Respiratory System Diseases: Trivia Quiz

Explanation
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is indeed associated with diseases or situations that decrease gas exchange through the lungs. When gas exchange is impaired, it becomes difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be removed. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism, among others. As a result, individuals may experience difficulty breathing, which is known as dyspnea. Therefore, the statement "Dyspnea is associated with diseases or situations that decrease gas exchange through the lungs" is true.

Explanation
A cough is not a loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of airspaces. Instead, it is a reflex sudden expulsion of air initiated by afferent nerves in the respiratory mucosa. It can also be a response to irritants.

Explanation
Atelectasis is a condition where the alveoli in the lungs collapse or become filled with fluid, leading to a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange. This can result in a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, leading to hypoxia. The shunting of blood that is not oxygenated into the pulmonary veins exacerbates this hypoxia. Therefore, atelectasis is indeed significant as it can cause hypoxia due to the shunting of deoxygenated blood.

Explanation
Hemothorax is defined as blood in the pleural space, not purulent fluid. Empyema is also defined as purulent fluid in the pleural space, not blood. Therefore, options A and B are defined incorrectly. Option C correctly defines pleural effusion as fluid in the pleural space, and option D correctly defines pneumothorax as air or other gases in the pleural space due to a lung rupture.

Explanation
Option C: FEV1 = The amount of air exhaled in the first second of the FVC procedure

Explanation
The statement A is false because in obstructive lung diseases, the FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced. The statement C is false because intrinsic asthma is not more common in children and they do not often outgrow it.

Explanation
The statement is true because the treatment of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) does indeed involve using similar medications as in asthma. Both conditions involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways, so medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids are commonly used for both. However, allergy shots, which are used to treat allergies, are not typically used in the treatment of COPD. Additionally, because COPD can cause low oxygen levels in the blood, oxygen therapy may be prescribed on a chronic basis to help improve oxygen levels.

Explanation
This statement is false. Unlike asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is not reversible. COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particles, such as cigarette smoke. The damage to the airways and lung tissue in COPD is not reversible and can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Treatment for COPD focuses on managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease, but it cannot fully reverse the damage that has already occurred.

Explanation
Patients with emphysema can be referred to as blue bloaters, as they often have a bluish discoloration of the skin due to inadequate oxygenation. They also appear barrel-chested, which is a characteristic physical finding in emphysema. However, they are not thin and are often significantly hypoxic, so option A is incorrect. Therefore, the correct characteristics that apply to patients with emphysema are B and C only.

Explanation
As opposed to emphysema, with chronic bronchitis there is often retention of CO2 and hypoxia. The classic patient here is obese, hypoxic, cyanotic and edematous (CHF) and is referred to as a "blue bloater".

Explanation
Restrictive lung disease is characterized by a decrease in lung volume and capacity, leading to decreased total lung capacity (TLC). This is stated in option A. Option B is also true as restrictive lung disease can result in a decrease in the diffusion of oxygen across the lung tissue. Option C is also true, as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of restrictive lung disease with high mortality rates. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the above statements are true.

Explanation
Pulmonary fibrosis is indeed a poorly understood problem, meaning that the exact cause of this condition is often unknown or idiopathic.

Explanation
The correct answer is A, Streptococcus pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, particularly in adults. It is a bacteria that can infect the lungs and cause symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. It is important to identify the causative organism in order to determine the appropriate treatment for pneumonia.

Explanation
Haemophilus influenza is the correct answer because it is a common organism found in both children and adults with COPD. COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a lung disease that commonly affects adults and can also occur in children due to factors such as genetic predisposition or exposure to secondhand smoke. Haemophilus influenza is a bacteria that can cause respiratory infections, including pneumonia, which can be more severe in individuals with COPD. Therefore, it is important to be aware of this organism when diagnosing and treating respiratory infections in both children and adults with COPD.

Explanation
Staph aureus is an important cause of secondary pneumonia following viral respiratory infections. This bacterium is commonly found in the respiratory tract and can cause pneumonia when it enters the lungs after a viral infection weakens the immune system. Staph aureus pneumonia can be severe and is often associated with high mortality rates.

Explanation
Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of gram-negative pneumonia. This bacterium is commonly found in the respiratory tract and can cause severe pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. Klebsiella pneumoniae is known for its ability to produce a thick, sticky capsule that helps it evade the immune system and adhere to respiratory tissues, leading to infection. Its gram-negative nature indicates that it has an outer membrane that can make it more resistant to certain antibiotics.

Explanation
Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia in debilitated, malnourished people, especially in alcoholics. This bacterium is often found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and can cause severe infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. It is known to cause a specific type of pneumonia called Klebsiella pneumonia, which is characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms such as high fever, cough, and thick, bloody sputum.

Explanation
The correct answer is A and B only. This means that both statements A and B are false. Statement A states that with atypical pneumonia, there is less sputum production, less elevation in the white blood cell count, and higher fever. However, in atypical pneumonia, there is typically more sputum production, a higher white blood cell count, and a lower fever. Statement B states that penicillins and cephalosporins are the first line of defense in treating atypical pneumonia. However, atypical pneumonia is typically caused by bacteria that are resistant to these antibiotics, so they are not the first line of treatment.

Explanation
When there is the involvement of the alveoli and septa it is called pneumonia When the infection is limited to the mucosa this is bronchitis.

Explanation
Bronchopneumonia involves a patchy distribution of infection generally affecting more than one lobe.

Explanation
All of the statements regarding Tuberculosis are true. Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease typically caused by an acid-fast bacillus. Only a small fraction of people infected with TB actually develop any active disease. The infection may be reactivated by systemic steroids and then referred to as Reactivation TB. The infection can also spread by way of the bloodstream and create a miliary form. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.

Explanation
It can be life threatening in Philipino people

Explanation
It commonly affects the lungs of immune compromised people, like AIDS patients

Explanation
The correct answer is A and B only. This means that statements A and B are both false. Statement A states that bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for 15% of primary lung tumors, which is incorrect as it is the most common type of primary lung tumor. Statement B states that lung tumors are uncommon in industrialized countries, which is also false as lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, including in industrialized countries. Therefore, both statements A and B are false, making the answer A and B only.