Race Ethnicity And Exclusion

Enoch Powell is the correct answer to the question "Who said Mugging is a Black Crime?" Enoch Powell was a British politician who made a controversial speech in 1968 known as the "Rivers of Blood" speech, where he expressed concerns about immigration and crime rates. In this speech, he made racially charged statements and suggested that mugging and other crimes were predominantly committed by black individuals. This speech sparked a significant amount of controversy and criticism, making Enoch Powell widely associated with the idea of mugging being a black crime.

John Solomos (2003) is the correct answer because he argued that there is a racialization of crime, specifically targeting young black males as a problem group. Solomos suggests that this racialization leads to the over-policing and over-representation of black individuals in the criminal justice system. His work highlights the ways in which race and crime intersect and contribute to social inequalities.

Kofman (2005) is the correct answer because she argued that there has been a shift from multiculturalism towards neo assimilationist policies. This means that instead of embracing and celebrating different cultures, societies are now promoting assimilation and the adoption of dominant cultural norms. Kofman's work highlights the changing approach towards cultural diversity and the potential consequences of such policies.

Yuval Davis (1997) is the correct answer because she is known for her work on intersectionality, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of various social categories such as gender, race, and class. In her book "Gender and Nation," she argues that family and gender relations play a central role in shaping individual and collective identities, and therefore, are crucial for understanding authenticity. This perspective highlights the significance of familial and gender dynamics in shaping our sense of self and belonging.

Malcolm X is attributed with the quote "capitalism is the root of oppression." He was a prominent civil rights activist and a vocal critic of capitalism, arguing that it perpetuated inequality and exploitation, particularly against marginalized communities. Malcolm X believed that capitalism prioritized profit over people's well-being, leading to systemic oppression and social injustice. His views on capitalism were shaped by his experiences with racial discrimination and economic inequality, and he advocated for alternative economic systems that would prioritize equality and justice.

According to the given answer, Ricoeur believes that identity is relational, meaning that it is shaped by our interactions and relationships with others. Anthias, on the other hand, argues that identity is situational, suggesting that it is influenced by the specific social and cultural contexts in which we find ourselves. Bourdieu's perspective is that identity is ongoing, indicating that it is constantly evolving and changing over time. Therefore, the correct answer is Ricoeur- relational, Anthias- situational, Bourdieu- on going.

Rosa Parks was involved in the Montgomery bus boycott. She was an African American civil rights activist who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. Her act of defiance sparked the Montgomery bus boycott, a pivotal event in the civil rights movement, which lasted for over a year and eventually led to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery. Parks' courage and determination made her a symbol of resistance against racial segregation and injustice.

Marx is the correct answer because he argued that race is a tool used by those in power to maintain control over the working class. He believed that capitalism relies on the exploitation of labor and that racial divisions serve to further divide and weaken the working class, allowing for the acceleration of capital accumulation. Marx's analysis of the relationship between race and capitalism has been influential in understanding the systemic nature of racism and inequality in society.

Wieviorka (1995) is the correct answer because he argued that it is too simplistic to solely blame the system when it comes to policing. He believed that individual police officers also play a significant role in shaping the outcomes of policing practices. Wieviorka argued that focusing solely on the system overlooks the agency and accountability of individual officers in the implementation of policing policies and practices.

Stuart Hall is attributed to saying that race is the modality in which class is lived. This statement suggests that race plays a significant role in determining one's social class and how it is experienced. It implies that race intersects with class, influencing opportunities, privileges, and disadvantages. Hall's perspective highlights the interconnectedness of race and class in shaping individuals' experiences and societal inequalities.

Ratcliff is the correct answer because he argued that racism was not simply a justification for colonization, but rather a fundamental aspect of the colonial project itself. According to Ratcliff, racism was deeply embedded in the structures and practices of colonialism, serving to legitimize and perpetuate the exploitation and domination of colonized peoples.

William Deedes is the correct answer because he is the one who said that the 1962 act was just to restrict colored migrants.

Stephen Castle (2004) listed reasons why immigration policies fail.

Banton and Rex were the first people to suggest a link between race and class.

Balibar is the correct answer because he is the one who argued that old racism still had a cultural aspect. He believed that racism is not only based on biological or genetic factors, but also deeply rooted in cultural beliefs, stereotypes, and prejudices. Balibar's perspective highlights the importance of understanding racism as a complex social phenomenon influenced by historical, cultural, and political factors.

Marcus Garvey was a separatist because he advocated for the separation of black people from white society. He believed in the idea of black nationalism and promoted the "Back to Africa" movement, encouraging black people to return to their ancestral homeland. Garvey believed that black people should establish their own independent political and economic institutions separate from the white-dominated society. His separatist ideas and efforts had a significant impact on the civil rights movement and inspired future leaders like Malcolm X.

Adorno is the correct answer because he argued that there was not enough focus on the racist individual in society. He believed that racism was deeply rooted in individuals and that societal structures and institutions perpetuated it. Adorno emphasized the need to understand and address the psychological and ideological aspects of racism in order to effectively combat it.

T.H. Marshall is the correct answer because he is known for his theory of citizenship, which includes civil rights, political rights, and the right to vote. Marshall argued that citizenship is not just about legal status, but also about social and economic rights. He believed that these rights are essential for individuals to fully participate in society and enjoy equal opportunities. Marshall's theory has had a significant influence on the study of citizenship and has shaped discussions on social justice and equality.

Kymlicka (1995) is the correct answer because he argued that minorities have been marginalized. Kymlicka's work focuses on the rights and recognition of minority groups within liberal democracies. He discusses how minority groups, such as indigenous peoples or ethnic minorities, face various forms of marginalization and the need for policies that address their specific needs and protect their cultural rights.

Wards (1982) is the correct answer because they are the one who said that owning a house does not necessarily mean that a person is well off. This implies that someone can own a house but still be financially struggling or not have a high income. The other options, Essed (1991), Stephen Castle (2004), and Wieviorka (1995), are not relevant to the statement and do not provide any information about the relationship between owning a house and being well off.

Essed (1991) argued that policing can routinely create and reinforce social inequalities and discrimination. This suggests that the practices and actions of the police can perpetuate existing power imbalances and marginalize certain groups in society. Essed's work highlights the need to critically examine the role of policing in maintaining systemic oppression and to work towards more equitable and just forms of law enforcement.

The correct answer is "Song". This suggests that the person who said "minorities are made constantly aware of identity" is Song. However, without any additional context or information, it is difficult to provide a specific explanation for this answer choice.

Solomos is the correct answer because he is a renowned scholar who has extensively studied and written about race relations. While the question does not provide any context or further information, it can be inferred that Solomos is the most likely answer based on his expertise in the field.

Giddens is the correct answer because he is known for his theory of late modernity, which emphasizes the importance of individual agency and self-identity in shaping society. He argues that in late modernity, individuals have more freedom and choice in constructing their own identities and projecting themselves to the world. This aligns with the statement that late modernity is an era of individual projection of self.

Hall is the correct answer because he is known for his work on cultural identity and the fluidity of identity. He argued that identity is not fixed or predetermined, but rather it is constructed and negotiated through social and cultural processes. Hall's ideas have had a significant impact on the field of cultural studies and have helped to shape our understanding of the complex nature of identity.

David Sibley (1995) is the correct answer because he argued that there is a monopolization of space by the majority group, which leads to the marginalization and exclusion of minority groups. He suggests that this power dynamic results in the limited access and control over desirable spaces for minorities, reinforcing their social disadvantage and inequality. This perspective aligns with the concept of spatial segregation and discrimination discussed in the question.