Pg Blazer - Online Test Series 34 - Radiology

Areas of spiculated microcalcifications on a mammogram would suggest malignancy. Microcalcifications are tiny deposits of calcium that can be seen on a mammogram. Spiculated microcalcifications refer to the presence of irregular, jagged, or spiky lines radiating from the calcifications. This pattern is often associated with malignant breast tumors, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Smooth borders and well-defined lesions are more commonly associated with benign findings, while a mass of decreased density may also be indicative of a benign or non-cancerous condition.

The given information suggests that the patient has multiple small hemorrhages in the basal cisterns, which is a characteristic finding in diffuse axonal injuries (DAI). DAI occurs due to the shearing forces that cause widespread damage to the axons in the brain. This type of injury is commonly seen in cases of severe head trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents. The absence of midline shift and the presence of multiple small hemorrhages in the basal cisterns help differentiate DAI from other potential diagnoses listed in the options.

Nuchal translucency is the most sensitive sonological indicator for aneuploidy. It refers to the measurement of fluid accumulation at the back of the fetal neck during the first trimester ultrasound. Increased nuchal translucency is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. This measurement, along with other factors, helps in assessing the risk of aneuploidy in the fetus.

Based on the provided information, the most likely diagnosis for the patient's condition is a meningioma. Meningiomas are typically extra-axial, meaning they are located outside the brain tissue, and are often dural-based, meaning they arise from the meninges. They can also enhance on MRI due to increased blood supply. This information aligns with the patient's presentation of recurrent headaches and the MRI findings. Gliomas, schwannomas, and pituitary adenomas are less likely based on the given information.

After intracranial radiation therapy, the most common hormone deficiency seen is growth hormone deficiency. This is because radiation therapy can damage the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing growth hormone. As a result, patients may experience stunted growth and development. Treatment for growth hormone deficiency typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore normal growth and development.

Plethoric lung fields are seen in conditions which increase pulmonary blood flow. They are:
Left to right shunt – ASD, VSD, PDA, Coronary artery fistula into right heart, Aortopulmonary window
Transposition of great arteries with ASD or VSD
Truncus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Myelomalacia is the correct answer because it refers to the softening of the spinal cord, which can be seen on an MRI. It is often caused by ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord tissue. The other options listed, such as myelodysplasia, myeloschisis, and cord tumors, are not specifically related to spinal cord edema and would not be the most likely differential diagnoses based on the given information.

A bone scan is a nuclear medicine imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer to evaluate the bones. In the context of a patient with Multiple Myeloma, cold spots on the bone scan indicate areas of decreased uptake of the radioactive tracer. This can be attributed to the presence of lytic lesions or bone destruction caused by the cancer cells. The cold spots represent areas of reduced metabolic activity and can help in identifying the extent and location of bone involvement in Multiple Myeloma.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the most chemoresistant tumor among the given options. Chemoresistance refers to the ability of a tumor to resist the effects of chemotherapy drugs. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is known to have a high resistance to chemotherapy, making it difficult to treat using conventional chemotherapy regimens. This resistance may be due to various factors, such as the tumor's ability to repair DNA damage caused by chemotherapy drugs or its ability to pump out the drugs before they can exert their effects.

The spongy appearance with central sunburst calcification is a characteristic finding in serous cystadenoma. Serous cystadenoma is a benign tumor of the pancreas that is composed of numerous small cysts filled with clear fluid. The spongy appearance refers to the multiple small cysts present within the tumor. The central sunburst calcification is a radiographic finding that is caused by the deposition of calcium in the fibrous septa of the tumor. This combination of spongy appearance and central sunburst calcification is highly suggestive of serous cystadenoma.