Physic's - Transducers
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Lateral resolution is equal to
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Axial Resolution
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Beam diameter
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The minimum reflector separation required along the direction of sound travel so that separate reflections are produced
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Spatial pulse length divided by 2
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Transducers are devices used to convert energy from one form to another, and are often employed in such uses as automation, measurement and control systems, where electrical signals are often converted to other physical quantities.
Quiz Preview
- 2.
The material placed behind the rear face of a transducer, which reduces pulse duration, is called
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The matching layer
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Filler material
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Damping layer
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PZT
Correct Answer
A. Damping layerExplanation
Attached to back of Piezoelectric element. Limits the ringing of pulse. Muffles the sound wave so carries more frequency. Controles the # of cycles, makes pulse shorter or the length/duration of the pulse shorter. Limits the DP and makes DF shorter. Backing/damping controls the DFRate this question:
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- 3.
There are many active elements, which are firing at almost the same time in a mechanical scanner
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Sector scanRate this question:
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- 4.
An ultrasound unit, which can display two-dimensional images and A mode at the same time, is called
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A duplex scanner
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A commpound scanner
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A C mode scanner
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None of the above
Correct Answer
A. A duplex scannerExplanation
A duplex scanner is the correct answer because it refers to an ultrasound unit that can display two-dimensional images and A mode simultaneously. This term is commonly used in medical imaging to describe a specific type of ultrasound machine that offers both modes of imaging at the same time. The other options, such as a compound scanner or C mode scanner, do not accurately describe this specific capability of displaying both two-dimensional images and A mode.Rate this question:
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- 5.
With a phased array scanner, there are many active elements which are being fired almost at the same time
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A phased array scanner consists of multiple active elements that can be fired simultaneously. This allows for faster scanning and data acquisition compared to traditional scanning methods where only one element is fired at a time. The simultaneous firing of multiple elements enables the scanner to cover a larger area in a shorter amount of time, making the statement true.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Electronic curvature relates to
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A firing pattern which focuses an US beam
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A firing pattern which steers the US beam
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A firing pattern which steers and focuses an US beam
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The curve of the piezoelectric crystal
Correct Answer
A. A firing pattern which focuses an US beamExplanation
Electronic curvature focuses the beam so can be moved up and down by short time delaysRate this question:
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- 7.
Grating Lobes are
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Commonly associated with mechanical transducers
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Commonly associated with phased array transducers
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Only seen with old static B scanners
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Never problematic in switched array transducers
Correct Answer
A. Commonly associated with phased array transducersExplanation
Arrays have grating lobes which are weaker beams of sound traveling into additional beams resulting from their muli-element structureRate this question:
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- 8.
The principle, which states that each tiny part of the surface of the transducer face may be considered a separate and individual sound source is
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Huygen's Principle
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Snell's Law
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Kremkau's Principle
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The Ben's Law
Correct Answer
A. Huygen's PrincipleExplanation
Huygen's Principle explains away diffraction by stating:
Each point on the surface of the transducer is a separate & individual point of sound.
Sound wavelets inferface & overlap.
Overlapping & interference of wavelets cause the US beam to assume its typical hourglass shapeRate this question:
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- 9.
If improved spatial resolution is desired, the sonographer should use a ______ frequency transducer.
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Higher
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Lower
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Short Focus
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All of the above
Correct Answer
A. HigherExplanation
Spatial Resolution is Detail Resolution. Spatial resolution is the ability to distinquish structures clearly from a spatial perspective. The Higher the Frequency, the better the Image Quality.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A type of transducer that has a collection of ringed elements with a common center is
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A convex curved array
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A linear switched array
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An annular array
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A mechanical sector
Correct Answer
A. An annular arrayExplanation
Annular array are elements arranged in form of concentric rings. Image format is sector, sound beam is focused, steered mechanically and usually used for endo vag.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A decrease in pulse duration will result in _______ frequency bandwidth
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A wider
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A narrower
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An equivalent
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Elimination of the
Correct Answer
A. A narrowerExplanation
Narrow bandwidth has a pulse with few frequencies present, longer pulse.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Axial resolution will be most affected by changes in
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Beam frequency and beam diameter
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Beam intensity and beam focusing
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Beam frequency and pulse damping
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Beam focusing and beam diameter
Correct Answer
A. Beam frequency and pulse dampingExplanation
Damping material improvs axial resolution
Ax (mm) = SPL (mm) / 2
SPL = # of cycles x wavelengthRate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following array transducers steers the beam mechanically?
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An annular phased
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A linear sequential array
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A linear phased array
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None of the above steer the beam mechanically
Correct Answer
A. An annular phasedExplanation
An annular phased array must be steered mechanically. Focused is electronicallyRate this question:
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- 14.
Regarding the use of muliple transmit focal zones, which of the following is a disadvantage?
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Poor lateral resolution
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Slower frame rate
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Narrow beam width
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Mechanical stress
Correct Answer
A. Slower frame rateExplanation
Worse temporal resolution, makes machine slow downRate this question:
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- 15.
The best choice in regard to the thickness of the matching layer(s) is:
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One half the wavelength
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One fourth the wavelength
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One eighth the near zone length
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Two times the thickness of the piezoelectric cyrstal
Correct Answer
A. One fourth the wavelengthExplanation
The best choice for the thickness of the matching layer(s) is one fourth the wavelength because it helps to minimize the acoustic impedance mismatch between the transducer and the medium being imaged. This impedance matching allows for efficient transmission of ultrasound waves and reduces the amount of energy that is reflected back to the transducer. Therefore, using a matching layer thickness of one fourth the wavelength optimizes the performance of the ultrasound system.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Lateral resolution is LEAST influenced by:
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Frequency
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Focal depth
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Beam diameter
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Damping
Correct Answer
A. DampingExplanation
Lateral resolution refers to the ability of an imaging system to distinguish between two closely spaced objects in the horizontal direction. It is determined by factors such as frequency, focal depth, beam diameter, and damping. However, damping has the least influence on lateral resolution. Damping refers to the reduction of vibration or oscillation in the system, which primarily affects the image quality in terms of reducing noise and improving contrast. While damping is important for overall image quality, it has a minimal impact on lateral resolution compared to the other factors mentioned.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The thickness of the piezoelectric element in a 3.5 MHz transducer is ______ that in a 7.5 MHz transducer
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The same thickness as
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Thinner than
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Thicker than
Correct Answer
A. Thicker thanExplanation
The given answer states that the thickness of the piezoelectric element in a 3.5 MHz transducer is thicker than that in a 7.5 MHz transducer. This implies that the lower frequency transducer requires a thicker piezoelectric element compared to the higher frequency transducer. This is because the thickness of the piezoelectric element is inversely proportional to the frequency of the transducer. Higher frequency transducers require thinner elements to produce the desired frequency, while lower frequency transducers require thicker elements.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Another name for the Fresnel zone is the
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Focal Zone
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Near Zone
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Focus
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Huygen's Zone
Correct Answer
A. Near ZoneExplanation
The correct answer is "Near Zone." The Fresnel zone, also known as the near zone, is the region close to a transmitting antenna where the radio waves are not fully developed and can experience interference and diffraction. This zone is important for determining the quality of wireless communication signals and is crucial for proper antenna placement and alignment.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Focusing the ultrasound beam will reduce the beam diameter at all distances from the transducer face
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Focusing the ultrasound beam will not reduce the beam diameter at all distances from the transducer face. When the ultrasound beam is focused, it narrows down at a specific depth or focal point, but beyond that point, the beam starts to diverge again. So, while focusing can reduce the beam diameter at the focal point, it will not reduce the beam diameter at all distances from the transducer face.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Of the following materials, all are naturally piezoelectric EXCEPT for
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Barium Titante
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Tourmaline
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Rochelle Salts
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Amber
Correct Answer
A. Barium TitanteExplanation
Barium Titanate is not naturally piezoelectric. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress, such as pressure or vibration. Tourmaline, Rochelle Salts, and Amber are all naturally occurring materials that exhibit piezoelectric properties. However, Barium Titanate is a synthetic material that can be made piezoelectric through a process called poling, where an electric field is applied to align the internal structure of the material. Therefore, Barium Titanate is the exception among the given options.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The most common piezoelectric material used in ultrasound imaging is
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Quartz
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Barium Titanate
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Lead Metaniabate
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Lead Zirconate Titanate
Correct Answer
A. Lead Zirconate TitanateExplanation
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is the most common piezoelectric material used in ultrasound imaging. PZT is preferred due to its high piezoelectric coefficient, which means it can efficiently convert electrical energy into mechanical vibrations and vice versa. This property allows PZT to generate ultrasound waves when an electrical signal is applied and also to produce electrical signals when it is subjected to ultrasound waves. Additionally, PZT has good mechanical properties, such as high stiffness and low acoustic impedance, making it suitable for ultrasound transducers.Rate this question:
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- 22.
When damping material is added to the transducer, it
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Reduces the spatial pulse length
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Reduces the pulse duration
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Increases the range of frequencies in a pulse
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A & B only
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All of the above
Correct Answer
A. All of the aboveExplanation
Damping material muffles the sound wave to carrier more freuqnecy. It limits the ringing of pulseand shortens pulse by lowering the # of cycles and PD.Rate this question:
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- 23.
If the transducer's frequency is changes from 5.0 MHz to 10.0 MHz, the near zone length will
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Be halved
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Be doubled
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Remain the same
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Be improved
Correct Answer
A. Be doubledExplanation
NZL is the length of space between the transducer's face & focus. 2 factors affect NZL, transducer diameter and frequency. NZL is equal to transducer diameter squared times frequency divided by 6. OR NZL is equal to diameter squared divided by 4 wavelengthRate this question:
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- 24.
If the impedance of a transducer's piezoelectric element is 1,600,000 Rayls and the impedance of the skin is 1,200,000 Rayls, the most acceptable choice for the matching layer will be
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1,650,000 Rayls
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1,500,000 Rayls
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1,400,000 Rayls
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1,250,000 Rayls
Correct Answer
A. 1,400,000 RaylsExplanation
The most acceptable choice for the matching layer will be 1,400,000 Rayls because it is closest to the impedance of the transducer's piezoelectric element (1,600,000 Rayls) and provides a better match compared to the other options. A matching layer is used to minimize the reflection of sound waves at the interface between the transducer and the skin, and a close match in impedance helps to optimize the transmission of sound waves into the body.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Assuming a fixed frequency, what will happen if the diameter of an unfocused circular transducer is increased?
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The distance to the far field is reduced
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The width of the beam in the near field is redistributed
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The beamwidth in the far field is reduced
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The ultrasonic wavelength is increased
Correct Answer
A. The beamwidth in the far field is reducedExplanation
When the diameter of an unfocused circular transducer is increased, the beamwidth in the far field is reduced. This is because the larger diameter allows for a more focused and narrower beam to be produced. As a result, the beam spreads out less in the far field, leading to a reduced beamwidth.Rate this question:
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- 26.
When the firing pattern of an array transducer steers the beam up or down, we refer to this as
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Conventional steering
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Mechanical steering
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Electronic slope
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Electronic curvature
Correct Answer
A. Electronic slopeExplanation
Electronic focusing can be moved up and down which is the big advantage that we use.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The purpose of the coupling gel is to
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Eliminate reflection at the skin's surface due to air
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Increase the impedance between the skin and transducer
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Decrease the wavelength of sound so that it will be transmitted better into the body
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All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Eliminate reflection at the skin's surface due to airExplanation
The coupling gel is used to eliminate reflection at the skin's surface due to air. When sound waves travel from the transducer into the body, they can encounter air at the skin's surface which causes reflection. This reflection can interfere with the accuracy of the ultrasound imaging. The coupling gel helps to eliminate this reflection by filling the space between the transducer and the skin, ensuring that the sound waves can penetrate the body without any interference from air.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The indirect piezoelectric effect states that
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Electrical voltages are converted to acoustic energy
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Acoustic energy is converted to electrical voltages
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Heating the piezoelectric crystal to the curie point will case the crystal to pulsate at a higher frequency
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Sound can be created indirectly in relation to the piezoelectric principle
Correct Answer
A. Electrical voltages are converted to acoustic energyExplanation
The correct answer is that electrical voltages are converted to acoustic energy. This is known as the indirect piezoelectric effect. When an electrical voltage is applied to a piezoelectric material, it causes the material to vibrate and generate acoustic waves. This effect is commonly used in devices such as speakers and ultrasound transducers, where electrical signals are converted into sound waves.Rate this question:
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- 29.
In relation to a single element transducer, if the imaging depth of a scan is 16 cm and there are 100 lines in the image, the number of pulses making up the scan is 1600.
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True
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False
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May be true or false, depending on transducer diameter
Correct Answer(s)
A. True
A. FalseExplanation
The statement is false. The number of pulses making up the scan is not directly related to the imaging depth or the number of lines in the image. The number of pulses will depend on factors such as the transducer frequency and the desired image resolution.Rate this question:
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- 30.
All the following terms refer to Axial Resolutino EXCEPT
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Depth
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Longitudinal
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Angular
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Radial
Correct Answer
A. AngularExplanation
The terms "depth," "longitudinal," and "radial" all relate to different aspects of axial resolution, which refers to the ability to distinguish between objects along the axis of imaging. However, "angular" does not relate to axial resolution. Angular resolution refers to the ability to distinguish between objects at different angles or orientations. Therefore, "angular" is the term that does not refer to axial resolution.Rate this question:
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- 31.
How does an annular array transducer steer the ultrasound beam?
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Through phasing
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Through sequential delay
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Through arranging the elements in rings
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Mechanically
Correct Answer
A. MechanicallyExplanation
All annular must be mechanically steeredRate this question:
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- 32.
More absorption of ultrasound energy occurs when using a transducer with
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A higher frequency
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A lower frequency
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Multiple transducer elements
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A single transducer element
Correct Answer
A. A higher frequencyExplanation
A higher frequency transducer will result in more absorption of ultrasound energy because higher frequency waves have shorter wavelengths and higher energy. This allows for better penetration and resolution in tissues, as well as increased absorption of energy by the target area.Rate this question:
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- 33.
When some types of materials are mechanically deformed, they create a voltage, What is this called?
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The transducer
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The curie point
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The piezoelectric effect
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The photomagnetic effect
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The bandwidth
Correct Answer
A. The piezoelectric effectExplanation
The piezoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where certain materials generate an electric voltage when subjected to mechanical deformation. This effect is widely utilized in various applications such as sensors, actuators, and transducers. It is not related to the curie point, photomagnetic effect, or bandwidth. Therefore, the correct answer is the piezoelectric effect.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Axial resolution is equal to
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Spatial pulse length divided by 2
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Spatial pulse length
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Spatial pulse length times 2
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The square of spatial pulse length
Correct Answer
A. Spatial pulse length divided by 2Explanation
Axial resolution refers to the ability of an imaging system to distinguish between two closely spaced objects along the direction of the ultrasound beam. It is determined by the spatial pulse length, which is the distance between two consecutive pulses emitted by the transducer. To calculate the axial resolution, the spatial pulse length needs to be divided by 2. This is because the axial resolution is half the spatial pulse length, indicating the minimum distance between two reflectors that can be resolved by the system. Therefore, the correct answer is "spatial pulse length divided by 2".Rate this question:
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- 35.
How can the Quality Factor be calculated mathematically?
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Frequency times spatial pulse length
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Bandwidth times 2
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Spatial pulse length squared
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Frequency divided by bandwidth
Correct Answer
A. Frequency divided by bandwidthExplanation
The Quality Factor (Q) is a dimensionless parameter that describes the sharpness or selectivity of a resonant system. It can be calculated mathematically by dividing the resonant frequency of the system by its bandwidth. This ratio determines how much energy is stored in the system compared to how quickly it dissipates. A higher Q value indicates a more selective and efficient resonant system, while a lower Q value indicates a broader and less efficient system.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Increasing which of the following will increase the near zone length?
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Spatial pulse length
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Propagation speed of sound
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Pulse repetition period
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Frequency
Correct Answer
A. FrequencyExplanation
NLZ is affected by the transducer diameter and frequencyRate this question:
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- 37.
In which of the following zones does the ultrasound intensity vary most?
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Near zone
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Far zone
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Fraunhofer zone
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Dead zone
Correct Answer
A. Near zoneExplanation
Intensity varies greatly in the near zoneRate this question:
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- 38.
Destructive inferference occurs when
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Two waves are out-of-phase with each other
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Two waves are in-phase with each other
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One wave is greater than the other wave
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One wave is less that the second wave
Correct Answer
A. Two waves are out-of-phase with each otherExplanation
Destructive inferface is out of phase. Occurs when 2 waves are not in same place at same time. Result is negative (cancel each other out, intensity)Rate this question:
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- 39.
A type of external beam focusing uses
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Delay in sending of electronic voltage pulses
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A piezoelectric element that is concave in shape
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An acoustic lens in front of the piezoelectric crystal
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An acoustic lens placed behind the piezoelectric crystal
Correct Answer
A. An acoustic lens in front of the piezoelectric crystalExplanation
This type of external beam focusing uses an acoustic lens in front of the piezoelectric crystal. The acoustic lens helps to focus and direct the ultrasound waves produced by the piezoelectric element. Placing the lens in front of the crystal allows for better control and manipulation of the ultrasound beam, resulting in improved imaging and targeting capabilities.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following is another name for lateral resolution?
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Axial resolution
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Azimuthal resolution
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Radial resolution
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Elevational resolution
Correct Answer
A. Azimuthal resolutionExplanation
Azimuthal resolution refers to the ability of a system to distinguish between two closely spaced objects in the azimuthal direction, which is the horizontal plane or the plane of rotation. It is a measure of the system's ability to resolve details in the horizontal direction. Lateral resolution, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a system to distinguish between two closely spaced objects in the lateral or transverse direction. Since both terms describe the same concept, azimuthal resolution can be considered another name for lateral resolution.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following is True of a single pulse of ultrasound?
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A pulse of ultrasound contains a range of frequencies
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A pulse of ultrasound contains the nominal frequency of the transducer only
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A pulse of ultrasound contains the operating frequency only
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A shorter pulse contains a narrower bandwidth
Correct Answer
A. A pulse of ultrasound contains a range of frequenciesExplanation
A pulse of ultrasound contains a range of frequencies because it is composed of multiple waves with different frequencies. This range of frequencies is known as the pulse's bandwidth. The transducer used to generate the ultrasound emits waves with a nominal frequency, but due to factors such as the medium through which the ultrasound travels, the pulse will consist of a range of frequencies. A shorter pulse will have a narrower bandwidth, meaning that the range of frequencies within the pulse will be smaller.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following statements best describes the focal point?
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The widest point of the beam diameter
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The narrowest point of the beam diameter
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One quarter of the focal length
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Two times the near zone length
Correct Answer
A. The narrowest point of the beam diameterExplanation
The focal point refers to the narrowest point of the beam diameter. This is the point where the beam of light converges or comes together to form a focused spot. It is the point where the intensity of the beam is highest and where the beam can be most effectively used for applications such as focusing, cutting, or heating.Rate this question:
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- 43.
When voltage to the transducer elements is varied in order to form a real time pulse, this is called
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Demodulation
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Focusing
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Apodization
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Compensation
Correct Answer
A. ApodizationExplanation
Apodization is the correct answer because it refers to the process of varying the voltage to the transducer elements in order to form a real-time pulse. This technique is commonly used in ultrasound imaging to improve the resolution and focus of the image. By selectively changing the voltage applied to different transducer elements, the beam shape can be modified to reduce side lobes and improve the overall image quality. Apodization helps to optimize the ultrasound beam and enhance the accuracy of the imaging results.Rate this question:
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- 44.
If an ultrasound element is divided into smaller elements then wired back together, this is termed
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Aliasing
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Subdicing
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Dynamic focusing
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Channeling
Correct Answer
A. SubdicingExplanation
Subdicing refers to the process of dividing a larger ultrasound element into smaller elements and then wiring them back together. This technique allows for improved resolution and focusing capabilities in ultrasound imaging. It helps to reduce the effects of aliasing, which is the distortion or artifact that occurs when the frequency of the ultrasound waves exceeds the Nyquist limit. Dynamic focusing, on the other hand, refers to the ability to electronically focus the ultrasound beam at different depths. Channeling is not a term commonly used in the context of ultrasound imaging.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following types of transducers has a focus that is preset at a fixed point?
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Mechanical
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Phased array
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Annular array
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Linear switched
Correct Answer
A. MechanicalExplanation
A mechanical transducer has a focus that is preset at a fixed point. This means that the transducer is designed to emit and receive sound waves at a specific depth within the body. Unlike other types of transducers, such as phased array or annular array, which have the ability to change their focus point electronically, a mechanical transducer is fixed and cannot be adjusted. Therefore, it is the correct answer to the question.Rate this question:
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- 46.
If one of the elements in a linear switched array transducer is damaged, how will this affect the ultrasound image on the display?
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There will be an area of vertical dropout
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There will be an area of horizontal dropout
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Steering and focusing will be erratic
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No image will be present
Correct Answer
A. There will be an area of vertical dropoutExplanation
If one of the elements in a linear switched array transducer is damaged, it will result in an area of vertical dropout on the ultrasound image displayed. This means that there will be a portion of the image where the vertical details will not be visible, leading to a loss of information in that specific area. The rest of the image will still be visible, but the damaged element will cause a vertical dropout.Rate this question:
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- 47.
What type of image format will a convex, sequential array transducer have?
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Rectangular
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Trapezoid
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Square
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Rocker top
Correct Answer
A. Rocker topExplanation
A convex, sequential array transducer will have a rocker top image format. This type of transducer is designed with a curved array of elements that transmit and receive ultrasound waves in a sequential manner. The rocker top image format refers to the shape of the ultrasound beam produced by this transducer, which is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom, resembling the shape of a rocking chair. This format allows for a wider field of view and better visualization of structures at different depths.Rate this question:
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- 48.
If element damage occurs with an annular array transducer, how will this appear on the ultrasound display?
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Focusing and steering will be erratic
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The image will be dark
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A horizontal area of dropout will be present
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A vertical area of dropout will be present
Correct Answer
A. A horizontal area of dropout will be presentExplanation
When element damage occurs with an annular array transducer, it will result in a horizontal area of dropout on the ultrasound display. This means that there will be a portion of the image where no information is displayed, resulting in a gap or "dropout" in the horizontal direction. This can affect the clarity and accuracy of the ultrasound image in that particular area.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Mutliple focal zones are advisable in which of the following scenarios
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A thyroid ultrasound examination
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An abdominal ultrasound examination
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An obstetric examination
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None of the above
Correct Answer
A. A thyroid ultrasound examinationExplanation
Multiple focal zones are advisable in a thyroid ultrasound examination because the thyroid gland is small and has complex anatomy. By using multiple focal zones, the sonographer can capture detailed images of different areas of the thyroid gland, ensuring that no abnormalities or nodules are missed. This approach allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of the thyroid gland and increases the accuracy of the examination.Rate this question:
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Sep 14, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 20, 2011Quiz Created by
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