Everything You Need To Learn About Telecommunications

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).

The Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE).

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

The optical detector.

The fiber-optic cable.

The optical transmitter.

The optical receiver.

The emission of a number of discrete wavelengths or side modes.

The narrow emission pattern limits the power output.

The size and greater expense to operate.

The gain in the number of light photons.

The laser is the least expensive type of light source.

Gas lasers do not provide a high speed modulation option applicable to both analog and digital fibers.

Its high coupled power, directionality, and speed.

The laser's wavelength is 75 degrees from the transmitted wavelength.

Orientation, responsivity, response time, linear response, back reflection, and optical detector material.

Location, responsivity, response time, linear response, back reflection, and optical detector material.

Noise, responsivity, response time, linear response, back reflection, and optical detector material.

Manufacture date, responsivity, response time, linear response, back reflection, and optical detector material.

An optical detector with current flow that is nonlinear to the intensity of light photons, with one electron/hole pair created for every absorbed photon until saturation.

An optical detector with current flow that is linear to the intensity of light photons squared, with two absorbed photons created for every electron/hole pair until saturation.

An optical detector which provides gain with current flow that is proportional to the intensity of light photons, as two absorbed photons are created for every electron/hole pair until saturation.

An optical detector with current flow that is linear to the intensity of light photons, with one electron/hole pair created for every absorbed photon until saturation.

Noise.

Kinetic energy.

Low bias voltage to the optical transmitter.

Valence electrons.

Conversion of an electrical signal to an optical carrier, and demodulation of the modulated optical carrier.

Conversion of an optical carrier to an electrical signal, and modulation of the demodulated optical carrier.

Conversion of an optical carrier to a digital signal, and encoding of the digital signal to an analog signal.

Conversion of an optical carrier to an electrical signal, and demodulation of the modulated optical carrier.

Nonlinear operation resulting in distortion, back reflection, and signal loss.

Nonlinear operation resulting in distortion, data errors, and signal loss.

Nonlinear operation resulting in thermal noise, shot noise, and signal loss.

Nonlinear operation resulting in distortion, data errors, and responsivity.

The laser beam consists of a wide range of wavelengths (monochromatic), with all light waves in phase (coherent light).

The laser beam consists of a limited range of wavelengths (monochromatic), with all light waves out of phase (coherent light).

The laser beam consists of a limited range of wavelengths (monochromatic), with all light waves in phase (coherent light).

The laser beam consists of a wide range of wavelengths (monochromatic), with all light waves out of phase (coherent light).

Involves the use of a node transponder that continuously monitors a number of critical functions.

Is a completely separate function from generating an alarm when parameters exceed a preset threshold.

Involves monitoring the most critical functions except for temperature and a tamper switch mechanism.

By remote means is not critical for maintaining network stability and reliability.

Multiplex each input by processing it through a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter.

Cause the dynamic range of the return path to be greatly decreased.

Use dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) digital return transmitters in hub-to-headend architectures.

Use digital return transmitters that typically have four inputs.

High-Speed Data Over Cable Specification (HSDOCS)

Passive Optical Network Specification (PONS).

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS).

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).

A universally accepted standard for digital television that does not take into consideration audio storage, channel compression and decompression, transport or display.

A two-phase standard, with MPEG-1 being the most recognizable as related to data transport.

A universally accepted standard for digital television, first released in 1992.

Ten standards in one for the digitally coded representation of moving pictures.

They serve as the interface between the customer premises and the coaxial network.

They convert RF signals to fiber-optic signals at the node's optical receiver before routing them to an RF amplifier module.

They contain four main sections: the optical receiver, the RF amplifier module, the reverse optical transmitter, and the DC power supply.

They receive return path signals from a diplex filter at the input of the forward optical transmitter.

Digital telephony services (DTS).

Circuit-switched voice.

PacketCable.

Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP).

Servers store VOD content at each headend and hub location.

The number of servers needed for video content storage is smaller than in the distributed server architecture.

QAM modulators located in the customer premises convert video content to RF for delivery over the HFC network to the regional headend.

Video content is transmitted to hub sites using SONET (synchronous optical network) analog transport and then converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) for delivery over the hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) network.

Local ad insertion is performed usually by a video server.

Cable operators can replace only local TV ads with their own commercial content, such as upcoming pay-per-view (PPV) events or featured sales presentations.

Local advertising is broadcast in addition to all network commercials, so the network commercials aren't replaced.

Large three-quarter-inch tape decks are used to play local advertisements because of the digital programming.

Data speeds are not affected by the number of customers using the network at a given time.

The cable modem termination system (CMTS) can provide a data transfer rate up to 38 Mbps, using 256-QAM in a single 6 MHz channel.

CMTS units are housed only in regional or secondary hubs and not in a system's headend.

The CMTS can only provide a data transfer rate of up to 27 Mbps, using 256-QAM in a 6 GHz bandwidth.

SONET defines optical carrier (OC) levels that increase by a factor of five, starting with OC-4.

SONET defines optical carrier data rates and interface standards that enable only local carriers within a state to interconnect their existing fiber-optic systems.

SONET is the North American standard used for telephony applications.

SONET is a fiber transmission standard that addresses generic requirements for optical amplifiers and proprietary dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems.

To take advantage of the low water peak region at 1,550 nm in single-mode fiber.

To take advantage of the resistance to the distortion known as four-wave mixing (FWM) at 1,550 nm in single-mode fiber.

To take advantage of the low intrinsic absorption and lower attenuation at 1,550 nm in single-mode fiber.

To take advantage of the tolerance for bending at 1,550 nm in single-mode fiber.

The ITU-T G.657 FTTH fiber.

The ITU-T G.657 depressed-clad fiber (DCF).

The ITU-T G.657 bend-insensitive fiber (BIF).

The ITU-T G.657 matched-clad fiber (MCF).

Material absorption and residual metal ions, which are introduced during the manufacturing process.

Material absorption and Rayleigh scattering.

Rayleigh scattering and total internal reflection.

Excessive bending and Rayleigh scattering.

The identical refractive indexes of the cladding and core cause light to be reflected within the core along the optical fiber.

The difference in refractive indexes, between cladding and core, causes light to be reflected off the cladding and back into the core along the optical fiber.

The difference in refractive indexes, between cladding and core, causes light to be reflected off the core and back into the cladding along the optical fiber.

The identical refractive indexes of the cladding and core cause light to be reflected off the cladding and back into the core along the optical fiber.

At the macrobends in the optical fiber.

At the Fresnel interface in the optical receiver.

At connections and mechanical splices where the signal source is entering or exiting the cable.

Inside the laser.

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and material dispersion.

Material and waveguide dispersion.

Modal and material dispersion.

Modal and waveguide dispersion.

The larger the MFD, the easier it is to splice and connectorize the fiber, although it becomes more sensitive to bending losses.

The larger the MFD, the lower the attenuation loss of the fiber, although it becomes more sensitive to bending losses.

The larger the MFD, the more difficult it is to splice and connectorize the fiber, although it becomes less sensitive to bending losses

The larger the MFD, the more difficult it is to splice and connectorize the fiber, although the attenuation loss is lower.

It is 250 μm, with an accuracy of ±1 μm.

It is 225 μm, with an accuracy of ±1 μm.

It is 165 μm, with an accuracy of ±1 μm.

It is 125 μm, with an accuracy of ±1 μm.

An undetected event in both directions.

An undetected event in one direction and high loss in the opposite direction.

High loss in both directions.

Gain in one direction and high loss in the opposite direction.

Function over a wide temperature range; be compatible with cable gels; adhere to the glass cladding over the lifetime of the cable; and be mechanically strippable for splicing operations.

Keep light reflected within the core; function over a wide temperature range; be compatible with cable gels; and be mechanically strippable for splicing operations.

Keep light reflected within the core; function over a wide temperature range; adhere to the glass cladding over the lifetime of the cable; and be mechanically strippable for splicing operations.

Keep light reflected within the core; be compatible with cable gels; adhere to the glass cladding over the lifetime of the cable; and be mechanically strippable for splicing operations.

They have looked at the cable jacket.

They have viewed the sticker on the inside of the access door.

They have read the project's specification records.

They have used the standardized color coding scheme.

Tight-tube cable.

Tight-buffered cable.

Loose-buffered cable.

Loose-tube cable.

Ribbon fiber requires the use of special patch panels.

Ribbon fiber is used where large-diameter cables are needed.

Ribbon fiber is used where low fiber counts are required.

Ribbon fiber requires different tools and equipment to perform splicing.

Rear boot and plug body.

The C-clip and adapter.

The ferrules and the mating adapter.

The adaptor and plug body.

Reflectance is the ratio of the amount of light emitted from a source to the total amount of light reflected back to the source.

Reflectance is the reflected light from a single Fresnel reflection event.

Reflectance is the scattering of light into a direction that is generally in reverse of the original direction.

Reflectance is the combination of material and waveguide dispersion that causes transported pulses of light to spread out and overlap.

By using a pad soaked with high-grade isopropyl alcohol.

By using a compressed-air cleaner designed for optical connectors.

By using clean wipes designed for optical connectors.

By using a swab designed for optical surfaces.

The FAT is typically easier to install and has higher fiber counts than the FDH.

The FAT is typically installed in a cabinet and has higher fiber counts than the FDH.

The FAT is typically easier to install and has lower fiber counts than the FDH.

The FAT is typically installed in a cabinet and has lower fiber counts than the FDH

Pigtails can be ordered in varying lengths and are commonly color coded with 250 microns (µm) thick coatings.

Pigtails should always be ordered with multimode fibers so as to increase the coupling efficiency from the transmitter.

Prior to splicing, pigtails should be labeled to correspond with the correct color code and patch panel designation.

In cases where greater protection is required, larger pigtails - 5 millimeter (mm) diameter jackets - are available.

In the forward path, optical splitters are used as active devices that combine multiple signals onto a common optical fiber.

In the forward path, optical splitters are used as passive branching devices that divide an optical signal across multiple output fibers.

In the forward path, optical splitters are used as passive combining devices that stream an optical signal across two common fibers.

In the forward path, optical splitters are used as active devices that split one signal on an optical fiber into multiple signals.

Integrated optical splitter (IOS).

Standardized six pack (SSP).

Heat-shrink fusion splice (HSFS) protector.

Fused biconical taper (FBT).

Splice closures are used to slide over the splice to provide protection against a full range of environmental changes in aerial installations or below ground in vaults.

Splice closures are used to protect optical fibers and splices against a full range of environmental changes in aerial installations or below ground in vaults.

Splice closures are used to provide the transition between outdoor optical fiber to indoor fiber.

Splice closures are used to house electronics and spare cable, along with optical patch or splice panels.

To determine if the cable is for outdoor or indoor installations.

To allow excess flooding compound to drain before taking off the remaining jacket.

To access the cable's rip cord and to check the cutting depth of the knife or ringing tool.

To determine the type of strength member used in the cable.

Water causes the glass core of the optical fiber to disintegrate, tuning the optical fiber into a hollow tube.

Water causes the glass core of the optical fiber to change its properties from low water peak to high water peak.

Water causes the glass core of the optical fiber to become clear, which prevents the fiber from transporting a signal.

Water causes the glass core of the optical fiber to become opaque, which degrades the signal as it's transported through the fiber.

Trim the strength member flush with the cable jacket.

Trim the strength member back for convenience, but leave it long enough to be tightly clamped to a strain-relief lug in the closure.

Pull the full length of the strength member from the stripped cable and then attach it to a strain-relief lug on the cable strand.

Wrap the unspliced buffer tubes around the strength member, then wrap the strength member inside the closure.

Splice trays are designed to provide a stable work surface when splicing optical fiber.

Splice trays are designed to provide protection for mechanical splices, fusion splice protectors, and optical splitters as well as provide storage for the required fiber slack.

Splice trays are designed to provide storage and protection for buffer tubes as well as provide storage for the fiber slack required during splicing operations.

Splice trays are designed to provide storage of spare mechanical splices in case of network changes or for emergency restoration of damaged fiber-optic cable.

The buffer tubes should be secured with tie wraps so that there is no movement of the optical fibers inside the buffer tube.

The buffer tubes should be secured with cable clips to allow free movement without pulling or stressing the optical fibers.

The buffer tubes should be secured with tie wraps to allow slight movement without pulling or stressing the optical fibers.

The buffer tubes should be unsecured to allow free movement without pulling or stressing the optical fibers.

Cable clips hold optical splices in place in a splice tray.

Retaining clips hold optical splices in place in a splice tray.

Fast drying epoxy glue holds optical splices in place in a splice tray.

Tie wraps hold optical splices in place in a splice tray.

Buffer tubes provide the optical fibers with the tensile strength necessary for the cable to be pulled during installation.

Buffer tubes protect and separate the optical fiber in smaller bundles.

Buffer tubes protect the optical fibers from water and ultraviolet deterioration from the sun.

Buffer tubes provide a way of holding the individual fibers in place while splicing.

So that the next person using the tools has clean tools to work with.

To prevent corrosion caused by prolonged contact with fiber debris or fiber chips.

To keep the tools sharp and in good working order.

To prevent the accidental transfer of fiber debris or fiber chips onto clean hands.

A location where a select number of optical fibers need to be spliced, and the remaining buffer tubes and fibers remain untouched.

A location where optical fibers within the cable are routed to multiple sites.

A location where damage to the fiber-optic cable has occurred, so a portion of the cable needs to be replaced and spliced to the original cable.

A location where a splitter needs to be spliced into multiple outgoing optical fibers to feed a new neighborhood.