Neurophysiology Skills Quiz

1. Match the following tracts with the correct information in which they carry

spinothalamic tract

trigeminothalamic tract

Submit

2. Which of the following is the correct range of frequencies perceived by the human auditory system

20 - 20,000 Hz

10 - 100,000 Hz

20 - 200 Hz

10 - 100 Hz

The human auditory system is capable of perceiving sound within a range of frequencies. This range is typically between 20 to 20,000 Hz. Frequencies below 20 Hz are considered infrasound and are not typically audible to humans, while frequencies above 20,000 Hz are considered ultrasound and are also not typically audible to humans. Therefore, the correct range of frequencies perceived by the human auditory system is 20 - 20,000 Hz.

Explanation

The human auditory system is capable of perceiving sound within a range of frequencies. This range is typically between 20 to 20,000 Hz. Frequencies below 20 Hz are considered infrasound and are not typically audible to humans, while frequencies above 20,000 Hz are considered ultrasound and are also not typically audible to humans. Therefore, the correct range of frequencies perceived by the human auditory system is 20 - 20,000 Hz.

3. Match the following fluids with the appropriate ion concentration

endolymph

perilymph

Submit

4. The lateral corticospinal tract accounts for _____________ % of voluntary movement, and the anterior corticospinal tract accounts for _______________% of voluntary movement

85%, 15%

50%, 50%

30%, 70%

15%, 85%

The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for 85% of voluntary movement, while the anterior corticospinal tract accounts for 15% of voluntary movement.

Explanation

The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for 85% of voluntary movement, while the anterior corticospinal tract accounts for 15% of voluntary movement.

5. Which of the following taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the influx of Na+ ions through a Na+ channel leading the depolarization of the receptor

Salty

Sour

Bitter

Sweet

Salty taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the influx of Na+ ions through a Na+ channel, leading to the depolarization of the receptor. This means that when we taste something salty, the Na+ ions enter the receptor cells through specific channels, causing a change in the electrical charge of the cells. This change in charge triggers a signal that is sent to the brain, allowing us to perceive the salty taste.

Explanation

Salty taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the influx of Na+ ions through a Na+ channel, leading to the depolarization of the receptor. This means that when we taste something salty, the Na+ ions enter the receptor cells through specific channels, causing a change in the electrical charge of the cells. This change in charge triggers a signal that is sent to the brain, allowing us to perceive the salty taste.

6. Which of the following is the main cell type in the sense of vibration

Pacinian corpuscle

Merkel discs

Pincus domes

Meissner's corpuscle

The main cell type in the sense of vibration is the Pacinian corpuscle. Pacinian corpuscles are specialized nerve endings located in the skin and other tissues. They are responsible for detecting mechanical stimuli, including vibrations. These corpuscles have a layered structure that allows them to detect changes in pressure and transmit signals to the brain, which then interprets them as vibrations. Merkel discs, pincus domes, and Meissner's corpuscles are also types of sensory receptors, but they are not specifically associated with the sense of vibration.

Explanation

The main cell type in the sense of vibration is the Pacinian corpuscle. Pacinian corpuscles are specialized nerve endings located in the skin and other tissues. They are responsible for detecting mechanical stimuli, including vibrations. These corpuscles have a layered structure that allows them to detect changes in pressure and transmit signals to the brain, which then interprets them as vibrations. Merkel discs, pincus domes, and Meissner's corpuscles are also types of sensory receptors, but they are not specifically associated with the sense of vibration.

7. A receptive field mapping of the integumentary system is classified as a _________________

Dermatome

Halotome

Skinotome

Desmosome

A receptive field mapping refers to the area of skin that is innervated by a specific sensory nerve. A dermatome is a specific region of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve. Therefore, a receptive field mapping of the integumentary system is classified as a dermatome.

Explanation

A receptive field mapping refers to the area of skin that is innervated by a specific sensory nerve. A dermatome is a specific region of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve. Therefore, a receptive field mapping of the integumentary system is classified as a dermatome.

8. What is the major descending motor tract from the motor cortex

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

Corticovestibular

Who cares

The major descending motor tract from the motor cortex is the corticospinal tract. This tract is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, which then controls voluntary movements of the body. It is the primary pathway for voluntary motor control and plays a crucial role in coordinating and executing movements. The corticospinal tract is involved in both fine motor control and gross motor movements, making it an essential pathway for motor function.

Explanation

The major descending motor tract from the motor cortex is the corticospinal tract. This tract is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, which then controls voluntary movements of the body. It is the primary pathway for voluntary motor control and plays a crucial role in coordinating and executing movements. The corticospinal tract is involved in both fine motor control and gross motor movements, making it an essential pathway for motor function.

9. Which tract is MORE complicated

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

the corticobulbar tract is more complicated because at most levels it innervated the body bilaterally

Explanation

the corticobulbar tract is more complicated because at most levels it innervated the body bilaterally

10. In the taste pathway, the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves all synapse on ______________

Solitary nucleus

Ganglion nucleus

Trigeminal nucleus

Brodmann's area 3, 1, 2

In the taste pathway, the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves all synapse on the solitary nucleus. The solitary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. It receives sensory information related to taste from the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve), glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve), and vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve). The synapses in the solitary nucleus allow for the integration and processing of taste information before it is relayed to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of taste.

Explanation

In the taste pathway, the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves all synapse on the solitary nucleus. The solitary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. It receives sensory information related to taste from the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve), glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve), and vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve). The synapses in the solitary nucleus allow for the integration and processing of taste information before it is relayed to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of taste.

11. Which of the following is a reason why our thresholds for some tastes are lower than others

Sour and bitter thresholds are lower, making us super sensitive. ---> usually sour and bitter tastes represent harmful foods

Sweet and salty thresholds are lower, making us super sensitive ---> usually sweet and salty tastes represent harmful foods

Sour and bitter thresholds are lower, making us super insensitive. ---> usually sour and bitter tastes represent beneficial foods

Sour and bitter thresholds are the same as sweet and salty --> we love candy

Sour and bitter tastes usually represent harmful foods, so our thresholds for these tastes are lower to make us super sensitive and avoid consuming potentially dangerous substances. This heightened sensitivity helps us detect and avoid potentially harmful foods, ensuring our safety and well-being.

Explanation

Sour and bitter tastes usually represent harmful foods, so our thresholds for these tastes are lower to make us super sensitive and avoid consuming potentially dangerous substances. This heightened sensitivity helps us detect and avoid potentially harmful foods, ensuring our safety and well-being.

12. Why is this coronal section so angry???

Because its been studying neuro all weekend

Because it wants to sleep

All of the above are correct

The correct answer is "all of the above are correct" because both options indicate that the coronal section is angry. The first option suggests that it is angry because it has been studying neuro all weekend, which implies frustration or exhaustion. The second option implies that it is angry because it wants to sleep, indicating irritability due to lack of rest. Since both options provide valid reasons for the coronal section to be angry, the answer is that all of the above are correct.

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above are correct" because both options indicate that the coronal section is angry. The first option suggests that it is angry because it has been studying neuro all weekend, which implies frustration or exhaustion. The second option implies that it is angry because it wants to sleep, indicating irritability due to lack of rest. Since both options provide valid reasons for the coronal section to be angry, the answer is that all of the above are correct.

13. true or false? in the dorsal column pathway, the primary afferent fibers from the legs do not synapse until the medullary region

True

False

In the dorsal column pathway, the primary afferent fibers from the legs do not synapse until the medullary region. This means that the sensory information from the legs is transmitted through the dorsal column of the spinal cord without synapsing until it reaches the medulla. This allows for efficient transmission of sensory information and helps maintain the integrity of the sensory signals from the legs.

Explanation

In the dorsal column pathway, the primary afferent fibers from the legs do not synapse until the medullary region. This means that the sensory information from the legs is transmitted through the dorsal column of the spinal cord without synapsing until it reaches the medulla. This allows for efficient transmission of sensory information and helps maintain the integrity of the sensory signals from the legs.

14. Fred, a construction worker has impaled by a forklift while on the job, he has no pain sensation in his right leg, however, his touch perception in his right leg is normal which of the following pathways was likely damaged given the above information

Left spinothalamic tract

Right spinothalamic tract

Left medial lemniscus tract

Right medial lemniscus tract

The left spinothalamic tract is likely damaged because it carries pain sensation from the right leg to the brain. Since Fred has no pain sensation in his right leg, it suggests that the pathway responsible for transmitting pain signals from the right leg to the brain is damaged. The other options, right spinothalamic tract, left medial lemniscus tract, and right medial lemniscus tract, are not likely to be damaged based on the given information.

Explanation

The left spinothalamic tract is likely damaged because it carries pain sensation from the right leg to the brain. Since Fred has no pain sensation in his right leg, it suggests that the pathway responsible for transmitting pain signals from the right leg to the brain is damaged. The other options, right spinothalamic tract, left medial lemniscus tract, and right medial lemniscus tract, are not likely to be damaged based on the given information.

15. Which direction would the stereocilia of the vestibule ampulla need to be bent in order to depolarize the hair cell?

Towards the kinocilia

Away from the kinocilia

Towards the ampulla

Towards the semicircular canals

The stereocilia of the vestibule ampulla would need to be bent towards the kinocilia in order to depolarize the hair cell. This is because the kinocilia is the tallest cilium and bending the stereocilia towards it would cause the opening of ion channels, leading to depolarization of the hair cell.

Explanation

The stereocilia of the vestibule ampulla would need to be bent towards the kinocilia in order to depolarize the hair cell. This is because the kinocilia is the tallest cilium and bending the stereocilia towards it would cause the opening of ion channels, leading to depolarization of the hair cell.

16. Match the following vestibular tracts with what they carry

medial vestibulospinal tract

lateral vestibulospinal tract

remember; medial = closer to the HEAD (keeps your head from falling)
lateral = LLLLLLegs = preventing you from falling over

Explanation

remember; medial = closer to the HEAD (keeps your head from falling)
lateral = LLLLLLegs = preventing you from falling over

Submit

17. What percentage of information contained within the corticospinal and corticobulbar tract is from the premotor cortex

~30%

~70%

~3%

~10%

Approximately 30% of the information contained within the corticospinal and corticobulbar tract is from the premotor cortex. This suggests that a significant portion of the information related to motor control and movement planning originates from the premotor cortex. The remaining percentage is likely contributed by other regions of the brain involved in motor control, indicating a distributed network responsible for motor function.

Explanation

Approximately 30% of the information contained within the corticospinal and corticobulbar tract is from the premotor cortex. This suggests that a significant portion of the information related to motor control and movement planning originates from the premotor cortex. The remaining percentage is likely contributed by other regions of the brain involved in motor control, indicating a distributed network responsible for motor function.

18. Match the following synapse with the correct structure in the trigeminothalamic pathway

1st synapse

2nd synapse

3rd synapse

Submit

19. The pathway in RED is indicating which of the following pathways

Spinocerebellar pathway

Cuneocerebellar pathway

Spinothalamic pathway

Trigeminothalamic pathway

The pathway in red is indicating the spinocerebellar pathway. This pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the muscles and joints to the cerebellum, which plays a crucial role in coordinating and fine-tuning movements. The spinocerebellar pathway is involved in proprioception, allowing the brain to receive information about the position and movement of the body.

Explanation

The pathway in red is indicating the spinocerebellar pathway. This pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the muscles and joints to the cerebellum, which plays a crucial role in coordinating and fine-tuning movements. The spinocerebellar pathway is involved in proprioception, allowing the brain to receive information about the position and movement of the body.

20. What neurotransmitter do hair cells use

Glutamate

GABA

Acetylcholine

Glycine

Hair cells in the inner ear use the neurotransmitter glutamate. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, including the auditory system. When sound waves stimulate hair cells, they release glutamate, which then binds to receptors on the auditory nerve fibers, initiating the transmission of auditory information to the brain. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the process of hearing and auditory perception.

Explanation

Hair cells in the inner ear use the neurotransmitter glutamate. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, including the auditory system. When sound waves stimulate hair cells, they release glutamate, which then binds to receptors on the auditory nerve fibers, initiating the transmission of auditory information to the brain. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the process of hearing and auditory perception.

21. Which of the following is in the correct order for the perceptual taste pathway beginning from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

CN IX --> solitary nucleus --> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of parietal cortex brodmanns # 3,1,2

CN X --> solitary nucleus --> VML of thalamus --> medial surface of parietal cortex brodmanns # 44

CN VII --> Chorda tympani --> solitary nucleus --> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of cortex brodmanns #3,2,1

Inferior ganglion of CN IX --> solitary nucleus ---> salivary nuclei (CN VII, IX)

the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) --> the signal passes through the inferior ganglion of CN IX but remains in CN IX (think of it as a checkpoint) --> the signal then passes to the solitary nucleus --> ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus then the the primary sensory cortex

Explanation

the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) --> the signal passes through the inferior ganglion of CN IX but remains in CN IX (think of it as a checkpoint) --> the signal then passes to the solitary nucleus --> ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus then the the primary sensory cortex

22. True or false? taste receptors are incapable of producing an action potential

True

False

taste receptors can undergo membrane depolarization but this is not an action potential

Explanation

taste receptors can undergo membrane depolarization but this is not an action potential

23. Which of the following is the first synapse in the trigeminothalamic pathway

Trigeminal nucleus

Trochlear nucleus

Thalamic nucleus

Cuneate nucleus

The trigeminal nucleus is the first synapse in the trigeminothalamic pathway. This nucleus receives sensory information from the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensory information from the face, head, and oral cavity. The trigeminal nucleus then relays this information to the thalamus, which is the next structure in the pathway. The trochlear nucleus is involved in eye movement, the thalamic nucleus is a general term for the different nuclei within the thalamus, and the cuneate nucleus is involved in the sensation of touch and proprioception from the upper body.

Explanation

The trigeminal nucleus is the first synapse in the trigeminothalamic pathway. This nucleus receives sensory information from the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensory information from the face, head, and oral cavity. The trigeminal nucleus then relays this information to the thalamus, which is the next structure in the pathway. The trochlear nucleus is involved in eye movement, the thalamic nucleus is a general term for the different nuclei within the thalamus, and the cuneate nucleus is involved in the sensation of touch and proprioception from the upper body.

24. How many organs of Corti does the human cochlea have?

1

2

3

5

the organ of corti is a spiral structure, there is only one that is continuous throughout the entire length of the cochlea

Explanation

the organ of corti is a spiral structure, there is only one that is continuous throughout the entire length of the cochlea

25. In the cochlea; two different sound waves with differing amplitudes are incident on two different ears, by which mechanism are we able to tell which sound is louder

When two different sound waves with differing amplitudes are incident on two different ears in the cochlea, the mechanism that allows us to determine which sound is louder is based on the response of the basilar membrane. The higher the amplitude of the sound wave, the more the basilar membrane vibrates. This increased movement of the basilar membrane leads to the release of more neurotransmitters (NTs) by the hair cells and a greater number of action potentials generated by the spiral ganglia. Therefore, the sound with the higher amplitude will result in a stronger signal being sent to the spiral ganglia, indicating that it is louder.

Explanation

When two different sound waves with differing amplitudes are incident on two different ears in the cochlea, the mechanism that allows us to determine which sound is louder is based on the response of the basilar membrane. The higher the amplitude of the sound wave, the more the basilar membrane vibrates. This increased movement of the basilar membrane leads to the release of more neurotransmitters (NTs) by the hair cells and a greater number of action potentials generated by the spiral ganglia. Therefore, the sound with the higher amplitude will result in a stronger signal being sent to the spiral ganglia, indicating that it is louder.

26. FUN FACT Q: dogs have _________x more olfactory epithelium than humans and can smell ________

20; 7 miles away

5; 7 feet away

20; 7 minutes away

5; 7 miles away

Dogs have 20 times more olfactory epithelium than humans, which allows them to have a much stronger sense of smell. This heightened sense of smell enables them to detect scents from a much greater distance, such as 7 miles away.

Explanation

Dogs have 20 times more olfactory epithelium than humans, which allows them to have a much stronger sense of smell. This heightened sense of smell enables them to detect scents from a much greater distance, such as 7 miles away.

27. Olfactory receptor cells, transduce a signal via:

A second messenger system and is slower than other systems

Primary messenger system and is faster than other systems

Graded membrane potential and is faster than other systems

Na+/K+ channels and is slower than other systems

Olfactory receptor cells transduce a signal via a second messenger system, which means that the signal is not directly transmitted to the brain but instead relies on the activation of secondary messengers within the cell. This process is slower compared to other systems that use a primary messenger system, where the signal is directly transmitted to the brain. Additionally, the use of a second messenger system is slower than systems that rely on graded membrane potential or Na+/K+ channels for signal transduction.

Explanation

Olfactory receptor cells transduce a signal via a second messenger system, which means that the signal is not directly transmitted to the brain but instead relies on the activation of secondary messengers within the cell. This process is slower compared to other systems that use a primary messenger system, where the signal is directly transmitted to the brain. Additionally, the use of a second messenger system is slower than systems that rely on graded membrane potential or Na+/K+ channels for signal transduction.

28. The thalamus is the major source of sensory information to the primary sensory cortex for all senses

True

False

the olfactory pathway does not have a direct connection to the thalamus,. the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus collects information from the olfactory cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus and projects information back to the parahippocampal gyrus

Explanation

the olfactory pathway does not have a direct connection to the thalamus,. the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus collects information from the olfactory cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus and projects information back to the parahippocampal gyrus

29. The ventroposterior lateral nucleus receives information from the ______________, the ventroposterior medial nucleus receives information from the____________

Body, head

Head, body

Body, body

Head, head

The ventroposterior lateral nucleus receives information from the body, while the ventroposterior medial nucleus receives information from the head.

Explanation

The ventroposterior lateral nucleus receives information from the body, while the ventroposterior medial nucleus receives information from the head.

30. In the cochlea; hair cells near the base are specialized for _________________, while hair cells near the apex are specialized for _____________________

High frequencies; low frequencies

Low frequencies; high frequencies

High amplitudes; low amplitudes

Low amplitudes; high amplitudes

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The hair cells within the cochlea play a crucial role in this process. Hair cells near the base of the cochlea are specialized for detecting high-frequency sounds, as they respond best to rapid vibrations. On the other hand, hair cells near the apex of the cochlea are specialized for detecting low-frequency sounds, as they respond better to slower vibrations. Therefore, the correct answer is high frequencies; low frequencies.

Explanation

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The hair cells within the cochlea play a crucial role in this process. Hair cells near the base of the cochlea are specialized for detecting high-frequency sounds, as they respond best to rapid vibrations. On the other hand, hair cells near the apex of the cochlea are specialized for detecting low-frequency sounds, as they respond better to slower vibrations. Therefore, the correct answer is high frequencies; low frequencies.

31. Match the following tastes with the chemicals that are responsible

sour

bitter

sweet

salty

Submit

32. Which of the following taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of an H+ ion to a leaky K+ channel, closing it. leading to depolarization of the receptor cell

Sour

Sweet

Salty

Bitter

Sour taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of an H+ ion to a leaky K+ channel, closing it. This closure of the K+ channel leads to depolarization of the receptor cell.

Explanation

Sour taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of an H+ ion to a leaky K+ channel, closing it. This closure of the K+ channel leads to depolarization of the receptor cell.

33. The cerebellum needs proprioceptive input from the body to produce

Smooth , voluntary muscular movements

Fast muscular movements

Reflex movements

Involuntary movements

without information to the cerebellum, muscle movements would be erratic and "not smooth"

Explanation

without information to the cerebellum, muscle movements would be erratic and "not smooth"

34. Match the following tracts with the appropriate input

spinocerebellar tract

cuneocerebellar tract

Submit

35. In the spinothalamic pathway decussation occurs ________________. in the medial lemiscus pathway, decussation occurs ____________

At vertebral level of stimulus, in the medulla

In the medulla, at the vertebral level of the stimulus

In the medulla, in the medulla

In the brain, in the spinal cord

In the spinothalamic pathway, decussation occurs at the vertebral level of the stimulus, in the medulla. This means that the nerve fibers carrying sensory information from the opposite side of the body cross over to the other side of the spinal cord at the same level where the stimulus is received. Once the fibers reach the medulla, they continue to ascend towards the brain for further processing. This pattern of decussation allows for the integration of sensory information from both sides of the body in the brain.

Explanation

In the spinothalamic pathway, decussation occurs at the vertebral level of the stimulus, in the medulla. This means that the nerve fibers carrying sensory information from the opposite side of the body cross over to the other side of the spinal cord at the same level where the stimulus is received. Once the fibers reach the medulla, they continue to ascend towards the brain for further processing. This pattern of decussation allows for the integration of sensory information from both sides of the body in the brain.

36. Match the following neuron order in the perceptual olfactory pathway with the appropriate description (which order of neuron)

CN I fascicles penetrate the cribriform plate and synapse with mitral cells

mitral cells send information into the lateral and medial olfactory tracts and synapses on the parahippocampal gyrus (brodmanns # 28)

there are only 2 neurons in the perceptual pathway of olfaction
connections are made to the hypothalamus, limbic system, and septal area of the thalamus (NO DIRECT CONNECTION TO THE THALAMUS)

Explanation

there are only 2 neurons in the perceptual pathway of olfaction
connections are made to the hypothalamus, limbic system, and septal area of the thalamus (NO DIRECT CONNECTION TO THE THALAMUS)

Submit

37. Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of the sensory olfactory system

Information is sent to the cortex first then the thalamus

Receptor cell is a neuron

Only two cell in the pathway

Information is sent to the thalamus first, then the cortex

The correct answer is "information is sent to the thalamus first, then the cortex." This is not a unique characteristic of the sensory olfactory system. In most sensory systems, including the olfactory system, information is first sent to the thalamus and then to the cortex. This is known as the thalamocortical pathway. Therefore, this characteristic is not unique to the olfactory system.

Explanation

The correct answer is "information is sent to the thalamus first, then the cortex." This is not a unique characteristic of the sensory olfactory system. In most sensory systems, including the olfactory system, information is first sent to the thalamus and then to the cortex. This is known as the thalamocortical pathway. Therefore, this characteristic is not unique to the olfactory system.

38. Muscle spindles sense ___________________, and contain group ___________ fibers

Stretch, Ia and II

Tension, Ia and II

Stretch, II and III

Tension, II and III

Muscle spindles are sensory receptors located within muscles that detect changes in muscle length or stretch. They contain two types of nerve fibers, Ia and II, which transmit information about muscle stretch to the central nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is "stretch, Ia and II."

Explanation

Muscle spindles are sensory receptors located within muscles that detect changes in muscle length or stretch. They contain two types of nerve fibers, Ia and II, which transmit information about muscle stretch to the central nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is "stretch, Ia and II."

39. In the cochlea; scala tympani is filled with ________________, scala media is filled with ______________, and scala media is filled with __________________

Perilymph, endolymph, perilymph

Endolymph, perilymph, endolymph

Endolymph, perilymph, perilymph

Perilymph, perilymph, endolymph

In the cochlea, the scala tympani is filled with perilymph, which is a fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid. The scala media is filled with endolymph, a fluid rich in potassium ions. Lastly, the scala vestibuli is filled with perilymph, which helps transmit sound vibrations through the cochlea.

Explanation

In the cochlea, the scala tympani is filled with perilymph, which is a fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid. The scala media is filled with endolymph, a fluid rich in potassium ions. Lastly, the scala vestibuli is filled with perilymph, which helps transmit sound vibrations through the cochlea.

40. In the cochlea, movement of the hairs in the tectorial membrane opens ________________ channels leading to depolarization of the hair cell

K+

Na+

Ca2+

Cl-

In the cochlea, movement of the hairs in the tectorial membrane opens potassium (K+) channels leading to depolarization of the hair cell. These K+ channels are responsible for allowing the flow of positively charged potassium ions into the hair cell, which leads to depolarization and the generation of an electrical signal. This signal is then transmitted to the brain for further processing and interpretation of sound.

Explanation

In the cochlea, movement of the hairs in the tectorial membrane opens potassium (K+) channels leading to depolarization of the hair cell. These K+ channels are responsible for allowing the flow of positively charged potassium ions into the hair cell, which leads to depolarization and the generation of an electrical signal. This signal is then transmitted to the brain for further processing and interpretation of sound.

41. Damage to the vestibulo-cerebellar pathway can result in which of the following ocular motility dysfunctions

Nystagmus

Cranial nerve palsy

Exotropia

Levator dehiscence

Damage to the vestibulo-cerebellar pathway can result in nystagmus. The vestibulo-cerebellar pathway is responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating eye movements. Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes and can occur when there is a disruption in the normal functioning of this pathway. This disruption can lead to abnormal eye movements, including horizontal, vertical, or rotary nystagmus.

Explanation

Damage to the vestibulo-cerebellar pathway can result in nystagmus. The vestibulo-cerebellar pathway is responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating eye movements. Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes and can occur when there is a disruption in the normal functioning of this pathway. This disruption can lead to abnormal eye movements, including horizontal, vertical, or rotary nystagmus.

42. Which of the following is the correct order for the taste pathway beginning at the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Chorda Tympani --> CN VII --> solitary nucleus --> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of parietal cortex broadmann's #3,1,2

Chorda tympani --> CN XI --> solitary nucleus --> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of parietal cortex broadmann's #3,1,2

Chorda tympani --> CN X --> solitary nucleus --> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of parietal cortex broadmann's #3,1,2

Geniculate ganglion --> CN VII --> solitary nucleus--> VPM of thalamus --> lateral surface of parietal cortex broadmann's #3,1,2

The correct answer is Chorda Tympani -> CN VII -> solitary nucleus -> VPM of thalamus -> lateral surface of parietal cortex Broadmann's #3,1,2. This pathway begins with the Chorda Tympani nerve, which is a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), carrying taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The taste information then travels to the solitary nucleus, a structure in the brainstem, before being relayed to the VPM (ventral posteromedial) nucleus of the thalamus. Finally, the taste information is transmitted to the lateral surface of the parietal cortex, specifically the areas known as Broadmann's #3,1,2, where taste perception occurs.

Explanation

The correct answer is Chorda Tympani -> CN VII -> solitary nucleus -> VPM of thalamus -> lateral surface of parietal cortex Broadmann's #3,1,2. This pathway begins with the Chorda Tympani nerve, which is a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), carrying taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The taste information then travels to the solitary nucleus, a structure in the brainstem, before being relayed to the VPM (ventral posteromedial) nucleus of the thalamus. Finally, the taste information is transmitted to the lateral surface of the parietal cortex, specifically the areas known as Broadmann's #3,1,2, where taste perception occurs.

43. What are 2 representative characteristics that you see in the receptors responsible for fine descrimative touch (choose 2)

Small in size

Found near the surface of the skin

Found deep in the dermis

Found on the surface

Large in size

The receptors responsible for fine discriminative touch are small in size and found near the surface of the skin. This allows them to detect subtle changes in touch and provide detailed sensory information. Receptors that are deep in the dermis or on the surface may not be as sensitive to fine touch or may detect different types of stimuli. Additionally, large receptors are typically associated with detecting pressure or vibration rather than fine touch.

Explanation

The receptors responsible for fine discriminative touch are small in size and found near the surface of the skin. This allows them to detect subtle changes in touch and provide detailed sensory information. Receptors that are deep in the dermis or on the surface may not be as sensitive to fine touch or may detect different types of stimuli. Additionally, large receptors are typically associated with detecting pressure or vibration rather than fine touch.

Submit

44. In the presence of a loud noise, hair cells that respond to ________________________ are damaged first

High frequencies

Low frequencies

High amplitudes

Low amplitudes

In the presence of a loud noise, hair cells that respond to high frequencies are damaged first. This is because high frequencies have a shorter wavelength and higher energy compared to low frequencies. When exposed to a loud noise, the high-frequency vibrations cause more intense and rapid movement of the hair cells, leading to their damage. Low frequencies, on the other hand, have longer wavelengths and lower energy, resulting in less damage to the hair cells. High amplitudes and low amplitudes refer to the intensity or loudness of the sound, which can affect the overall damage to the hair cells but do not specifically target high-frequency hair cells.

Explanation

In the presence of a loud noise, hair cells that respond to high frequencies are damaged first. This is because high frequencies have a shorter wavelength and higher energy compared to low frequencies. When exposed to a loud noise, the high-frequency vibrations cause more intense and rapid movement of the hair cells, leading to their damage. Low frequencies, on the other hand, have longer wavelengths and lower energy, resulting in less damage to the hair cells. High amplitudes and low amplitudes refer to the intensity or loudness of the sound, which can affect the overall damage to the hair cells but do not specifically target high-frequency hair cells.

45. Select the 3 cell types found WITHIN a taste bud

Receptor cell

Supporting cells

Basal cells

Wing cells

Stem cells

Neuronal cells

the taste bud contains 3 cell types
basal cells - proliferating
supporting cells - hold everything in place
receptor cells - functional unit
the receptor cell does have connections to the dendrites of a nerve cell but the neuron is not WITHIN the taste bud

Explanation

the taste bud contains 3 cell types
basal cells - proliferating
supporting cells - hold everything in place
receptor cells - functional unit
the receptor cell does have connections to the dendrites of a nerve cell but the neuron is not WITHIN the taste bud

Submit

46. Thresholds for touch and temperature are very _____________, thresholds for pain are very __________

Low, high

High, low

Low, low

High, high

we are quite sensitive to touch thus our thresholds are low (same for temp), however we are not very sensitive to pain thus thresholds are high

Explanation

we are quite sensitive to touch thus our thresholds are low (same for temp), however we are not very sensitive to pain thus thresholds are high

47. Regarding pain and temperature; all information from the free nerve endings must pass through the _____________ prior to synapse in the spinal cord

Dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root ganglion

Spinothalamic tract

Trigeminothalamic tract

the cell body of the free nerve endings is the dorsal root ganglion, information must pass through the cell body

Explanation

the cell body of the free nerve endings is the dorsal root ganglion, information must pass through the cell body

48. In the auditory pathway, bilateral cochlear nuclear project axons to the inferior colliculus through the

Lateral lemniscus

Medial lemniscus

Spinocerebellar tract

Cuneovestibular tract

In the auditory pathway, the bilateral cochlear nuclear project axons to the inferior colliculus through the lateral lemniscus. The lateral lemniscus is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries auditory information from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. It plays a crucial role in the processing and transmission of sound signals in the brain. The other options listed, such as the medial lemniscus, spinocerebellar tract, and cuneovestibular tract, are not directly involved in the auditory pathway and do not carry auditory information.

Explanation

In the auditory pathway, the bilateral cochlear nuclear project axons to the inferior colliculus through the lateral lemniscus. The lateral lemniscus is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries auditory information from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. It plays a crucial role in the processing and transmission of sound signals in the brain. The other options listed, such as the medial lemniscus, spinocerebellar tract, and cuneovestibular tract, are not directly involved in the auditory pathway and do not carry auditory information.

49. Regarding the utricle and saccule; reverse movement sensed by the otolitic membrane-embedded hair cells leads to___________

Hyperpolarization and reduced number of action potentials

Depolarization and increase in the number of action potentials

Hyperpolarization and increased number of action potentials

Depolarization and decreased numbed of action potentials

When the otolithic membrane-embedded hair cells in the utricle and saccule sense reverse movement, it leads to hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization is a decrease in the cell's membrane potential, making it more negative. This change in membrane potential reduces the likelihood of the hair cells generating action potentials, resulting in a reduced number of action potentials being produced.

Explanation

When the otolithic membrane-embedded hair cells in the utricle and saccule sense reverse movement, it leads to hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization is a decrease in the cell's membrane potential, making it more negative. This change in membrane potential reduces the likelihood of the hair cells generating action potentials, resulting in a reduced number of action potentials being produced.

50. Which of the following are the class of primary afferent nerves in the taste pathway?

III

IV

II

Ia

Ib

group III nerves are small myelinated nerves... slow conduction (but faster than IV)

Explanation

group III nerves are small myelinated nerves... slow conduction (but faster than IV)

51. True or false? in the temperature and pain perception pathway; there is a specific range of temperatures that excite specific receptors for all areas of temperature, thus no areas of overlap

True

False

there are areas of overlap in temperature sensation. which is why we are very sensitive to temperature changes thats what dr Khankan said, i couldnt make it make sense

Explanation

there are areas of overlap in temperature sensation. which is why we are very sensitive to temperature changes thats what dr Khankan said, i couldnt make it make sense

52. In terms of sound energy, for every 3 decibels of change, the energy of that sound

Stays the same

Doubles

Triples

Quadruples

In terms of sound energy, the relationship between decibels and energy is logarithmic. For every 3 decibels of change, the energy of the sound doubles. This means that if the decibel level increases by 3, the sound energy will double. Similarly, if the decibel level decreases by 3, the sound energy will be halved. Therefore, the correct answer is doubles.

Explanation

In terms of sound energy, the relationship between decibels and energy is logarithmic. For every 3 decibels of change, the energy of the sound doubles. This means that if the decibel level increases by 3, the sound energy will double. Similarly, if the decibel level decreases by 3, the sound energy will be halved. Therefore, the correct answer is doubles.

53. The middle ear increases the amplitude of a sound wave by a total of ___________, the lever action of the ossicular bone contribute to _________________, and the high amount of energy produced by the tympanic membrane and concentrated on the oval window accounts for ________________

22x, 1.3x, 17x

47.5x, 2.5x, 19x

1.3x, 22x, 17x

17x, 1.3x 19x

The middle ear increases the amplitude of a sound wave by a total of 22x, meaning it amplifies the sound wave by a factor of 22. The lever action of the ossicular bone contributes to a further amplification of 1.3x. The high amount of energy produced by the tympanic membrane and concentrated on the oval window accounts for an additional amplification of 17x.

Explanation

The middle ear increases the amplitude of a sound wave by a total of 22x, meaning it amplifies the sound wave by a factor of 22. The lever action of the ossicular bone contributes to a further amplification of 1.3x. The high amount of energy produced by the tympanic membrane and concentrated on the oval window accounts for an additional amplification of 17x.

54. Unrolled, the human cochlea is approximately ___________ long

35mm

35cm

3mm

13mm

The human cochlea, when unrolled, is approximately 35mm long. This is the correct answer because the cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. When unrolled, it resembles a tube-like structure, and its length is approximately 35mm.

Explanation

The human cochlea, when unrolled, is approximately 35mm long. This is the correct answer because the cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. When unrolled, it resembles a tube-like structure, and its length is approximately 35mm.

55. Match the following hair cell locations

tectorial membrane

otolithic membrane

cupula

Submit

56. Match the following afferent nerve classes with the appropriate description

Group III

group IV

group II

Group Ia

group Ib

Submit

57. The area of the human olfactory epithelium is ~ ___________________ mm²

50

5

100

10

this question is asking about mm.... not cm like what was presented in lecture

Explanation

this question is asking about mm.... not cm like what was presented in lecture

58. Regarding the spinothalamic tract: after decussation in the spinal cord information from the leg will ascend through the ____________________ side of the spinothalamic tract

Anterolateral

Anteromedial

Dorsomedial

Dorsolateral

After decussation in the spinal cord, information from the leg will ascend through the anterolateral side of the spinothalamic tract. The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and crude touch sensations from the body to the brain. It consists of two parts: the lateral spinothalamic tract and the anterior spinothalamic tract. The lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature sensations, while the anterior spinothalamic tract carries crude touch sensations. The anterolateral side of the spinothalamic tract specifically refers to the lateral spinothalamic tract, where information from the leg is transmitted.

Explanation

After decussation in the spinal cord, information from the leg will ascend through the anterolateral side of the spinothalamic tract. The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and crude touch sensations from the body to the brain. It consists of two parts: the lateral spinothalamic tract and the anterior spinothalamic tract. The lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature sensations, while the anterior spinothalamic tract carries crude touch sensations. The anterolateral side of the spinothalamic tract specifically refers to the lateral spinothalamic tract, where information from the leg is transmitted.

59. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the spinocerebellar tract

Proprioceptive info from the right leg --> right clarke's nucleus --> right spinocerebellar tract --> vermis of cerebellum

Proprioceptive info from the right leg --> left clarke's nucleus --> left spinocerebellar tract --> vermis of cerebellum

Proprioceptive info from the right leg --> right clarke's nucleus --> left spinocerebellar tract --> vermis of cerebellum

Proprioceptive info from the left leg --> right clarke's nucleus --> right spinocerebellar tract --> vermis of cerebellum

the spinocerebellar tract is unique in 2 ways #1) there are only 2 cells in the pathway, #2) the information remains ipsilateral

Explanation

the spinocerebellar tract is unique in 2 ways #1) there are only 2 cells in the pathway, #2) the information remains ipsilateral

60. What is the tonic discharge of a hair cell in the vestibular apparatus

200 impulses/sec

20 impulses/sec

2,000 impulses/sec

800 impulses/sec

The tonic discharge of a hair cell in the vestibular apparatus refers to the continuous firing rate of action potentials from the hair cell to the brain. This firing rate provides information about the position and movement of the head. A tonic discharge of 200 impulses/sec suggests that the hair cell is continuously sending signals to the brain at a rate of 200 action potentials per second. This firing rate is important for maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

Explanation

The tonic discharge of a hair cell in the vestibular apparatus refers to the continuous firing rate of action potentials from the hair cell to the brain. This firing rate provides information about the position and movement of the head. A tonic discharge of 200 impulses/sec suggests that the hair cell is continuously sending signals to the brain at a rate of 200 action potentials per second. This firing rate is important for maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

61. Match the following type of adaptation with the appropriate description

fast adapting

slow adapting

Submit

62. The cells within a taste bud are replaced about every _______________

10 days

10 months

10 hours

10 years

10 minutes

The cells within a taste bud are replaced about every 10 days. This is because taste buds are constantly being worn down and damaged by chewing and the chemicals in food. In order to maintain their function, taste buds need to regenerate and replace old cells with new ones. This turnover process ensures that taste buds remain sensitive to different flavors and can continue to send signals to the brain about the taste of food.

Explanation

The cells within a taste bud are replaced about every 10 days. This is because taste buds are constantly being worn down and damaged by chewing and the chemicals in food. In order to maintain their function, taste buds need to regenerate and replace old cells with new ones. This turnover process ensures that taste buds remain sensitive to different flavors and can continue to send signals to the brain about the taste of food.

63. True or false? the receptor cells of the olfactory system are incapable of generating an action potential

True

False

this is one of the "unique" characteristics of olfactory receptor neurons, they are neurons, they are capable of generating APs
this is different from taste receptors which have changes in membrane potential

Explanation

this is one of the "unique" characteristics of olfactory receptor neurons, they are neurons, they are capable of generating APs
this is different from taste receptors which have changes in membrane potential

64. Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cuneocerebellar tract

Proprioceptive information from the right arm ---> right cuneate fasciculus ---> right lateral cuneate nucleus ---> vermis of the cerebellum

Proprioceptive information from the left arm ---> right cuneate fasciculus ---> right lateral cuneate nucleus ---> vermis of the cerebellum

Proprioceptive information from the right arm ---> left cuneate fasciculus ---> left lateral cuneate nucleus ---> vermis of the cerebellum

Proprioceptive information from the right arm ---> right cuneate fasciculus ---> left lateral cuneate nucleus ---> vermis of the cerebellum

information in the cuneocerebellar tract (like the spinocerebellar tract) remains unilateral, and only has two cells in the pathway, the differentiating factor is that the 1st synapse is in the brainstem.

Explanation

information in the cuneocerebellar tract (like the spinocerebellar tract) remains unilateral, and only has two cells in the pathway, the differentiating factor is that the 1st synapse is in the brainstem.

65. In the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers remain ipsilateral until just after the ______________ , then they decussate

Medulla

Spinal cord

Pons

Thalamus

In the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers remain ipsilateral (on the same side) until just after the medulla, where they decussate (cross over to the opposite side). This crossing over allows for the contralateral (opposite side) control of motor function.

Explanation

In the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers remain ipsilateral (on the same side) until just after the medulla, where they decussate (cross over to the opposite side). This crossing over allows for the contralateral (opposite side) control of motor function.

66. In the auditory cortex, low frequency sounds are processed more _____________, and high frequency sounds are processed more __________

Anteriorly, posteriorly

Posteriorly, anteriorly

Medially, laterally

Laterally, medially

In the auditory cortex, low frequency sounds are processed more anteriorly, and high frequency sounds are processed more posteriorly. This means that the neurons in the front part of the auditory cortex are more responsive to low frequency sounds, while the neurons in the back part of the auditory cortex are more responsive to high frequency sounds. This organization allows for efficient processing of different frequencies and helps in distinguishing various sound sources and frequencies.

Explanation

In the auditory cortex, low frequency sounds are processed more anteriorly, and high frequency sounds are processed more posteriorly. This means that the neurons in the front part of the auditory cortex are more responsive to low frequency sounds, while the neurons in the back part of the auditory cortex are more responsive to high frequency sounds. This organization allows for efficient processing of different frequencies and helps in distinguishing various sound sources and frequencies.

67. Approximately how many taste buds are found in the oral/buccal cavity?

~5,000

~ 500

~50,000

2

There are approximately 5,000 taste buds found in the oral/buccal cavity. Taste buds are small sensory organs located on the tongue and other parts of the mouth that allow us to perceive different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. These taste buds contain specialized cells that send signals to the brain, allowing us to experience the sensation of taste.

Explanation

There are approximately 5,000 taste buds found in the oral/buccal cavity. Taste buds are small sensory organs located on the tongue and other parts of the mouth that allow us to perceive different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. These taste buds contain specialized cells that send signals to the brain, allowing us to experience the sensation of taste.

68. Which of the following is the correct transduction mechanism by which nociceptors are depolarized

Tissue damage releases intracellular contents (K+) which depolarizes the nociceptor

Adjacent cell actively release K+. influx of K+ on nociceptors cause depolarization

It happens by wizard magic

Tissue damage releases intracellular contents, specifically potassium ions (K+), which depolarizes the nociceptor. This is the correct transduction mechanism for the depolarization of nociceptors. When tissue damage occurs, intracellular contents, including potassium ions, are released into the extracellular space. The influx of potassium ions onto the nociceptor causes depolarization, leading to the generation of an action potential and the perception of pain.

Explanation

Tissue damage releases intracellular contents, specifically potassium ions (K+), which depolarizes the nociceptor. This is the correct transduction mechanism for the depolarization of nociceptors. When tissue damage occurs, intracellular contents, including potassium ions, are released into the extracellular space. The influx of potassium ions onto the nociceptor causes depolarization, leading to the generation of an action potential and the perception of pain.

69. Regarding the spinothalamic tract; the first synapse is at the _________________. after decussation the second synapse is at the_________________, the final synapse is at the ___________________ (select all that apply)

Substantia gelatinosa, VPL, brodmann #3,1,2

Dorsal funicular gray, VPL, brodmann's # 3,1,2

DRG, dorsal funicular gray, VPL

Substantia gelatinosa, post central gyrus, VPL

Dorsal funicular gray, post central gyrus, VPL

pain and temp information can be sent to the dorsal funicular gray OR the substantia gleatinosa
the substantia gelatinosa is the primary pathway for pain, temp and light touch, the dorsal funicular gray is the primary pathway for mechanical and temp sensation

Explanation

pain and temp information can be sent to the dorsal funicular gray OR the substantia gleatinosa
the substantia gelatinosa is the primary pathway for pain, temp and light touch, the dorsal funicular gray is the primary pathway for mechanical and temp sensation

Submit

70. What is the primary function of the basal ganglia

Stores whole patterns of movement,

Major player in reflexive movement

Stores proprioceptive information

Stores reflexive movement

The primary function of the basal ganglia is to store whole patterns of movement. This means that it plays a crucial role in coordinating and controlling complex motor movements. The basal ganglia receives information from various parts of the brain and helps in the planning, initiation, and execution of movements. It also helps in the regulation of muscle tone and coordination of different muscle groups. By storing patterns of movement, the basal ganglia allows for smooth and coordinated movements to occur.

Explanation

The primary function of the basal ganglia is to store whole patterns of movement. This means that it plays a crucial role in coordinating and controlling complex motor movements. The basal ganglia receives information from various parts of the brain and helps in the planning, initiation, and execution of movements. It also helps in the regulation of muscle tone and coordination of different muscle groups. By storing patterns of movement, the basal ganglia allows for smooth and coordinated movements to occur.

71. In a single cochlea the inner hair cells are organized into a single row of _____________ hair cells, while the outer hair cells are organized in 3-5 rows of ______________ hair cells

3,500; 20,000

20,000; 3,500

30; 200

350,000; 20;000

In a single cochlea, the inner hair cells are organized into a single row of 3,500 hair cells, while the outer hair cells are organized in 3-5 rows of 20,000 hair cells.

Explanation

In a single cochlea, the inner hair cells are organized into a single row of 3,500 hair cells, while the outer hair cells are organized in 3-5 rows of 20,000 hair cells.

72. For a low frequency of 500Hz, the spiral ganglia with produce ______________ action potentials per second

500

1,000

5,000

5

for low frequencies [ frequency = cycles/sec,
spiral ganglia will match APs/sec

Explanation

for low frequencies [ frequency = cycles/sec,
spiral ganglia will match APs/sec

73. Which of the following tracts is important for the voluntary control of eye movements

Vestibulo-cerebellar

Vestibulo-ocular

Vestibulo-spinal

Vestibulo-rectus

The vestibulo-cerebellar tract is important for the voluntary control of eye movements. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating and fine-tuning motor movements, including eye movements. The vestibulo-cerebellar tract connects the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem with the cerebellum, allowing for the integration of information from the vestibular system (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) with the cerebellum's motor control functions. This integration enables precise and coordinated eye movements, essential for visual tracking, fixation, and scanning.

Explanation

The vestibulo-cerebellar tract is important for the voluntary control of eye movements. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating and fine-tuning motor movements, including eye movements. The vestibulo-cerebellar tract connects the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem with the cerebellum, allowing for the integration of information from the vestibular system (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) with the cerebellum's motor control functions. This integration enables precise and coordinated eye movements, essential for visual tracking, fixation, and scanning.

74. The anterior corticospinal tract remains ipsilateral until___________________ where it decussates

Level of vertebrae in which muscle contraction happens

Beginning of spinal cord

End of cervical vertebrae

Im tired

The correct answer is "level of vertebrae in which muscle contraction happens." The anterior corticospinal tract remains ipsilateral (on the same side) until the level of vertebrae where muscle contraction occurs, at which point it decussates (crosses over) to the contralateral (opposite) side of the spinal cord. This decussation allows for the control of voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is "level of vertebrae in which muscle contraction happens." The anterior corticospinal tract remains ipsilateral (on the same side) until the level of vertebrae where muscle contraction occurs, at which point it decussates (crosses over) to the contralateral (opposite) side of the spinal cord. This decussation allows for the control of voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body.

75. Joint receptors sense ________________, and contain group ______________ fibers

Joint position, Ib and II

Joint position, II and III

Joint tension, Ib and II

Joint tension, Ia and II

The correct answer is "joint position, Ib and II". Joint receptors are sensory receptors located in the joint capsule and ligaments that sense joint position and movement. They contain group Ib and II fibers, which transmit information about joint position and movement to the central nervous system. These receptors play a crucial role in proprioception, which is the body's ability to sense the position and movement of its limbs and joints.

Explanation

The correct answer is "joint position, Ib and II". Joint receptors are sensory receptors located in the joint capsule and ligaments that sense joint position and movement. They contain group Ib and II fibers, which transmit information about joint position and movement to the central nervous system. These receptors play a crucial role in proprioception, which is the body's ability to sense the position and movement of its limbs and joints.

76. 1 decibel = ______________ log unit(s)

1/10

10

1/2

100

In acoustics, the decibel (dB) is a unit used to measure the intensity or level of sound. It is a logarithmic unit that compares the ratio of two sound intensities. The given answer, 1/10, is correct because 1 decibel is equal to 1/10 of a logarithmic unit. This means that a sound that is 1 decibel higher is equivalent to a sound that is 1/10 times more intense.

Explanation

In acoustics, the decibel (dB) is a unit used to measure the intensity or level of sound. It is a logarithmic unit that compares the ratio of two sound intensities. The given answer, 1/10, is correct because 1 decibel is equal to 1/10 of a logarithmic unit. This means that a sound that is 1 decibel higher is equivalent to a sound that is 1/10 times more intense.

77. In the vestibular apparatus; the utricle is sensitive to _________________, the saccule is sensitive to _________________

Horizontal acceleration, vertical acceleration

Vertical acceleration, horizontal acceleration

Rotational acceleration, rotational deceleration

Diagonal acceleration, circular acceleration

The vestibular apparatus is responsible for sensing and detecting changes in motion and orientation. The utricle, located in the inner ear, is sensitive to horizontal acceleration, which means it detects changes in speed or direction in a horizontal plane. On the other hand, the saccule, also located in the inner ear, is sensitive to vertical acceleration, which means it detects changes in speed or direction in a vertical plane.

Explanation

The vestibular apparatus is responsible for sensing and detecting changes in motion and orientation. The utricle, located in the inner ear, is sensitive to horizontal acceleration, which means it detects changes in speed or direction in a horizontal plane. On the other hand, the saccule, also located in the inner ear, is sensitive to vertical acceleration, which means it detects changes in speed or direction in a vertical plane.

78. Which of the following statements regarding the taste pathway is FALSE

CNVII, CNIX, and CNX are primary afferents that synapse at the solitary nucleus

The parabrachial tract relays the third-order fiber that synapses on the lateral aspect of the parietal cortex

Brodmann's area 3,1, and 2 receive synaptic innervation from the VPM of the thalamus

The taste reflex arc from the solitary tract can be in response to a NaCl stimulus

The solitary nucleus is located anteriorly to the cerebellum

The statement that the parabrachial tract relays the third-order fiber that synapses on the lateral aspect of the parietal cortex is false. The parabrachial tract actually relays the second-order fiber from the solitary nucleus to the ventroposteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus. From there, the third-order fiber projects to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula, not the parietal cortex.

Explanation

The statement that the parabrachial tract relays the third-order fiber that synapses on the lateral aspect of the parietal cortex is false. The parabrachial tract actually relays the second-order fiber from the solitary nucleus to the ventroposteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus. From there, the third-order fiber projects to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula, not the parietal cortex.

79. Which of the following taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of a substance to a receptor, activating its 2nd messenger system and ultimately PRODUCES cAMP. this results in the closing of K+ channels and receptor depolarization

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Salty

Sweet taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of a substance to a receptor, activating its 2nd messenger system, which in turn produces cAMP. This leads to the closing of K+ channels and depolarization of the receptor. Therefore, the correct answer is sweet.

Explanation

Sweet taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of a substance to a receptor, activating its 2nd messenger system, which in turn produces cAMP. This leads to the closing of K+ channels and depolarization of the receptor. Therefore, the correct answer is sweet.

80. The taste pathway has an addition branch to the _______________ and _______________ which provides input on pleasure/pain, hunger/thirst/satiety centers

Hypothalamus; amygdala

Hypothalamus; thalamus

Hypothalamus; limbic system

Wernicke's area; broca's area

the amygdala is PART of the limbic system, that is why i made limbic system incorrect

Explanation

the amygdala is PART of the limbic system, that is why i made limbic system incorrect

81. Regarding the tactile and proprioceptive pathways for the face: match the following with the appropriate description

primary afferents synapse in the;

second order fibers split (some decussate some do not) and join the:

second order fibers synapse in the

3rd order fibers ascend to and synapse in the

Submit

82. What is the surface area of the tympanic membrane

55mm2

55mm

5mm2

550mm2

The surface area of the tympanic membrane is 55mm2. This means that the total area of the membrane is 55 square millimeters.

Explanation

The surface area of the tympanic membrane is 55mm2. This means that the total area of the membrane is 55 square millimeters.

83. true or false? the cerebellum participates in perceptual output

True

False

the cerebellum uses all the information that it receives to coordinate muscular movements

Explanation

the cerebellum uses all the information that it receives to coordinate muscular movements

84. Which of the following is NOT a function of the reticular formation in the brainstem

Overall arousal

Muscle tone

Eye movements

Autonomic control

Somatosensory

The reticular formation in the brainstem is responsible for regulating overall arousal, muscle tone, eye movements, and autonomic control. However, it is not involved in somatosensory functions. Somatosensory functions are related to the perception of touch, temperature, and pain, which are primarily processed in the somatosensory cortex of the brain. The reticular formation plays a role in maintaining consciousness and regulating various physiological functions, but it does not directly process somatosensory information.

Explanation

The reticular formation in the brainstem is responsible for regulating overall arousal, muscle tone, eye movements, and autonomic control. However, it is not involved in somatosensory functions. Somatosensory functions are related to the perception of touch, temperature, and pain, which are primarily processed in the somatosensory cortex of the brain. The reticular formation plays a role in maintaining consciousness and regulating various physiological functions, but it does not directly process somatosensory information.

85. Which of the following taste receptors initiate signal transduction by the binding of a substance to a receptor, activating its 2nd messenger system and ultimately DESTROYING cAMP, leading to the closing of K+ channels and membrane depolarization

Bitter

Sweet

Sour

Salty

Bitter taste receptors initiate signal transduction by binding a substance to a receptor, which activates its second messenger system. This activation leads to the destruction of cAMP, causing the closing of K+ channels and membrane depolarization. The bitter taste is associated with the activation of this signaling pathway.

Explanation

Bitter taste receptors initiate signal transduction by binding a substance to a receptor, which activates its second messenger system. This activation leads to the destruction of cAMP, causing the closing of K+ channels and membrane depolarization. The bitter taste is associated with the activation of this signaling pathway.

86. All specialized sensory endings of the skin have what group of afferent fibers

Group II

Group Ia

Group Ib

Group III

Group IV

Group II afferent fibers are responsible for transmitting information from specialized sensory endings in the skin. These fibers are involved in the transmission of information related to touch, pressure, and proprioception. They have a medium conduction velocity and are classified as myelinated fibers. Group II afferent fibers play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interpret sensory stimuli from the skin.

Explanation

Group II afferent fibers are responsible for transmitting information from specialized sensory endings in the skin. These fibers are involved in the transmission of information related to touch, pressure, and proprioception. They have a medium conduction velocity and are classified as myelinated fibers. Group II afferent fibers play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interpret sensory stimuli from the skin.

87. Regarding sensory pathways: Match the following locations with the appropriate contents

gracile fasciculus

cuneate fasciculus

ventral medial lemiscus

dorsal medial lemiscus

Submit

88. In terms of decibels, what is the minimum detectable difference in intensity for human

1db

10db

1/2db

0.1db

The minimum detectable difference in intensity for humans is 1db. This means that a change in intensity of at least 1 decibel is required for humans to perceive a difference in sound.

Explanation

The minimum detectable difference in intensity for humans is 1db. This means that a change in intensity of at least 1 decibel is required for humans to perceive a difference in sound.

89. Which of the following BEST describes the damage caused to the cochlea by a loud noise

Decreased hair cell organization and the formation of scar tissue

Hair cell hyperplasia resulting in scar tissue formation

Loss of hair cells

Damage to the cochlear nerve

Loud noise can cause damage to the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing. The correct answer states that the damage caused by loud noise includes decreased hair cell organization and the formation of scar tissue. Hair cells in the cochlea are essential for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound. When exposed to loud noise, these hair cells can become disorganized and even die, leading to a decrease in hearing ability. Additionally, the damage can result in the formation of scar tissue, which further impairs the function of the cochlea.

Explanation

Loud noise can cause damage to the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing. The correct answer states that the damage caused by loud noise includes decreased hair cell organization and the formation of scar tissue. Hair cells in the cochlea are essential for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound. When exposed to loud noise, these hair cells can become disorganized and even die, leading to a decrease in hearing ability. Additionally, the damage can result in the formation of scar tissue, which further impairs the function of the cochlea.

90. What is the surface area of the oval window if the cochlea

3.2mm2

32mm2

0.032mm2

0mm2

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

91. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the auditory pathway

The correct sequence of the auditory pathway is as follows: stimulated hair cells -> spiral ganglia -> cochlear nucleus -> dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary formation -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body -> auditory cortex (brodmann's 41,42). This sequence describes the flow of auditory information from the hair cells in the cochlea to various processing centers in the brain, ultimately leading to the perception of sound.

Explanation

The correct sequence of the auditory pathway is as follows: stimulated hair cells -> spiral ganglia -> cochlear nucleus -> dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary formation -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body -> auditory cortex (brodmann's 41,42). This sequence describes the flow of auditory information from the hair cells in the cochlea to various processing centers in the brain, ultimately leading to the perception of sound.

92. Which of the following correctly describes the function of the round window of the cochlea

Absorb sound waves once they have cycled through the cochlea

Amplify sound waves to stimulate basilar hair cells

To look funny

Acts as an exhaust system funnelling sounds waves out of the cochlea

The round window of the cochlea is responsible for absorbing sound waves once they have cycled through the cochlea. This helps to regulate the pressure within the cochlea and prevent damage to the delicate structures inside.

Explanation

The round window of the cochlea is responsible for absorbing sound waves once they have cycled through the cochlea. This helps to regulate the pressure within the cochlea and prevent damage to the delicate structures inside.

93. Which of the following nuclei are involved in taste pathways to the centers for pleasure/pain, hunger/thirst/satiety but NOT in perceptual or reflex pathways

Parabrachial nuclei

Ventro posteriormedial nucleus of thalamus

Parietal nucleus

CN VII nucleus

The parabrachial nuclei are involved in taste pathways to the centers for pleasure/pain, hunger/thirst/satiety but not in perceptual or reflex pathways. This means that these nuclei play a role in processing and transmitting signals related to taste and the emotional aspects of eating and drinking, but not in the perception of taste or in reflexive responses to taste stimuli.

Explanation

The parabrachial nuclei are involved in taste pathways to the centers for pleasure/pain, hunger/thirst/satiety but not in perceptual or reflex pathways. This means that these nuclei play a role in processing and transmitting signals related to taste and the emotional aspects of eating and drinking, but not in the perception of taste or in reflexive responses to taste stimuli.

94. Pincus domes are usually associated with which of the following

A grouping of merkel discs

A grouping of pacinian corpuscles

A grouping of meissner's corpuscles

A grouping of hair follicle endings

Pincus domes are structures found in the skin that contain a grouping of Merkel discs. Merkel discs are specialized sensory receptors that detect light touch and pressure. These discs are located in the epidermis and are responsible for transmitting tactile information to the brain. Pincus domes serve to enhance the sensitivity and efficiency of Merkel discs, allowing for a more precise perception of touch and pressure.

Explanation

Pincus domes are structures found in the skin that contain a grouping of Merkel discs. Merkel discs are specialized sensory receptors that detect light touch and pressure. These discs are located in the epidermis and are responsible for transmitting tactile information to the brain. Pincus domes serve to enhance the sensitivity and efficiency of Merkel discs, allowing for a more precise perception of touch and pressure.

95. Which of the following is the first synapse of the jaw jerk reflex

Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal

Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus

Trigeminal motor nucleus

for the jaw jerk reflex, when the jaw is presses down, muscle spindles in the muscles of the jaw will send information straight to the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal. the mesencephalic nucleus will then send information to the trigeminal motor nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus will then excite the masseter muscle and close the jaw.

Explanation

for the jaw jerk reflex, when the jaw is presses down, muscle spindles in the muscles of the jaw will send information straight to the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal. the mesencephalic nucleus will then send information to the trigeminal motor nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus will then excite the masseter muscle and close the jaw.

96. The pathway represented by the GOLD in this figure represents the

Ossicular reflex pathway

Vestibulo reflex pathway

Vestibilo-ocular reflex pathway

Cochlear reflex pathway

The pathway represented by the GOLD in this figure is the ossicular reflex pathway. This pathway is responsible for the reflexive contraction of the muscles in the middle ear, specifically the stapedius muscle, in response to loud sounds. This reflex helps to protect the delicate structures of the inner ear from damage caused by intense sound waves.

Explanation

The pathway represented by the GOLD in this figure is the ossicular reflex pathway. This pathway is responsible for the reflexive contraction of the muscles in the middle ear, specifically the stapedius muscle, in response to loud sounds. This reflex helps to protect the delicate structures of the inner ear from damage caused by intense sound waves.

97. This is one that i have been dreading! match the following cortices with the correct Brodmann's area(s)

primary motor cortex

secondary motor cortex

Broca's area

primary somatosensory

somatosensory association area

primary visual cortex

visual association areas

primary auditory cortex

auditory association area

Wernicke's area

how i remember some of them
primary Motor = 4 ---> we have 4 appendages (2 arms, 2 legs)
secondary motor = 6 --> just gotta know 2 higher than 4 = 6
Broca's area = 44, 45 --> this one is a stretch so hear me out--> Paul Broca was in his mid 50's when he died, he actually discovered Broca's area 10 years before he died = 44, 45, the numbers are fudged a little but hey... it makes sense
primary somatosensory = 3,1,2 --> you feel things before you move your hand away
secondary somatosensory = 5, 7 --> skip a few from primary then a few more
no idea for visual cortex
primary auditory = 41
secondary auditory =42 --> if you listen to loud music long enough by 42 you ain't gonna hear shit
Wernicke's = 22 --> half of the other name broca's

Explanation

how i remember some of them
primary Motor = 4 ---> we have 4 appendages (2 arms, 2 legs)
secondary motor = 6 --> just gotta know 2 higher than 4 = 6
Broca's area = 44, 45 --> this one is a stretch so hear me out--> Paul Broca was in his mid 50's when he died, he actually discovered Broca's area 10 years before he died = 44, 45, the numbers are fudged a little but hey... it makes sense
primary somatosensory = 3,1,2 --> you feel things before you move your hand away
secondary somatosensory = 5, 7 --> skip a few from primary then a few more
no idea for visual cortex
primary auditory = 41
secondary auditory =42 --> if you listen to loud music long enough by 42 you ain't gonna hear shit
Wernicke's = 22 --> half of the other name broca's

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98. In this figure, at a temperature of 51^oF, the subject is still experiencing pain even when the stimulus is removed. which of the following would be the best description as to why this is?

The thermoreceptor axons have very slow action potential conduction velocity

The nociceptors are continually stimulated in the absence of the stimulus

The stimulus was never removed

The brain takes extended lengths of time to process the information from the thermoreceptors

thermoreceptors have group III & IV axons, III is small and myelinated which conducts a signal at a very slow velocity, group IV are even slower due to the lack of myelination. the stimulus is stopped and the thermoreceptors immediately cease there activity, however due to the slow conduction of signal to processing centers in the brain, it takes time for the lack of signal to reach the brain, this is also why the subject doesn't feel the pain immediately (even though the thermoreceptors begin firing right away) because it takes a while for the initial signal to reach the processing centers of the brain

Explanation

thermoreceptors have group III & IV axons, III is small and myelinated which conducts a signal at a very slow velocity, group IV are even slower due to the lack of myelination. the stimulus is stopped and the thermoreceptors immediately cease there activity, however due to the slow conduction of signal to processing centers in the brain, it takes time for the lack of signal to reach the brain, this is also why the subject doesn't feel the pain immediately (even though the thermoreceptors begin firing right away) because it takes a while for the initial signal to reach the processing centers of the brain

99. In the cochlea; inner hair cells are specialized for _____________, and outer hair cells are specialized for _____________

Auditory discrimination; auditory detection

Auditory detection, auditory discrimination

High frequencies, low frequencies

Low frequencies, high frequencies

The inner hair cells in the cochlea are specialized for auditory discrimination, which means they are responsible for distinguishing different sounds and frequencies. On the other hand, the outer hair cells are specialized for auditory detection, which means they amplify and enhance the sound signals received by the inner hair cells. This division of labor allows for efficient processing of auditory information in the cochlea.

Explanation

The inner hair cells in the cochlea are specialized for auditory discrimination, which means they are responsible for distinguishing different sounds and frequencies. On the other hand, the outer hair cells are specialized for auditory detection, which means they amplify and enhance the sound signals received by the inner hair cells. This division of labor allows for efficient processing of auditory information in the cochlea.

100. What are the 3 inputs to the substantia gelatinosa that aid in controlling the magnitude of the perception of pain (select 3)

Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Brain

Dorsal root ganglion

VPL

Proprioceptors

Group Ia neurons

The substantia gelatinosa is a region in the spinal cord that plays a role in processing pain signals. Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect harmful stimuli and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord. Mechanoreceptors, on the other hand, detect mechanical stimuli such as pressure and touch. Both nociceptors and mechanoreceptors provide input to the substantia gelatinosa, allowing it to receive information about the presence and intensity of painful stimuli. The brain also contributes to the control of pain perception by modulating the signals received from the substantia gelatinosa. Therefore, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and the brain are the three inputs that aid in controlling the magnitude of the perception of pain.

Explanation

The substantia gelatinosa is a region in the spinal cord that plays a role in processing pain signals. Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect harmful stimuli and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord. Mechanoreceptors, on the other hand, detect mechanical stimuli such as pressure and touch. Both nociceptors and mechanoreceptors provide input to the substantia gelatinosa, allowing it to receive information about the presence and intensity of painful stimuli. The brain also contributes to the control of pain perception by modulating the signals received from the substantia gelatinosa. Therefore, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and the brain are the three inputs that aid in controlling the magnitude of the perception of pain.

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101. Match the following

nociceptors (dull, aching pain)

nociceptors (sharp pain)

group III thermoreceptors

group IV thermoreceptors

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102. The primary afferent neuron of the olfactory epithelium is

Group ia

Group II

Group III

Group IV

Group Ib

olfactory epithelium primary afferent neuron is a small, unmyelinated neuron (group IV) making for a slow conduction of signal
think about it.... if you put you face up to a fresh baked cookie, most people have to inhale.... wait... there is the smell
same thing for farts****

Explanation

olfactory epithelium primary afferent neuron is a small, unmyelinated neuron (group IV) making for a slow conduction of signal
think about it.... if you put you face up to a fresh baked cookie, most people have to inhale.... wait... there is the smell
same thing for farts****

103. Light "crude" touch and pressure (tickle, itch), as well as sexual stimulation, use which 2 afferent neurons groups

Group III

Group IV

Group II

Group Ia

Group Ib

Group III and group IV afferent neurons are responsible for transmitting signals related to light "crude" touch and pressure (such as tickle and itch) as well as sexual stimulation. These neurons are part of the somatosensory system and play a crucial role in relaying sensory information from the skin and other tissues to the central nervous system. Group III and group IV afferent neurons are involved in the perception of various tactile sensations and are essential for the overall sensory experience.

Explanation

Group III and group IV afferent neurons are responsible for transmitting signals related to light "crude" touch and pressure (such as tickle and itch) as well as sexual stimulation. These neurons are part of the somatosensory system and play a crucial role in relaying sensory information from the skin and other tissues to the central nervous system. Group III and group IV afferent neurons are involved in the perception of various tactile sensations and are essential for the overall sensory experience.

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104. Which of the following are found in glabrous skin (select all that apply)

Pacinian corpuscle

Meissner's corpuscle

Merkel discs

Pincus domes

Hair follicle endings

glabrous (hairless skin) contains merkel discs, pacinian corpuscles, and meissner's corpuscles
according to the diagram in the manual, pincus domes are found only in hairy skin, and hair follicle endings are only found where there is hair.

Explanation

glabrous (hairless skin) contains merkel discs, pacinian corpuscles, and meissner's corpuscles
according to the diagram in the manual, pincus domes are found only in hairy skin, and hair follicle endings are only found where there is hair.

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105. true or false? the action potential generated in the hair cells is sent to the spiral ganglion and to the cochlear nerve

True

False

hair cells do not generate action potentials

Explanation

hair cells do not generate action potentials

106. Which of the following are factors that are contributed to the final perception of taste (select all that apply)

Olfactory system

Tactile input

Limbic system

Taste bud activation

Massecation

Visual system

Motor system

our final perception of taste is a combination of the smell (olfactory), feel of food in the mouth (tactile), memories and emotions (limbic) and of course the taste bud must be activated
without taste but activation, the whole thing come crashing down
massecation is chewing, you do not necessarily need to chew in order to taste
you don't need to see what you are tasking
motor goes along with massecation --> you can paralyze your motor neurons of the face and jaw, and still perceive taste

Explanation

our final perception of taste is a combination of the smell (olfactory), feel of food in the mouth (tactile), memories and emotions (limbic) and of course the taste bud must be activated
without taste but activation, the whole thing come crashing down
massecation is chewing, you do not necessarily need to chew in order to taste
you don't need to see what you are tasking
motor goes along with massecation --> you can paralyze your motor neurons of the face and jaw, and still perceive taste

Submit

107. Which of the following types of cells account for fine, discriminative touch (select all that apply)

Merkel discs

Pincus domes

Meissner's corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

Ruffini endings

Merkel discs, pincus domes, and Meissner's corpuscles are types of cells that account for fine, discriminative touch. Merkel discs are found in the skin and are responsible for detecting light touch and texture. Pincus domes are specialized nerve endings found in the fingertips and are involved in the sensation of fine touch. Meissner's corpuscles are also found in the skin, particularly in areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet, and are responsible for detecting light touch and vibration.

Explanation

Merkel discs, pincus domes, and Meissner's corpuscles are types of cells that account for fine, discriminative touch. Merkel discs are found in the skin and are responsible for detecting light touch and texture. Pincus domes are specialized nerve endings found in the fingertips and are involved in the sensation of fine touch. Meissner's corpuscles are also found in the skin, particularly in areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet, and are responsible for detecting light touch and vibration.

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108. In one's head, there resides 2 vestibular apparatus's with 6 semicircular canals, which of the following describe the functional units of the semicircular canals

6 functional units;1.)-->[right anterior canal]2.)-->[right posterior canal]3.)-->[left anterior canal]4.)-->[left posterior canal]5.)-->[right horizontal canal]6.)-->[left horizontal canal]

The correct answer is 3 functional units; 1.)-->[right anterior canal + left posterior canal], 2.)-->[right posterior canal + left anterior canal], 3.) -->[right and left horizontal canals]. This answer correctly describes the functional units of the semicircular canals in the vestibular apparatus. The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting rotational movements of the head in different planes. There are three pairs of semicircular canals: the anterior and posterior canals on each side, and the horizontal canals on each side. The functional units described in the answer represent the combinations of these canals that work together to detect rotational movements.

Explanation

The correct answer is 3 functional units; 1.)-->[right anterior canal + left posterior canal], 2.)-->[right posterior canal + left anterior canal], 3.) -->[right and left horizontal canals]. This answer correctly describes the functional units of the semicircular canals in the vestibular apparatus. The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting rotational movements of the head in different planes. There are three pairs of semicircular canals: the anterior and posterior canals on each side, and the horizontal canals on each side. The functional units described in the answer represent the combinations of these canals that work together to detect rotational movements.