the bronchioles. So, the statement is false.

Explanation
The exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs located in the lungs. These alveoli are surrounded by a network of blood vessels called capillaries. When we breathe in, oxygen from the air enters the alveoli and diffuses into the capillaries, while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange of gases is crucial for the body to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide, making the statement "The exchange of gasses are in the alveoli" true.

Explanation
The main function of respiration is to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. This process occurs in the lungs and is essential for the body to obtain oxygen for cellular respiration and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism. Therefore, the statement "Oxygen breathed in, Carbon dioxide breathed out" accurately describes the main function of respiration, making the answer "True".

Explanation
During the process of ventilation, white blood cells do not receive O2 to produce Haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is primarily produced by red blood cells, not white blood cells. White blood cells are responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases, not for oxygen transportation. Therefore, the given statement is false.

Explanation
The given statement is false. The correct explanation is that inspiration is an active process where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest cavity to expand and air to be drawn into the lungs. On the other hand, expiration is a passive process where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to be expelled from the lungs.

Explanation
Tissue respiration refers to the chemical processes that occur within cells. This includes the process of cellular respiration, where cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. These chemical reactions take place in the mitochondria of cells and are essential for the functioning and survival of cells. Therefore, the statement "Tissue respiration means chemical processes within cells" is true.

Explanation
All of the listed conditions (bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, empyema, and pneumonia) are considered lower respiratory tract infections. Lower respiratory tract infections refer to infections that affect the airways and structures below the larynx, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, emphysema is a chronic lung condition that damages the air sacs in the lungs, bronchiectasis is a condition where the bronchial tubes become permanently damaged and widened, empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity, and pneumonia is an infection in the lungs.

Explanation
All of the given options, including influenza, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and otitis media and externa, are upper respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory tract infections refer to infections that affect the upper respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, sinuses, and middle ear. Influenza is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, and sore throat. Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the throat, commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections. Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils, often caused by viral or bacterial infections. Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses, usually caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Otitis media and externa are infections of the middle ear and the external ear canal, respectively. Therefore, all of these conditions are considered upper respiratory tract infections.

Explanation
Sympathomimetics are drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. These drugs are used in the treatment of asthma. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation
The statement is true because the primary focus of treating the common cold is to alleviate the symptoms that come with it. While there is no cure for the common cold, managing symptoms such as congestion, cough, sore throat, and fever can help individuals feel better and recover more comfortably. This can be done through over-the-counter medications, rest, staying hydrated, and using home remedies like warm fluids and saltwater gargles. By addressing the symptoms, individuals can find relief and make the duration of the cold more manageable.

Explanation
During the treatment of the common cold, it is common to use anti-pyretic agents. These agents help to reduce fever, which is a common symptom of the common cold. By reducing fever, anti-pyretic agents can help alleviate discomfort and promote a faster recovery. Therefore, the statement that anti-pyretic agents are commonly used during the treatment of the common cold is true.

Explanation
Anti-histamines can be used during the treatment of the common cold to dry out the mucous. Histamines are chemicals released by the body during an allergic reaction or infection, causing symptoms like runny nose and watery eyes. Anti-histamines work by blocking the effects of histamines, reducing the production of mucous and relieving symptoms of congestion. Therefore, using anti-histamines can help dry out the mucous and provide relief during the treatment of the common cold.