"Brain And Behavior" Exam; Are You Ready To Be A Biopsychologist?

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There are 3 types of sensory areas of cortex, namely (1) primary sensory cortex, (2) secondary sensory cortex, and (3) tertiary cortex
- True
- False

About This Quiz

Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. This field of psychology is often referred to by a variety of names including biopsychology, physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. Take this exam to evaluate your knowledge about Biosychology!

"Brain And Behavior" Exam; Are You Ready To Be A Biopsychologist? - Quiz

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2.

(A) Sensory systems are parallel systems in which information flows over multiple pathways. (B) Parallel systems feature parallel processing (simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple parallel pathways of a neural network).
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. Sensory systems are indeed parallel systems in which information flows over multiple pathways. This means that different aspects of sensory information are processed simultaneously through different neural pathways. Additionally, parallel systems feature parallel processing, which involves the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple parallel pathways of a neural network. Therefore, both statements accurately describe the nature of sensory systems and parallel processing.

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3.

(A) Sounds are vibrations of air molecules that stimulate the auditory system. (B) Amplitude is linked to perception of loudness; frequency is linked to perception of pitch; complexity of molecular vibration is linked to perception of timbre.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. A states that sounds are vibrations of air molecules that stimulate the auditory system, which is true. B states that amplitude is linked to perception of loudness, frequency is linked to perception of pitch, and complexity of molecular vibration is linked to perception of timbre, which are all correct associations. Therefore, both statements A and B are correct.

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4.

This is the mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves.
- Theory of Audition
- Fourier Analysis
- Courier Analysis
- Sine Wave Theory
Correct Answer

A. Fourier Analysis

Explanation

Fourier analysis is the mathematical procedure used to break down complex waves into their component sine waves. It is a technique that allows us to analyze and understand the different frequencies present in a complex wave. By decomposing a wave into its constituent sine waves, Fourier analysis helps in studying and interpreting various phenomena, such as sound waves in the theory of audition. It is a fundamental tool in many fields, including mathematics, physics, and engineering.

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5.

(A) Malleus: Hammer ; Incus: Anvil ; Stapes: Stirrup (B) Cochlea: Kokhlos (air snail)
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

Kokhlos means land snail

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6.

(A) The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with the Organ of Corti running almost to its tip. (B) The Organ of Corti is the auditory receptor organ and an internal structure of the cochlea.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The cochlea is indeed a long, coiled tube with the Organ of Corti running almost to its tip. The Organ of Corti is the auditory receptor organ and an internal structure of the cochlea. Therefore, both statements accurately describe the cochlea and the Organ of Corti.

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7.

(A) The auditory receptors and hair cells are mounted in the basilar membrane. (B) The auditory receptors and hair cells are mounted in the tectorial membrane.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

The tectorial membrane rests on the hair cells

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8.

(A) Vibrations of the cochlear fluid are dissipated by the round window. (B) Vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the oval window.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. In the auditory system, sound vibrations enter the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted through the ossicles, specifically the stapes, which is connected to the oval window. The vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the oval window. At the same time, the vibrations of the cochlear fluid, which are caused by the movement of the oval window, are dissipated by the round window. Therefore, both A and B are correct in describing different aspects of the transmission of sound vibrations in the ear.

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9.

(A) Most structures of the auditory system are arrayed according to frequency. (B) The organization of the auditory system is purely tonotopic.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

The auditory system is only largely tonotopic, not completely

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10.

(A) Primates' primary auditory cortex receives majority of input from the medial geniculate nucleus. (B) The primate primary auditory cortex comprises three adjacent areas which refer to the core region.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both options A and B are correct. Option A states that the primary auditory cortex in primates receives the majority of its input from the medial geniculate nucleus, which is true. Option B states that the primate primary auditory cortex consists of three adjacent areas referred to as the core region, which is also true. Therefore, both statements are correct.

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11.

(A) Most auditory neurons respond to changes in frequency rather than pitch. (B) Bondor and Wang discovered a small area interior to the primary auditory cortex that contained many neurons that responded to pitch rather than frequency.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The explanation for this answer is that most auditory neurons respond to changes in frequency rather than pitch. This means that they are more sensitive to changes in the physical properties of sound waves, such as their speed or wavelength, rather than the subjective perception of pitch. Additionally, Bondor and Wang discovered a small area interior to the primary auditory cortex that contained many neurons that responded to pitch rather than frequency. This suggests that there are specific regions in the brain that are dedicated to processing pitch information.

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12.

(A) Complete loss of hearing follows bilateral lesions, presumably from the shock of the lesion, and hearing never recovers. (B) Major permanent effects of bilateral lesions are loss of the ability to localize sound and impairment of the ability to discriminate frequencies
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Hearing recovers in the ensuing weeks. The only major permanent effects are the ones stated above.

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13.

(A) A major cause of nerve deafness is the loss of hair cell receptors. (B) If only part of the cochlea is damaged, an individual develops nerve deafness for all frequencies.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

If only part of the cochlea is damaged, an individual may have nerve deafness for SOME frequencies, but not others

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14.

(A) Merkel's disks adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation (B) Ruffini endings adapt slowly and respond to skin
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct because Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings are both types of mechanoreceptors found in the skin. Merkel's disks adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation, while Ruffini endings also adapt slowly and respond to skin stretch. Therefore, both statements accurately describe the characteristics of these two types of sensory receptors.

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15.

(A) Stimuli applied to the skin change the chemistry of the receptor. (B) Changing the permeability of the receptor cell membrane to various ions result into a neural signal.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct because stimuli applied to the skin can indeed change the chemistry of the receptor, which can then result in a neural signal. Additionally, changing the permeability of the receptor cell membrane to various ions can also result in a neural signal. Therefore, both A and B provide valid explanations for how stimuli applied to the skin can lead to a neural signal.

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16.

(A) Each tactile sensation is produced by the interaction of multiple receptor mechanisms. (B) Each type of skin receptor mediates a different tactile sensation.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

The correct answer is A is correct and B is wrong. This is because statement A states that each tactile sensation is produced by the interaction of multiple receptor mechanisms, which is supported by scientific evidence. On the other hand, statement B suggests that each type of skin receptor mediates a different tactile sensation, which is not entirely accurate. While different types of skin receptors may be specialized for detecting certain sensations, the perception of tactile sensations is a complex process involving the integration of multiple receptors and neural pathways.

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17.

(A) Destruction of a single dorsal root produces large somatosensory loss (B) Dermatomes is an area of body innervated by the dorsal roots of a segment of the spinal cord.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Only little somatosensory loss is produced when a single dorsal root is destructed

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18.

The __________ neurons that originate in the toes are the longest neurons in the human body
- Ventral column
- Posterior column
- Dorsal column
- Medial column
Correct Answer

A. Dorsal column

Explanation

The dorsal column refers to a pathway in the spinal cord that carries sensory information from the body to the brain. The neurons in the dorsal column are responsible for transmitting sensory signals from the toes to the brain. These neurons are considered the longest in the human body because they extend from the toes all the way up to the brain, allowing for the transmission of sensory information over long distances.

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19.

(A) There is no obvious cortical representation of pain because pain may activate many areas of the cortex. (B) Sensory experiences can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct.
(A) There is no obvious cortical representation of pain because pain may activate many areas of the cortex. This means that pain does not have a specific location in the brain, but rather activates multiple areas involved in sensory processing, emotion, and cognition.
(B) Sensory experiences can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors. This means that our perception of pain can be influenced by our thoughts, emotions, and attention. These factors can either enhance or suppress our experience of pain.

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20.

(A) The periaqueductal gray has anesthetic (pain-blocking) effects. (B) The brain contains areas for specialized receptors of opioid analgesic drugs.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
- Option 5
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Analgesic, not anesthetic

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21.

(A) Analgesic drugs and psychological factors might block pain through an endorphin-sensitive circuit that descends from the periaqueductal gray. (B) The output of the periaqueductal gray that excites the serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei will excite interneurons that block incoming pain signals in the dorsal horn.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The statement in option A suggests that analgesic drugs and psychological factors can block pain by activating the endorphin-sensitive circuit that descends from the periaqueductal gray. This indicates that the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers, can help alleviate pain. Option B states that the periaqueductal gray can excite serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei, which in turn stimulate interneurons that block incoming pain signals in the dorsal horn. This suggests that the periaqueductal gray plays a role in inhibiting pain signals. Therefore, both options A and B provide valid explanations for how pain can be blocked.

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22.

(A) Neuropathic pain is severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus. It typically develops after an injury. (B) Signals from aberrant microglia are said to trigger hyperactivity in neural pain pathways.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct.

(A) Neuropathic pain is indeed severe chronic pain that occurs in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus. It is commonly associated with nerve damage or dysfunction, and it often develops after an injury.

(B) Aberrant microglia, which are a type of immune cell in the central nervous system, have been implicated in triggering hyperactivity in neural pain pathways. This can contribute to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.

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23.

(A) Chemical senses' function is to monitor the chemical senses of the body. (B) Olfaction and vision are chemical senses.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are wrong

Explanation

Chemical senses monitor the chemical content of the environment. Olfaction and gustation are chemical senses.

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24.

(A) Olfactory receptor cells are located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of olfactory mucosa. (B) Each olfactory receptor cell contains only one type of receptor protein molecules.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct.

(A) Olfactory receptor cells are indeed located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of olfactory mucosa. This location allows these cells to come into contact with odor molecules in the air that we breathe.
(B) Each olfactory receptor cell contains only one type of receptor protein molecules. This specificity allows different odor molecules to bind to specific receptors, which then send signals to the brain for interpretation.

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25.

(A) Each odor seems to be encoded by component processing (by pattern of activity across receptor types). (B) Olfactory glomeruli are clusters of neurons where axons of olfactory receptors terminate.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct.

(A) Each odor seems to be encoded by component processing, which means that the pattern of activity across different types of olfactory receptors determines how the odor is perceived. This suggests that different combinations of receptor types are activated by different odors, leading to the perception of different smells.

(B) Olfactory glomeruli are indeed clusters of neurons where the axons of olfactory receptors terminate. These glomeruli are responsible for processing and integrating the signals from the olfactory receptors, allowing for further processing and interpretation of odors in the brain.

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26.

(A) There is mirror symmetry between the left and right olfactory bulbs. (B) The olfactory bulbs are organized topographically.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The statement in option A suggests that there is mirror symmetry between the left and right olfactory bulbs, meaning that they are arranged in a symmetrical manner. Option B states that the olfactory bulbs are organized topographically, meaning that they are arranged in a systematic and spatially ordered manner. Both of these statements are true and provide accurate explanations for the organization of the olfactory bulbs.

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27.

(A) The piriform cortex is considered to be the secondary olfactory cortex (B) The olfactory system is the only sensory system whose major sensory pathway reaches the cerebral cortex without first passing through the thalamus.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Piriform cortex is considered primary olfactory cortex

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28.

(A) Partial ageusia is limited to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue on one side. (B) Selective attention is the process of consciously perceiving a small subset of many stimuli at one time and largely ignoring the rest.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct.
(A) Partial ageusia refers to a partial loss of taste sensation. It is limited to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue on one side, meaning that only a specific portion of the tongue on one side is affected.
(B) Selective attention is the cognitive process of consciously focusing on a specific subset of stimuli while ignoring others. It involves perceiving a small subset of many stimuli at one time and largely ignoring the rest.

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29.

(A) Endogenous attention by internal cognitive processes mediates top-down neural mechanisms. (B) Exogenous attention by external events mediates bottom-up neural mechanisms.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The explanation is that endogenous attention refers to attention that is driven by internal cognitive processes, such as goal-directed attention or voluntary attention. This type of attention involves top-down neural mechanisms, meaning that it is guided by higher-level cognitive processes and influences the processing of sensory information. On the other hand, exogenous attention refers to attention that is driven by external events, such as a sudden loud noise or a flashing light. This type of attention involves bottom-up neural mechanisms, meaning that it is driven by the sensory input itself and influences the allocation of attention.

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30.

(A) Eye movement plays an important role in visual attention. (B) Visual attention can be shifted without shifting the direction of visual focus.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. In option A, it is stated that eye movement plays an important role in visual attention. This is true because our eyes naturally move to different areas of a scene to gather information and focus on specific objects or regions. This movement helps us allocate our attention to relevant visual stimuli. In option B, it is stated that visual attention can be shifted without shifting the direction of visual focus. This is also true because we can direct our attention to different parts of a scene without necessarily moving our eyes to that location. We can use our peripheral vision or mental imagery to shift our attention while keeping our gaze fixed.

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31.

(A) Ventral stream is more active when attending to identity. (B) Dorsal stream is more active when attending to position.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The ventral stream is responsible for processing visual information related to object recognition and identity, while the dorsal stream is responsible for processing visual information related to spatial location and motion. Therefore, when attending to the identity of an object, the ventral stream is more active, and when attending to the position of an object, the dorsal stream is more active.

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32.

(A) Push-pull mechanism is the dual mechanism of strengthening neural responses to attended-to aspects and weakening the responses to others. (B) Visual receptive fields of inferotemporal cortex neurons shrink to become little more than the size of the objects they are focusing on.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The push-pull mechanism refers to the process in which neural responses to attended aspects are strengthened while responses to other aspects are weakened. This mechanism helps in focusing attention on specific aspects while suppressing irrelevant information. On the other hand, visual receptive fields of inferotemporal cortex neurons do shrink to become smaller when focusing on objects. This allows for more precise and detailed processing of the objects being attended to.

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33.

(A) Simultanagnosia disorder of attention of attending to one object at a time. (B) Simultanagnosia is usually associated with bilateral damage to the posterior parietal cortex.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Disorder of attention of attending to more than one object at a time.

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34.

(A) The primary sensory cortex receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of a system. (B) The sensory cortex receives most of its input directly from the primary sensor cortex of a system or from other areas of secondary sensory cortex of the same system.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct because they both describe the input pathways of the sensory cortex. A states that the primary sensory cortex receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei, while B states that the sensory cortex receives input from the primary sensor cortex or other areas of secondary sensory cortex within the same system. Both statements are accurate and provide different perspectives on the input sources of the sensory cortex.

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35.

(A) The association cortex receives input from more than one sensory system. (B) Most input to areas of association cortex comes via areas of primary sensory cortex.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

Most input to areas of association cortex comes via areas of SECONDARY sensory cortex

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36.

(A) The interaction among sensory structures have three major principles that are hierarchical in nature. (B) They are hierarchical on the basis of the specificity and complexity of their function and there is a comparable difference on the damage effects to various levels; meaning, the higher the level of damage, the less specific and complex the deficit.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

The higher the level of damage, the more specific and complex the deficit

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37.

(A) Perception is the process of detecting the presence of stimuli. (B) Sensation is the higher-order processing of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of perceptions.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are wrong

Explanation

Sensation is the process of detecting stimulus presence. Perception is the higher-order processing of sensations.

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38.

(A) The organization of sensory systems are characterized by functional segregation rather than functional homogeneity; in each sensory system, there are functionally distinct areas that specialize in different features. (B) All areas of cortex at any given level of a sensory hierarchy acted together to perform the same function.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

The correct answer is A is correct and B is wrong. This is because the statement in option A is supported by research and is consistent with the current understanding of sensory systems. It states that sensory systems have specialized areas that perform different functions, indicating functional segregation. On the other hand, option B suggests that all areas of the cortex at any level of a sensory hierarchy perform the same function, which is not supported by evidence and contradicts the concept of functional specialization in sensory systems. Therefore, option A is correct and option B is incorrect.

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39.

(A) One kind of parallel stream of analysis in our sensory systems is capable of influencing behavior without conscious awareness. (B) One kind of parallel stream of analysis in our sensory systems is capable of influencing behavior by engaging conscious awareness.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct because our sensory systems have multiple parallel streams of analysis. One of these streams is capable of influencing behavior without conscious awareness, while another stream can influence behavior by engaging conscious awareness. This means that our behavior can be influenced both consciously and unconsciously through different processes in our sensory systems.

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40.

(A) Because the brain has multiple pathways, complex stimuli are perceived as combinations of independent attributes. (B) The Claustrum is an area of the brain that is said to be the potential location for binding sensory information.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Though the brain may have multiple pathways, complex stimuli are perceived as integrated wholes.

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41.

(A) Pure Tones (Sine Wave Vibrations) only exist in laboratories and sound recording studios because sound is actually always associated with simple patterns of vibrations. (B) For any pure tone, there is a close relationship between the frequency of tone and its perceived timbre.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are wrong

Explanation

In real life sound is always associated with complex patterns of vibrations. For any pure tone, there is a close relationship between the frequency of tone and its perceived pitch.

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42.

(A) An extremely important characteristic of pitch perception is that the pitch of a complex sound may be directly related to the frequency of any of the sound's components. (B) The important aspect of pitch perception is referred to as the" missing fundamental".
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

The pitch of a complex sound may NOT be directly related to the frequency of any of the sound's components

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43.

(A) A major principle of cochlear coding is that different frequencies produce minimal stimulation of hair cells at different points along the basilar membrane. (B) Higher frequencies produce greater activation closer to the windows and lower frequencies produce greater activation at the tip of the basilar membrane.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Maximal stimulation

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44.

(A) Semicircular canals are the receptive organs of the auditory system. (B) The auditory system carries information about the direction and intensity of head movements, which helps us maintain our balance.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are wrong

Explanation

Both statements are about the vestibular, not the auditory system

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45.

(A) Localization of sounds in space is mediated by the superior and inferior olives. (B) The medial and lateral superior olives project to the superior and inferior colliculus.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. B is correct and A is wrong

Explanation

Localization of sounds in space is mediated by the medial and lateral superior olives

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46.

(A) The general function of the superior colliculi is locating sources of sensory input in space. (B) The deep layers of the superior colliculi receive auditory input and are laid out according to a map of auditory space.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both A and B are correct. The superior colliculi have a general function of locating sources of sensory input in space, which means they are involved in processing sensory information and determining the location of stimuli in the environment. Additionally, the deep layers of the superior colliculi specifically receive auditory input and are organized according to a map of auditory space, further supporting the idea that they play a role in spatial processing of sensory information.

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47.

(A) The primary auditory cortex is organized in functional rows (B) All neurons encountered during the vertical microelectrode penetration of primary auditory cortex tend to respond optimally to sounds in different frequency ranges
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are wrong

Explanation

*functional columns
*neurons respond optimally to sounds in the same frequency range

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48.

(A) Auditory signals are conducted to two large areas of association cortex: prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. (B) The anterior auditory pathways is involved in locating sounds (where) and the posterior auditory pathway is more involved in identifying sounds (what)
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. A is correct and B is wrong

Explanation

Anterior - whAt
postErior - whEre

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49.

(A) Association cortex is where interactions or associations take place. (B) The primary function of the auditory posterior pathway is preparation for action.
- A is correct and B is wrong
- B is correct and A is wrong
- Both A and B are correct
- Both A and B are wrong
Correct Answer

A. Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Both statements A and B are correct.

Statement A states that the association cortex is where interactions or associations take place. This is accurate as the association cortex is responsible for integrating information from different sensory modalities and regions of the brain, allowing for complex cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and decision-making.

Statement B states that the primary function of the auditory posterior pathway is preparation for action. This is also correct as the auditory posterior pathway, which includes areas such as the posterior parietal cortex and premotor cortex, is involved in processing auditory information and translating it into motor actions or responses. This pathway helps in preparing and planning actions based on the auditory stimuli received.

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There are 3 types of sensory areas of cortex, namely (1) primary sensory cortex, (2) secondary sensory cortex, and (3) tertiary cortex

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(A) Sensory systems are parallel systems in which information flows over multiple pathways. (B) Parallel systems feature parallel processing (simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple parallel pathways of a neural network).

(A) Sounds are vibrations of air molecules that stimulate the auditory system. (B) Amplitude is linked to perception of loudness; frequency is linked to perception of pitch; complexity of molecular vibration is linked to perception of timbre.

This is the mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves.

(A) Malleus: Hammer ; Incus: Anvil ; Stapes: Stirrup (B) Cochlea: Kokhlos (air snail)

(A) The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with the Organ of Corti running almost to its tip. (B) The Organ of Corti is the auditory receptor organ and an internal structure of the cochlea.

(A) The auditory receptors and hair cells are mounted in the basilar membrane. (B) The auditory receptors and hair cells are mounted in the tectorial membrane.

(A) Vibrations of the cochlear fluid are dissipated by the round window. (B) Vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the oval window.

(A) Most structures of the auditory system are arrayed according to frequency. (B) The organization of the auditory system is purely tonotopic.

(A) Primates' primary auditory cortex receives majority of input from the medial geniculate nucleus. (B) The primate primary auditory cortex comprises three adjacent areas which refer to the core region.

(A) Most auditory neurons respond to changes in frequency rather than pitch. (B) Bondor and Wang discovered a small area interior to the primary auditory cortex that contained many neurons that responded to pitch rather than frequency.

(A) Complete loss of hearing follows bilateral lesions, presumably from the shock of the lesion, and hearing never recovers. (B) Major permanent effects of bilateral lesions are loss of the ability to localize sound and impairment of the ability to discriminate frequencies

(A) A major cause of nerve deafness is the loss of hair cell receptors. (B) If only part of the cochlea is damaged, an individual develops nerve deafness for all frequencies.

(A) Merkel's disks adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation (B) Ruffini endings adapt slowly and respond to skin

(A) Stimuli applied to the skin change the chemistry of the receptor. (B) Changing the permeability of the receptor cell membrane to various ions result into a neural signal.

(A) Each tactile sensation is produced by the interaction of multiple receptor mechanisms. (B) Each type of skin receptor mediates a different tactile sensation.

(A) Destruction of a single dorsal root produces large somatosensory loss (B) Dermatomes is an area of body innervated by the dorsal roots of a segment of the spinal cord.

The __________ neurons that originate in the toes are the longest neurons in the human body

(A) There is no obvious cortical representation of pain because pain may activate many areas of the cortex. (B) Sensory experiences can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors.

(A) The periaqueductal gray has anesthetic (pain-blocking) effects. (B) The brain contains areas for specialized receptors of opioid analgesic drugs.

(A) Neuropathic pain is severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus. It typically develops after an injury. (B) Signals from aberrant microglia are said to trigger hyperactivity in neural pain pathways.

(A) Chemical senses' function is to monitor the chemical senses of the body. (B) Olfaction and vision are chemical senses.

(A) Olfactory receptor cells are located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of olfactory mucosa. (B) Each olfactory receptor cell contains only one type of receptor protein molecules.

(A) Each odor seems to be encoded by component processing (by pattern of activity across receptor types). (B) Olfactory glomeruli are clusters of neurons where axons of olfactory receptors terminate.

(A) There is mirror symmetry between the left and right olfactory bulbs. (B) The olfactory bulbs are organized topographically.

(A) The piriform cortex is considered to be the secondary olfactory cortex (B) The olfactory system is the only sensory system whose major sensory pathway reaches the cerebral cortex without first passing through the thalamus.

(A) Partial ageusia is limited to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue on one side. (B) Selective attention is the process of consciously perceiving a small subset of many stimuli at one time and largely ignoring the rest.

(A) Endogenous attention by internal cognitive processes mediates top-down neural mechanisms. (B) Exogenous attention by external events mediates bottom-up neural mechanisms.

(A) Eye movement plays an important role in visual attention. (B) Visual attention can be shifted without shifting the direction of visual focus.

(A) Ventral stream is more active when attending to identity. (B) Dorsal stream is more active when attending to position.

(A) Push-pull mechanism is the dual mechanism of strengthening neural responses to attended-to aspects and weakening the responses to others. (B) Visual receptive fields of inferotemporal cortex neurons shrink to become little more than the size of the objects they are focusing on.

(A) Simultanagnosia disorder of attention of attending to one object at a time. (B) Simultanagnosia is usually associated with bilateral damage to the posterior parietal cortex.

(A) The primary sensory cortex receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of a system. (B) The sensory cortex receives most of its input directly from the primary sensor cortex of a system or from other areas of secondary sensory cortex of the same system.

(A) The association cortex receives input from more than one sensory system. (B) Most input to areas of association cortex comes via areas of primary sensory cortex.

(A) Perception is the process of detecting the presence of stimuli. (B) Sensation is the higher-order processing of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of perceptions.

(A) One kind of parallel stream of analysis in our sensory systems is capable of influencing behavior without conscious awareness. (B) One kind of parallel stream of analysis in our sensory systems is capable of influencing behavior by engaging conscious awareness.

(A) Because the brain has multiple pathways, complex stimuli are perceived as combinations of independent attributes. (B) The Claustrum is an area of the brain that is said to be the potential location for binding sensory information.

(A) Pure Tones (Sine Wave Vibrations) only exist in laboratories and sound recording studios because sound is actually always associated with simple patterns of vibrations. (B) For any pure tone, there is a close relationship between the frequency of tone and its perceived timbre.

(A) An extremely important characteristic of pitch perception is that the pitch of a complex sound may be directly related to the frequency of any of the sound's components. (B) The important aspect of pitch perception is referred to as the" missing fundamental".

(A) Semicircular canals are the receptive organs of the auditory system. (B) The auditory system carries information about the direction and intensity of head movements, which helps us maintain our balance.

(A) Localization of sounds in space is mediated by the superior and inferior olives. (B) The medial and lateral superior olives project to the superior and inferior colliculus.

(A) The general function of the superior colliculi is locating sources of sensory input in space. (B) The deep layers of the superior colliculi receive auditory input and are laid out according to a map of auditory space.

(A) The primary auditory cortex is organized in functional rows (B) All neurons encountered during the vertical microelectrode penetration of primary auditory cortex tend to respond optimally to sounds in different frequency ranges

(A) Auditory signals are conducted to two large areas of association cortex: prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. (B) The anterior auditory pathways is involved in locating sounds (where) and the posterior auditory pathway is more involved in identifying sounds (what)

(A) Association cortex is where interactions or associations take place. (B) The primary function of the auditory posterior pathway is preparation for action.