Biogeography is the branch of geography that focuses on the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities usually vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation, and habitat area.
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Due to mass extinction
Due to historical events and ecological processes
Originated and never disappeared
Entire range has shifted in locality
Now survive in small part of former range
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Evolution of new taxa
Extinction of taxa
Changes in distribution
Geology
Climate
Soils & Vegetation
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Phylogenetic systematics which are hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships mapped onto geography
Croizat's generalized tracks (hypotheses of past land connections)
Neglecting the principles of phylogenetic reasoning
Relying heavily on the center of origin/dispersal theory
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Geology
Geography
Climate
Soils & Vegetation
Evolution & Extinction of new taxa
Distribution changes
Range shifting
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Endemism
Provincialism
Disjunction
Interchange
Divergence & Convergence
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Made up of endemic forms that are randomly distributed
Most closely related species tend to have overlapping or adjacent ranges
Unrelated higher taxa show similar patterns of endemism
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Tectonics
Intervening Extinction
Dispersal
Sympatric Speciation
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All of these answers apply
Importance of fossils
Value of molecular characters (phylogenetics)
History of vicariance and dispersal
None of these answers apply
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Documentation of extinction
Earliest appearance of a taxonomic lineage
Appearance of lineage traits
Reconstructing past environments, climates, and distributions
Phylogenetic accuracy
Hierarchical resolution
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Location of greatest differentiation (greatest number of species) as center of origin was incorrect
Cain's alternative dispersal: dispersal --> adaptive radiation
Cain's alternative dispersal: center of origin plus adaptive radiation
Location of greatest differentiation (greatest number of species) as endpoint of dispersal
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Generalized tracks serve as a summary of biotic affinities between different land masses
Generalized tracks serve as hypotheses of past land connections
An example includes the isolation of species in Northern Russia
An example includes two generalized tracks between South America and Africa
It has no major weaknesses
Its major weakness is that it is not based on phylogenetic hypotheses
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To be able to analyze the geography of speciation and range evolution
To be able to utilize phylogenetics to predict future evolutionary forms
To redesign earth's history
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Better reproductive strategies
Better migrators
Better survivors and speciators
Better competitors
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Phylogenetic accuracy
Phylogenetic comparability
Dating divergence events (molecular clocks)
Molecular diagnosis of taxa and distributions from fossils
Hierarchial resolution
Distribution and timing of taxonomic lineages
Reconstructing past environments, climates, and distributions
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What part of a "biota" are actually sampled and why?
How do we specify a region of interest?
What time range does a biota cover?
Is climate irrelevant to any particular biota?
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