Pharm Chapter 44; Drugs For Diabetes
Pharm chapter 44; drugs for diabetes
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The pancreas is essential to both the endocrine and exorcrine system. what other statement are true regarding the pancreas and those systems
- A.
Insulin released when blood glucose increases
- B.
Glucagon released when blood glucose decreases
- C.
Glucagon and insulin are same substance
- D.
Alpha cells secrete insulin
- E.
Beta cells secrete glucagon
Correct Answer(s)
A. Insulin released when blood glucose increases
B. Glucagon released when blood glucose decreasesExplanation
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels increase. It helps to lower blood glucose by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. On the other hand, glucagon is also released by the pancreas, but when blood glucose levels decrease. Glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, releasing glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, both insulin and glucagon play crucial roles in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis, but they have opposite effects on blood glucose levels.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Type 1 diabetes......
- A.
Caused by absolute lack of insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells
- B.
Can result in cardiovascular damage
- C.
Can result in nervous system damage
- D.
Treated with insulin therapy
Correct Answer(s)
A. Caused by absolute lack of insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells
B. Can result in cardiovascular damage
C. Can result in nervous system damage
D. Treated with insulin therapyExplanation
Type 1 diabetes is a condition that occurs when there is a complete absence of insulin secretion. This is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. Without insulin, the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels, leading to various complications. One of these complications is cardiovascular damage, as high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease. Additionally, type 1 diabetes can also cause damage to the nervous system, leading to neuropathy and other neurological complications. The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is insulin therapy, where insulin is administered to replace the hormone that the body is unable to produce.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Type II diabetes.......
- A.
Caused by Lack of sensitivity of insulin receptors at target cells (insulin resistance)
- B.
Deficiency in insulin secretion
- C.
If untreated, results in same chronic conditions as type 1 DM
Correct Answer(s)
A. Caused by Lack of sensitivity of insulin receptors at target cells (insulin resistance)
B. Deficiency in insulin secretion
C. If untreated, results in same chronic conditions as type 1 DMExplanation
Type II diabetes is caused by a combination of factors. One of the main causes is a lack of sensitivity of insulin receptors at target cells, which is known as insulin resistance. This means that the cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Another cause is a deficiency in insulin secretion, where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. If left untreated, Type II diabetes can lead to the same chronic conditions as Type 1 diabetes, such as heart disease, kidney problems, and nerve damage.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Almost all insulin today is made from animals
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
human insulin. Made by recombinant DNA technology
More effective, fewer allergies, less resistance
Modified to be more rapid (Humalog) or have prolonged action (Lantus)Rate this question:
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- 5.
Human regular insulin( humulin R, novolin R).......
- A.
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose
- B.
Because it is short acting, it should not be used in conjunction with long acting insulin
- C.
Can be used for emergency treatment of DKA
- D.
Can be used for gestational diabetes
- E.
The only type of insulin that can be given IV
- F.
Wieght gain is a possible side effect
- G.
Can be used in conjunction with , asa, MAOIs, alcohol and anabolic steroids
Correct Answer(s)
A. Promotes cellular uptake of glucose
C. Can be used for emergency treatment of DKA
D. Can be used for gestational diabetes
E. The only type of insulin that can be given IV
F. Wieght gain is a possible side effectExplanation
Human regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) promotes cellular uptake of glucose, making it an effective treatment for diabetes. It can be used for emergency treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition characterized by high blood sugar levels and ketone buildup. It is also safe to use during pregnancy for gestational diabetes. Regular insulin is the only type that can be given intravenously, allowing for rapid action in emergency situations. Weight gain is a possible side effect of insulin therapy. Regular insulin can be used in conjunction with aspirin (ASA), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), alcohol, and anabolic steroids.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Wich can result from hypoglycemia?
- A.
Tachycardia
- B.
Confusion
- C.
Sweating
- D.
Drowsiness, coma
- E.
Convulsions, death
Correct Answer(s)
A. Tachycardia
B. Confusion
C. Sweating
D. Drowsiness, coma
E. Convulsions, deathExplanation
Hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels, which can lead to various symptoms and complications. Tachycardia, or a rapid heartbeat, can occur as the body tries to compensate for the low blood sugar. Confusion may arise due to the brain not receiving enough glucose for proper functioning. Sweating is a common symptom of hypoglycemia as the body tries to regulate its temperature. Drowsiness can occur as a result of the brain not receiving enough energy. In severe cases, hypoglycemia can lead to coma, convulsions, and even death if left untreated.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Fasting blood glucose greater than 126 is a sign of hyperglycemia
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
also Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Glucosuria, weight loss/gain, fatigueRate this question:
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- 8.
Clear insulin must be drawn into the syrenge first, then cloudy last
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Clear insulin must be drawn into the syringe first, then cloudy insulin last because clear insulin is a fast-acting insulin that needs to be injected immediately, while cloudy insulin is a long-acting insulin that needs to be mixed before administration. Drawing clear insulin first ensures that it is not contaminated with any residues from the cloudy insulin, and allows for accurate dosing of each type of insulin.Rate this question:
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- 9.
At what blood glucose level should urinary ketones be monitored
- A.
Over 300
- B.
Uder 150
- C.
Between 200-250
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Over 300Explanation
Blood glucose should be monitored daily
Urinary ketones should be monitored if blood glucose is over 300 mg/dlRate this question:
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- 10.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs do not work for type 1 DM
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
People with type II diabetes mellitus should have a preprandial blood sugar below 110 mg/dlRate this question:
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- 11.
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic drugs. which are answers true?
- A.
Inhibit release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells
- B.
Increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells
- C.
Most common adverse effect is hypoglycemia
Correct Answer(s)
B. Increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells
C. Most common adverse effect is hypoglycemiaExplanation
Stimulate release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells
Increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells
Most common adverse effect is hypoglycemia
Usually caused by taking too much medication or not eating enough foodRate this question:
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- 12.
Which are true about binguanides?
- A.
Metformin (Glucophage), is the only drug in this class
- B.
Decreases hepatic production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and reduces insulin resistance
- C.
promotes insulin release from pancreas
Correct Answer(s)
A. Metformin (Glucophage), is the only drug in this class
B. Decreases hepatic production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and reduces insulin resistanceExplanation
Metformin (Glucophage), only drug in this class
Decreases hepatic production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and reduces insulin resistance
Does not promote insulin release from pancreasRate this question:
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- 13.
What is true about the pro drug Metformin(fortamet, glucophage, glumetza, others)
- A.
Is the preferred oral hypoglycemic drug due to its effectiveness and safety
- B.
Can not be used with other oral drugs in its class or insulin
- C.
Does not cause hypoglycemia
- D.
Inefective in pts who no longer secrete insulin
- E.
Also lowers tryglycerides, ldls and promotes wieght loss!!
- F.
Can be used to restore menstrual cycles and ovulation
- G.
Adverse effects include metalic tast and anorexia
- H.
Often causes hypoglycemia and wieght gain
- I.
Cannot be used by pt with impaired renal function, heart failure or liver failure
- J.
Garlic and genseng may increase effects
Correct Answer(s)
A. Is the preferred oral hypoglycemic drug due to its effectiveness and safety
C. Does not cause hypoglycemia
E. Also lowers tryglycerides, ldls and promotes wieght loss!!
F. Can be used to restore menstrual cycles and ovulation
G. Adverse effects include metalic tast and anorexia
I. Cannot be used by pt with impaired renal function, heart failure or liver failure
J. Garlic and genseng may increase effectsExplanation
Most side effects are minor and GI-related
New extended-release formulation of metformin (Glumetza) allows for once-daily dosingRate this question:
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- 14.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- A.
Speeds up the digestion of glucose
- B.
Block enzymes in small intestine responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides
- C.
Usually well tolerated with minimal side effects related to the GI system
Correct Answer(s)
B. Block enzymes in small intestine responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides
C. Usually well tolerated with minimal side effects related to the GI systemExplanation
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are a type of medication that block the enzymes in the small intestine responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. By inhibiting these enzymes, the digestion of glucose is slowed down, leading to a more gradual release of glucose into the bloodstream. These inhibitors are usually well tolerated and have minimal side effects related to the gastrointestinal system.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Thiazolidinediones optimal lowering of blood glucose may take 3 to 4 months of therapy
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Reduce blood glucose by decreasing insulin resistance and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis
Optimal lowering of blood glucose may take 3 to 4 months of therapy
Most common adverse effects: fluid retention, headache, weight gain
Hypoglycemia does not occur with drugs in this classRate this question:
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- 16.
Meglitinides have a long duration of action of 24 to 36 hrs
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Newer class of oral hypoglycemics
Act by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells
Both agents in this class have short durations of action of 2–4 hours
Efficacy equal to that of sulfonylureas
Well tolerated
Hypoglycemia most common adverse effectRate this question:
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- 17.
Byetta mimics the effects of incretins
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Two new drugs entered market in 2005
Exenatide (Byetta): injectable drug that belongs to class of drugs called incretin mimetics
Mimic effects of incretins—hormones released into blood by intestine in response to food
Pramlintide (Symlin): injectable drug for type 1 and type 2; resembles human amylin
Hormone produced by pancreas after meals; helps body regulate blood glucoseRate this question:
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- 18.
Insulins block entry of glucose into cells
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Prototype drug: regular insulin
Mechanism of action: to promote entry of glucose into cells
Primary use: short-acting insulin, with an onset of 30 to 60 minutes, a peak effect at 2 to 3 hours, and a duration of 5 to 7 hours to quickly decrease blood glucose
Also for emergency management of ketoacidosis
Adverse effects: hypoglycemiaRate this question:
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- 19.
Oral hypoglycemics stimulate pancreas to secrete more insulin
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Prototype drug: glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL)
Mechanism of action: to stimulate pancreas to secrete more insulin
Also increases sensitivity of insulin receptors at target tissues
Primary use: for treatment of type 2 diabetes
Adverse effects: hypoglycemia, rashes, photosensitivity possible
Some clients experience nausea, vomiting, loss of appetiteRate this question:
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- 20.
At what level should insulin dose be held and reported to HC provider
- A.
90 or below
- B.
70 or below
- C.
Above 120
- D.
90 or above
Correct Answer
B. 70 or belowExplanation
Feed client simple sugar at first sign of hypoglycemia
Rotate insulin administration sites weekly
Change insulin pump subcutaneous catheters every 2 to 3 days to prevent infections at the site of insertionRate this question:
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- 21.
How long fter exercise should you monitor for hypoglycemia
- A.
48 hrs
- B.
24hrs
- C.
12hrs
- D.
4hrs
Correct Answer
A. 48 hrsExplanation
Monitor for hypoglycemia up to 48 hours after exercise
If symptoms of hypoglycemia are noted, provide a quick-acting carbohydrate source (e.g., juice or other simple sugar)
Monitor for hypoglycemia more frequently in patients on concurrent beta-blocker therapyRate this question:
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- 22.
How is type 1 diabetes treated??
- A.
Dietary restrictions
- B.
Exercise
- C.
Insulin therapy
- D.
Amputations
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dietary restrictions
B. Exercise
C. Insulin therapyExplanation
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the body does not produce enough insulin. Insulin therapy is a crucial treatment for type 1 diabetes, as it involves injecting insulin into the body to regulate blood sugar levels. Additionally, dietary restrictions play a significant role in managing type 1 diabetes. Individuals with this condition need to monitor their carbohydrate intake and follow a balanced diet. Regular exercise is also essential for managing blood sugar levels and maintaining overall health. Amputations are not a treatment for type 1 diabetes and are not relevant to managing the condition.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Type 2 diabetes is controlled through lifestyle changes and oral hypoglycemic drugs
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Type 2 diabetes can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes such as adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. Additionally, oral hypoglycemic drugs can be prescribed by healthcare professionals to help regulate blood sugar levels. Therefore, the statement that type 2 diabetes is controlled through lifestyle changes and oral hypoglycemic drugs is true.Rate this question:
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Mar 22, 2012Quiz Created by
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