Pediatric Echo Exam 2

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1. A simple acronym (CHRISTMAS) will assist the sonographer in 

Explanation

The acronym CHRISTMAS is used to assist the sonographer in prenatal detection of congenital heart disease. The acronym likely represents a mnemonic or a set of guidelines that helps the sonographer identify and detect potential heart defects in a prenatal ultrasound. The specific details of the acronym and how it is used are not provided in the question.

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About This Quiz
Pediatric Echo Exam 2 - Quiz

Pediatric Echo Exam 2 focuses on congenital heart defects, assessing knowledge in conditions like Acyanotic heart defects, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and common types like VSD and ASD. It aids in prenatal detection and understanding multifaceted development of these diseases, crucial for aspiring pediatric cardiologists.

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2. An extra electrical pathway that connects the atria and ventricles and causes rapid heartbeat.

Explanation

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the presence of an extra electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles. This pathway, called the Bundle of Kent, bypasses the normal electrical conduction system of the heart and causes rapid heartbeat or tachycardia. This can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment options for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome may include medications, catheter ablation, or surgery to remove the abnormal pathway.

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3. Small muscular defects often close spontaneously

Explanation

Small muscular defects often close spontaneously, meaning that they can heal on their own without any intervention or treatment. This is true because the body has the ability to repair small defects in muscles through natural healing processes. These defects may be caused by various factors such as injury or strain, and the body's natural healing mechanisms can effectively close them over time. However, it is important to note that larger or more severe muscular defects may require medical intervention or surgical procedures to facilitate proper healing.

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4. Complete atrioventricular septal defects are more complex to repair because defect is larger and a single atrioventricular valve more difficult to manage clinically, depending on amount of regurgitation present.

Explanation

Complete atrioventricular septal defects are indeed more complex to repair. This is because the defect is larger, making it more challenging to close surgically. Additionally, these defects involve a single atrioventricular valve, which can be more difficult to manage clinically, especially if there is regurgitation present. Therefore, the statement is true.

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5. Refers to a group of congenital heart defects in which there is a normal amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, giving a pink color to the lips and nail beds.

Explanation

Acyanotic refers to a group of congenital heart defects where there is a normal amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, resulting in a pink coloration of the lips and nail beds. This means that the blood is adequately oxygenated and there is no cyanosis, which is the bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels. Therefore, acyanotic is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition mentioned in the question.

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6. Least common ASD seen near entrance of SVC into the right atrium

Explanation

The correct answer is Sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is the least common atrial septal defect (ASD) and is typically located near the entrance of the superior vena cava (SVC) into the right atrium. This type of defect occurs when there is an abnormal connection between the SVC and the right atrium, allowing oxygenated blood from the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood from the right atrium. The other options, Ostium primum, Ostium secundum, and Muscular VSD, are different types of ASDs but are not specifically associated with the entrance of the SVC into the right atrium.

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7. Sinus venosus defect is associated with 

Explanation

Sinus venosus defect is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal connection between the right atrium and the pulmonary veins. This results in the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to a decrease in oxygen levels in the body. Anomalous pulmonary venous return is another congenital heart defect where the pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium properly. Since both conditions involve abnormalities in the pulmonary veins, it is reasonable to associate sinus venosus defect with anomalous pulmonary venous return.

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8. Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further towards the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion

Explanation

Levocardia refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further towards the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion. This means that the heart is positioned normally, with the apex pointing towards the left side of the chest. Dextrocardia, on the other hand, refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced towards the right side of the chest. Normal situs refers to the normal positioning of the internal organs, while sinus inversus refers to the mirror image reversal of the internal organs.

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9. ASD that lies in superior portion of atrial septum, close to inflow pattern of SVC

Explanation

The correct answer is sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is a small area located in the superior portion of the atrial septum, close to the inflow pattern of the superior vena cava (SVC). It is one of the four main types of atrial septal defects (ASDs), along with ostium primum, ostium secundum, and coronary sinus defects.

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10. ASD that is in central atrial septum near foramen ovale

Explanation

The correct answer is "ostium secundum". The explanation for this is that the ASD (atrial septal defect) is located in the central atrial septum near the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is a natural opening between the two atria of the heart during fetal development, and it usually closes shortly after birth. However, in some cases, it may not close completely, resulting in an ASD. The ostium secundum is the most common type of ASD, accounting for about 70-80% of cases. It is located in the central part of the atrial septum, making it the most likely location for the ASD described in the question.

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11. Which ASD is this?

Explanation

The given answer "ostium secundum" refers to a specific type of atrial septal defect (ASD). ASDs are abnormal openings in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart. In the case of an ostium secundum ASD, the defect is located in the middle of the atrial septum, allowing blood to flow between the atria. This type of ASD is one of the most common and typically requires medical intervention to prevent complications.

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12. How much pericardial effusion is too much?

Explanation

A pericardial effusion greater than 2.0 mm in thickness is generally considered significant and may indicate an abnormal accumulation of fluid around the heart. This can lead to complications such as cardiac tamponade, which requires prompt medical attention. Effusions smaller than 2.0 mm are typically not as concerning, though clinical context is important for proper evaluation.

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13. Mother who had a child with left heart abnormality has a significantly lower risk of delivering another child with form of left heart disease

Explanation

Has a significantly HIGHER risk

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14. How much pericardial effusion should there be?

Explanation

Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. The given correct answer suggests that the amount of pericardial effusion should be less than 2.0 mm. This indicates that a small amount of fluid is considered normal, but if it exceeds this measurement, it may indicate a pathological condition. Therefore, the answer implies that a pericardial effusion greater than 2.0 mm is abnormal and requires further evaluation.

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15. May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of atrioventricular valves secondary to defect

Explanation

The correct answer is Ostium primum. In ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) malformation, there is malalignment of the atrioventricular valves due to a defect. The ostium primum is a type of ASD where there is an abnormal opening in the lower part of the atrial septum. This opening allows blood to flow between the left and right atria, causing a shunt. The malalignment of the atrioventricular valves can lead to regurgitation and further complications.

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16. Primum ASD is associated with:

Explanation

Primum ASD, also known as atrial septal defect, is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum between the atria. This condition is commonly associated with other cardiac abnormalities, such as cleft mitral valve. A cleft mitral valve is a malformation of the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. This abnormality can cause blood to flow back into the atrium, leading to symptoms like heart murmurs and heart failure. Therefore, it is associated with primum ASD.

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17. Complete absence of interatiral septum is occasionally noted in fetal:

Explanation

The correct answer is four-chamber view. In this view, the complete absence of the interatrial septum can be occasionally observed in fetuses. This refers to a condition known as atrial septal defect (ASD), where there is a hole in the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart. This defect can be detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations, specifically in the four-chamber view, which allows visualization of the entire heart and its chambers.

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18. If myocardium is thick due to something being inside the myocardium such as sarcodosis, the type of cariomyopathy is:

Explanation

If the myocardium is thick due to something being inside it, such as sarcoidosis, the type of cardiomyopathy is infiltrative. Infiltrative cardiomyopathy refers to a condition where abnormal substances, such as sarcoidosis granulomas, infiltrate the myocardium and cause thickening. This can lead to impaired heart function and other symptoms. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by the enlargement of the heart chambers, while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves the thickening of the heart muscle itself. None of these conditions specifically address the presence of something inside the myocardium, making infiltrative the correct answer.

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19. How would you describe a condition where the left ventricle (LV) is enlarged, but the myocardium (muscle of the heart wall) becomes smaller in size?

Explanation

The given statement suggests that LV (left ventricle) is bigger, but the myocardium (heart muscle) gets smaller in size. This indicates that there is dilation of the left ventricle. In dilated cardiomyopathy, the left ventricle becomes enlarged and weakened, causing it to pump blood less effectively. This condition can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Therefore, the correct answer is "Dilated."

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20. Indirect findings from ASD

Explanation

The correct answer is volume overload of right heart, PHT. This is because the question is asking for the indirect findings from ASD (atrial septal defect). ASD is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart. This can lead to increased blood flow and volume overload in the right side of the heart. Over time, this can cause pulmonary hypertension (PHT), which is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is volume overload of right heart, PHT.

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21. Most difficult to see in urtero because flap of foramen ovale mobile at this point of development

Explanation

The correct answer is Ostium secundum. The reason why it is the most difficult to see in utero is because the flap of the foramen ovale is mobile at this point of development. The foramen ovale is a hole in the heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetal stage. The ostium secundum is the second opening of the foramen ovale, and it is located in the septum between the atria. The mobility of the flap in the ostium secundum makes it harder to visualize during prenatal ultrasounds.

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22. Atypical location of the heart, with cardiac apex pointing towards the midline of the chest

Explanation

Mesocardia refers to the atypical location of the heart where the cardiac apex points towards the midline of the chest. In this condition, the heart is not located in its usual position. Dextrocardia refers to the heart being located on the right side of the chest, while levocardia refers to the heart being located on the left side of the chest. Sinus inversus refers to the reversal of the normal positions of organs in the chest and abdomen. Therefore, mesocardia is the correct answer as it specifically describes the heart's atypical location with the apex pointing towards the midline of the chest.

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23. What may influence the development of congeital heart disease in the fetus?

Explanation

The development of congenital heart disease in the fetus can be influenced by a combination of environmental factors, chromosomal factors, and hereditary factors. Environmental factors refer to external factors such as exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy. Chromosomal factors involve abnormalities or mutations in the baby's chromosomes. Hereditary factors indicate a genetic predisposition to heart disease passed down from parents. These three factors together contribute to the risk and development of congenital heart disease in the fetus.

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24. Incomplete ASD is a failure of:

Explanation

Incomplete ASD refers to a condition where the endocardial cushion, which is responsible for the fusion of the heart valves, fails to fully close. This can result in a communication between the right and left atria of the heart, allowing blood to flow from the right side to the left side. This defect can be detected through an echocardiogram, a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize the heart's structures and blood flow.

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25. May be small or large or be with multiple fenestrated holes

Explanation

The given answer "muscular" suggests that the structure being described may have muscle tissue. This implies that it is likely a muscular structure, which could be found in various sizes and may have multiple fenestrated holes. The other options provided (inlet, subarterial, perimembranous) do not provide any information about the structure's characteristics or composition, making them less likely to be the correct answer.

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26. When the heart is in the right chest with apex pointed to the right of thorax

Explanation

Dextrocardia refers to a condition where the heart is located in the right chest rather than the left, with the apex pointing towards the right side of the thorax. This is a rare congenital condition that occurs during fetal development. In dextrocardia, the heart's position is reversed, but its internal structures and connections remain normal. It can be associated with other abnormalities, such as situs inversus, where the internal organs are mirrored from their normal positions. Dextrocardia can sometimes lead to complications in diagnosis and treatment, as medical professionals may mistakenly expect to find the heart on the left side.

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27. Most common congenital lesion of the hert

Explanation

VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is the most common congenital lesion of the heart. It is a condition where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This hole allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, causing an increase in blood flow to the lungs and leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. VSD can vary in size and severity, and treatment may involve medication or surgery to repair the defect.

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28. Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further toward the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion

Explanation

Levoposition refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further toward the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion. This means that the heart is shifted towards the left side of the chest, potentially due to the presence of a mass or tumor. This displacement can have implications for the functioning of the heart and may require medical intervention.

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29. Cleft mitral valve is present, causing mitral regurgitation into left atrial cavity

Explanation

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30. Refers to condition in which the heart is located in right side of chest and cardiac apex points medially or to the left

Explanation

Dextroposition refers to a condition where the heart is located in the right side of the chest, which is an abnormal position. In this condition, the cardiac apex points medially or to the left, further indicating the abnormality. This term is used to describe the specific anatomical position of the heart and its orientation.

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31. 5'2" 110lb 15 year old patient comes in for an echo. Which probe would you use?

Explanation

The correct answer is 3.5 MHz. When performing an echo on a 15-year-old patient, a probe with a frequency of 3.5 MHz would be suitable. This frequency is commonly used for imaging pediatric patients as it provides a good balance between resolution and penetration depth. The higher the frequency, the better the resolution but the shallower the penetration. The 3.5 MHz probe is appropriate for imaging the heart of a 15-year-old patient.

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32. Atrioventricular septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of aorta, and hypoplastic left heart are associated with chromosomal abnormalities

Explanation

These cardiac abnormalities are indeed associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is commonly seen in individuals with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) is often seen in individuals with DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). Tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, and coarctation of the aorta can be associated with various chromosomal abnormalities such as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, trisomy 13, and trisomy 18. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome can also be associated with chromosomal abnormalities, including Turner syndrome (45,X) and trisomy 18.

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33. Frequency for pediatric probes

Explanation

The frequency of 12 MHz is the correct answer for pediatric probes because it falls within the range commonly used for imaging in pediatric patients. Pediatric probes are designed to be used on infants and young children, and they typically have higher frequencies compared to probes used on adult patients. Higher frequency probes provide better resolution and are better suited for imaging smaller structures, such as those found in pediatric patients. Therefore, a frequency of 12 MHz is appropriate for pediatric imaging.

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34. ASD in lower (inferior) portion of septum, near crux of the heart

Explanation

The given correct answer is "Ostium primum." The explanation for this answer is that the description provided in the question states that the ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) is located in the lower (inferior) portion of the septum, near the crux of the heart. The ostium primum is a specific location in the atrial septum where an ASD can occur. Therefore, based on the given information, the correct answer is ostium primum.

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35. What 2D image would you see your pericardial effusion which is anterior to your RV

Explanation

The subcostal view is the most appropriate 2D image to visualize a pericardial effusion that is anterior to the right ventricle (RV). This view is obtained by placing the ultrasound probe just below the costal margin, allowing for visualization of the heart from a lower angle. This angle provides a clear view of the anterior structures of the heart, including the RV, making it ideal for detecting and evaluating pericardial effusions in this location. The other options, such as the apical 4, apical 2, and PSLA views, may not provide the same level of visibility for anterior pericardial effusions.

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36. The most common types of congenital heart disease are 

Explanation

The correct answer is VSD, ASD, Pulmonary Stenosis. Congenital heart disease refers to heart abnormalities that are present at birth. VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. ASD stands for Atrial Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart. Pulmonary Stenosis refers to a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs. These three conditions are among the most common types of congenital heart disease.

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37. The development of congential heart disease is

Explanation

Congenital heart disease is a complex condition that can arise due to various factors. It is not acquired, meaning it is present at birth. The term "multifaceted" refers to the multiple factors that contribute to the development of this disease, such as genetic abnormalities, environmental influences, and maternal health. Therefore, the correct answer is "multifaceted" as it accurately describes the diverse and intricate nature of congenital heart disease.

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38. VSD that is below the AOV and pulmonic valve

Explanation

The given correct answer, "Subarterial," refers to a type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) that is located below the Aortic Valve (AOV) and the pulmonic valve. This type of VSD is characterized by the defect being positioned beneath the two major arteries that arise from the heart, namely the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

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39. Which 2D image would you see a posterior pericardial effusion the best?

Explanation

The PSLA (Parasternal Long Axis) view would provide the best visualization of a posterior pericardial effusion. This view allows for a comprehensive assessment of the heart, including the posterior region where the pericardial effusion would be located. The other views listed (Apical 2, Apical 4, Suprasternal) may not provide as clear or direct visualization of the posterior pericardial space.

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40. Significant anatomic landmark in VSDs is:

Explanation

The correct answer is crista supraventricularis ridge. This is a significant anatomical landmark in ventricular septal defects (VSDs). The crista supraventricularis is a muscular ridge that separates the right and left ventricles in the heart. In VSDs, there is an abnormal opening in the septum between the ventricles, and the crista supraventricularis ridge can help identify the location and extent of the defect. It serves as a reference point for surgeons during repair procedures. The other options listed, such as the foramen ovale, coumadin ridge, and anterior mitral leaflet, are not specific landmarks associated with VSDs.

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41. Usually associated with chromosomal abnormality of trisomy 21

Explanation

Ostium primum ASD is usually associated with chromosomal abnormality of trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which can lead to various developmental abnormalities, including heart defects. Ostium primum ASD refers to a specific type of atrial septal defect, where there is an abnormal opening in the lower part of the atrial septum. This defect is commonly seen in individuals with Down syndrome.

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42. Most common single cardiac abnormality is

Explanation

VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is the most common single cardiac abnormality. It is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This hole allows oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix, leading to inefficient circulation and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, poor growth, and fatigue. VSD can vary in size and severity, and treatment options include medication, catheter-based procedures, and surgery.

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43. May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of atrioventricular valves secondary to defect

Explanation

The correct answer is "Ostium primum." In ASD (atrial septal defect) malformation, there is a malalignment of the atrioventricular valves due to a defect. The ostium primum is a type of ASD where there is a defect in the lower part of the atrial septum, near the atrioventricular valves. This defect allows blood to flow between the left and right atria, leading to a shunting of blood and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue.

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44. What is this?

Explanation

The given options are all related to cardiac conditions. Normal refers to a typical or healthy condition, where the heart is positioned in the left side of the chest. Dextrocardia refers to a condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest. Sinus invertus is a condition where the internal organs are mirrored or reversed in position. Levocardia refers to a normal position of the heart on the left side of the chest. Since the question is asking for what "this" is, and the options are all cardiac conditions, the correct answer would be Normal.

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45. 16 year old patient comes in for an echo, which probe would you use?

Explanation

The correct answer is 3.5 MHz. This is because the frequency of the probe should be chosen based on the depth of the structures being imaged. In this case, since the patient is 16 years old, a lower frequency probe like 3.5 MHz would be appropriate as it can penetrate deeper into the body and provide better visualization of the heart structures. Higher frequency probes like 12 MHz or 50 MHz are typically used for superficial imaging.

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46. Which type of VSD is this?

Explanation

This question is asking about the type of VSD (ventricular septal defect). The correct answer is "perimembranous." This type of VSD is located near the membrane that separates the ventricles of the heart. It is the most common type of VSD and is often associated with other heart abnormalities.

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47. VSD accounts for ____% of all structural heart defects

Explanation

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common type of structural heart defect where there is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. The given answer, 30%, suggests that VSD accounts for 30% of all structural heart defects. This means that out of all the different types of heart defects, VSD is responsible for approximately one-third of them.

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48. 10 month old patient is in for an echo, which probe would you use?

Explanation

The correct probe to use for an echo on a 10-month-old patient would be the 12 MHz probe. This is because higher frequency probes provide better resolution and are more suitable for imaging smaller structures, such as those found in pediatric patients. The 12 MHz probe would allow for clearer visualization of the heart and help in obtaining accurate diagnostic information.

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49. Surgical treament for ASD is when the Qp/Qs is:

Explanation

Surgical treatment for ASD is indicated when the Qp/Qs (pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio) is greater than 2.0. This means that there is a significant left-to-right shunt in the heart, causing an excessive amount of blood to flow from the left side of the heart to the right side. Surgery is necessary to close the atrial septal defect and prevent further complications such as pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

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50. Membranous defects may be partially covered by ___________

Explanation

Membranous defects in the heart can sometimes be partially covered by the tricuspid septal leaflet. The tricuspid septal leaflet is one of the three leaflets that make up the tricuspid valve, which separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. When there is a defect in the membranous portion of the ventricular septum, the tricuspid septal leaflet may extend and partially cover the defect, providing some degree of closure. This helps prevent abnormal blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle, improving overall cardiac function.

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51. In _____ cardiomyopathy, all four chambers dilated, with thinning of myocardial walls

Explanation

In viral cardiomyopathy, all four chambers of the heart dilate and the myocardial walls become thinner. This condition is caused by a viral infection that affects the heart muscle, leading to inflammation and damage. As a result, the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Treatment for viral cardiomyopathy typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying viral infection.

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52. Clinical problems in CHD

Explanation

This answer is correct because heart failure, infective endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension (PHT) are all clinical problems commonly associated with congenital heart disease (CHD). Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, and it is a common complication of CHD. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart's inner lining and valves, which can occur in individuals with CHD. Pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, which can also be a complication of CHD.

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53. Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities with congenital heart disease estimated to be 5-10% from postnatal date. Majority have:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Trisomy 21, trisomy, 13, trisomy 18 and Turner's syndrome." This is because the question is asking for the chromosomal abnormalities that are commonly associated with congenital heart disease. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), and Turner's syndrome are all known to be linked to congenital heart disease.

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54. What is this?

Explanation

Sinus invertus is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where the position of the heart is reversed, with the apex pointing towards the right side of the chest instead of the left. This condition is also known as situs inversus or mirror-image dextrocardia. It is a rare congenital condition that occurs during fetal development and can be associated with other abnormalities in the organs' positioning within the body.

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55. What would you use to confirm shunt?

Explanation

CW Doppler is used to confirm shunt. This is because CW Doppler provides continuous wave ultrasound, allowing for the detection of blood flow in both directions simultaneously. This is useful in confirming the presence of a shunt, which is an abnormal connection between two blood vessels, as it can detect the flow of blood in both directions across the shunt. The other options, PW Doppler, M-Mode, and Tissue Doppler, do not provide continuous wave ultrasound and are not as effective in confirming shunt.

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56. Which type of VSD is this?

Explanation

The given correct answer is "subarterial". This suggests that the type of VSD being referred to in the question is a subarterial VSD.

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57. VSD that is located on the membraneous portion of the IVS by AOV

Explanation

The correct answer is "Perimembranous." This refers to the location of the VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) on the membranous portion of the Intraventricular Septum (IVS) near the Aortic Valve (AOV). The other options, Inlet, Subarterial, and Muscular, do not accurately describe the location of the VSD in relation to the IVS and AOV.

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58. Cleft mitral valve is posterior part of leaflet; is divided into medial and lateral parts

Explanation

Cleft mitral valve is ANTERIOR part of leaflet; is divided into medial and lateral parts

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59. Which ASD is this?

Explanation

The given correct answer for this question is "ostium primum." Ostium primum is a type of atrial septal defect (ASD) that occurs in the lower part of the atrial septum. It is characterized by an abnormal opening between the left and right atria, allowing blood to flow from the left to the right side of the heart. This defect is typically associated with other congenital heart abnormalities and may require surgical intervention to repair.

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60. Endocardial defect characterized by insertion of chordae from cleft mitral and tricuspid valve into crest of ventricular septum or a right ventricular papillary musle

Explanation

This statement is describing a specific type of endocardial defect, where the chordae from the cleft mitral and tricuspid valves are inserted into the crest of the ventricular septum or a right ventricular papillary muscle. The statement is saying that this type of defect is true, meaning it exists or is accurate.

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61. The _________ VSD may be classified as membranous, aneurysmal or supracrsital

Explanation

The given correct answer is "perimembranous". In this context, VSD refers to Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. This type of VSD can be classified as membranous, aneurysmal, or supracristal. The term "perimembranous" refers to the location of the VSD near the border of the membranous septum, which is the part of the heart's septum that is made up of connective tissue.

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62. Septal defect in inflow tract is best seen on:

Explanation

The four-chamber view is the best view to visualize a septal defect in the inflow tract. This view allows for a comprehensive assessment of the heart's structures, including the atrial and ventricular septum. It provides a clear visualization of the interatrial septum, interventricular septum, and the flow of blood between the chambers. This view is commonly used in echocardiography to assess for any abnormalities or defects in the heart's structure.

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63. Where should the stomach be?

Explanation

The stomach should be located at the tip of the apex. The apex refers to the pointed end or tip of an organ, and in this case, it is referring to the apex of the stomach. Therefore, the correct position for the stomach is at the tip of the apex.

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64. Malformations of right side of heart are rarely associated with karyotypic abnormalities 

Explanation

Malformations of the right side of the heart are rarely associated with karyotypic abnormalities. This means that most of the time, abnormalities in the structure of the right side of the heart are not caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Instead, they are usually caused by other factors such as genetic mutations or environmental factors. This statement suggests that karyotypic abnormalities are not a common cause of right-sided heart malformations.

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65. Congenital heart disease is most common severe congenital abnormality, with incidence of ___% in live births

Explanation

Congenital heart disease is a common severe congenital abnormality, affecting approximately 8% of live births. This means that out of every 100 babies born, about 8 will have some form of heart defect. This prevalence highlights the significance of congenital heart disease as a major health issue in newborns.

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66. What would you use to measure pericardial effusion?

Explanation

M-mode is a commonly used technique to measure pericardial effusion. It provides a one-dimensional view of the heart, allowing for accurate measurement of the pericardial space. By using M-mode, the depth and size of the effusion can be assessed, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of pericardial effusion. Other options such as Simpson's biplane, tissue Doppler, and 2D measurement are not specifically designed for measuring pericardial effusion, making M-mode the most appropriate choice.

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67. Four chamber view of VSD you must sweep:

Explanation

The correct answer is "posterior to anterior." In a four-chamber view of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), the ultrasound probe is swept from the posterior (back) to the anterior (front) direction. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the VSD and its location within the heart. By starting from the posterior aspect and moving towards the anterior aspect, the examiner can visualize the entire VSD and accurately assess its size and characteristics.

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68. CHRISTMAS is an acronym for: 

Explanation

The correct answer provides an acronym for remembering different aspects related to cardiac abnormalities in a prenatal ultrasound. Each letter represents a specific characteristic or condition that can be assessed during the ultrasound. The acronym helps to organize and remember these different aspects, making it easier for healthcare professionals to interpret and communicate their findings.

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69. VSD may close with the formation of __________ tissue, which is found along the ____ side of defect

Explanation

VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. When a VSD closes, it can form an aneurysm, which is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in the vessel wall. In this case, the aneurysm would be found along the right side of the defect.

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70. Secundum ASD is associated with:

Explanation

Secundum ASD is associated with MVP (mitral valve prolapse). This means that individuals with secundum ASD may also have a condition where the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, does not close properly. This can lead to blood flowing back into the left atrium, causing symptoms such as heart murmurs and palpitations. It is important to diagnose and manage both secundum ASD and MVP to ensure proper heart function.

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71. On sweeping on the image display, you must always record a MINIMUM of:

Explanation

When sweeping on the image display, it is important to record a minimum of 7 beats. This suggests that there may be a specific pattern or rhythm that needs to be observed and documented accurately. Recording fewer beats may result in incomplete or inaccurate information, potentially leading to misinterpretation or missing important details.

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72. Which type of ASD is this?

Explanation

Sinus venosus is a type of atrial septal defect (ASD) where there is an abnormal opening between the right atrium and the venous return from the systemic or pulmonary veins. This defect is located near the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. It is characterized by the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to increased blood flow to the right side of the heart and potential complications such as pulmonary hypertension.

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73. Which of the following is NOT a cause of cardiac enlargement?

Explanation

Ventricular shunts, such as large ventricular septal defects (VSDs), can cause dilatation of the heart. This occurs because the abnormal opening between the left and right ventricles leads to increased blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. Initially, this increased workload causes left-sided enlargement. Over time, the right side of the heart may also dilate due to the increased volume of blood being pumped into the pulmonary circulation. In contrast, endocardial fibroelastosis is characterized by thickening of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers. While this condition can impair the heart's ability to relax and fill with blood properly, it does not typically cause dilatation of the heart chambers. Instead, it primarily leads to thickening of the heart chambers' lining, which can ultimately result in heart failure due to impaired ventricular function.

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74. A congenital heart defect involving incomplete separation of the great arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) during the time the heart is forming prior to birth.

Explanation

The correct answer is Trisomy 21. Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is associated with a variety of congenital heart defects, including those involving incomplete separation of the great arteries. The other options, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and Turner’s Syndrome, can also be associated with heart defects, but not specifically the one described in the question.

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75. Best echocardiographic views to image septal defect in outflow tract:

Explanation

The long-axis view allows visualization of the entire length of the heart, including the outflow tracts. The short-axis view provides a cross-sectional image of the heart, allowing assessment of the septal defects in the outflow tract. The 5 chamber view provides a comprehensive view of the ventricles, atria, and the outflow tracts, making it ideal for identifying septal defects in the outflow tract. Therefore, the combination of long-axis, short-axis, and 5 chamber views is the best approach to image septal defects in the outflow tract.

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76. Associated with other cardiac defects: truncoconal abnormalities, coarcation fo the aorta, and pulmonary stenosis or atresia 

Explanation

The correct answer is Complete atrioventricular septal defect because it is associated with other cardiac defects such as truncoconal abnormalities, coarcation of the aorta, and pulmonary stenosis or atresia. This means that when a patient is diagnosed with a complete atrioventricular septal defect, they are more likely to also have these other cardiac abnormalities.

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77. Which type of VSD is this?

Explanation

This VSD is classified as a muscular VSD. Muscular VSDs are defects in the muscular septum of the heart, typically occurring in the lower part of the septum. They are the most common type of VSD and are usually small in size. This type of VSD is not located at the inlet or perimembranous regions of the heart.

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78. Aneruysms generally protrude into right heart in one of three directions:

Explanation

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79. Clinical features of ASD

Explanation

The correct answer is Dyspnea, cardiomegaly, atrial fibrillation. Dyspnea refers to difficulty in breathing, which can be a symptom of heart disease. Cardiomegaly is the enlargement of the heart, which can be caused by various conditions including heart failure. Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and rapid heartbeat, which can also be a sign of heart disease. Therefore, these three clinical features are commonly associated with ASD.

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80. For a complete atrioventricular septal defect, a 2D sweep on short axis from ______ to ____ valves hows anterior mitral leaflet swinging through VSD in continuity with tricuspid valve

Explanation

A complete atrioventricular septal defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the center of the heart that affects both the atria and the ventricles. In this defect, the anterior mitral leaflet swings through the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in continuity with the tricuspid valve. To visualize this, a 2D sweep on the short axis from the mitral valve to the aortic valve is performed. This allows the examiner to observe the movement of the mitral valve leaflet through the VSD and its relationship with the aortic valve.

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81. May be found with presence of extracardiac mas or lung abnormalities

Explanation

Mesocardia refers to the abnormal positioning of the heart in the middle of the chest, rather than on the left side. This can be caused by the presence of extracardiac masses or lung abnormalities.

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82. Complete atrioventricular septal defect results in membranous ventricular septal defect, abnormal tricuspid valve, primum atrial septal defect, and cleft mitral valve

Explanation

INCOMPLETE atrioventricular septal defect results in membrandous ventricular septal defect, abnormal tricuspid valve, primum atrial septal defect, and cleft mitral valve

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83. If the flap doesn't flap over and leaves an opening it is:

Explanation

If the flap doesn't flap over and leaves an opening, it suggests a secundum ASD (atrial septal defect). A secundum ASD is a type of congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the atrial septum, allowing blood to flow between the left and right atria. The flap referred to is the septum primum, which should normally cover the opening between the atria during fetal development. In a secundum ASD, this flap fails to close properly, resulting in a persistent opening.

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84. INCOMPLETE atrioventricular septal defect:

Explanation

The given answer suggests that in atrioventricular septal defect, there is a reversal of blood flow between the left ventricle (LV) and the right atrium (RA). Normally, blood flows from the LV to the aorta, but in this condition, it flows from the LV to the RA instead. This reversal of blood flow is a characteristic feature of atrioventricular septal defect.

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85. Which of the following describes the abnormal blood flow pattern in a complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)?

Explanation

In a complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), there's a large hole in the center of the heart, causing abnormal blood flow between chambers. This defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle (LV) to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right atrium (RA). This improper mixing reduces the efficiency of blood circulation and oxygen delivery throughout the body, leading to various health complications.

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86. Defects that lie below crista are called infracristal; may be fouind in membranous of _______ part of septum

Explanation

The correct answer is "muscular." In the explanation, it can be stated that defects that lie below the crista (a ridge of tissue) are known as infracristal defects. These defects can be found in the muscular part of the septum. The other options, inlet and subarterial, do not specifically refer to the location of the defects, making them incorrect choices.

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87. When you're looking at at complete AV septal defect, you need to look and measure the velocity of the:

Explanation

When looking at a complete AV septal defect, it is important to measure the velocity of the pulmonic valve. This is because a complete AV septal defect involves a large hole in the center of the heart, allowing blood to flow freely between the left and right sides. The pulmonic valve is responsible for regulating blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. By measuring the velocity of blood flow through this valve, healthcare professionals can assess the severity of the defect and its impact on overall heart function.

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88. What is this? 

Explanation

Levocardia refers to the normal positioning of the heart in the left side of the chest. This is the correct answer because it is the only option that describes the normal positioning of the heart. Dextrocardia refers to the abnormal positioning of the heart on the right side of the chest. Sinus invertus refers to the reversal of the normal positioning of the organs in the chest and abdomen. "Normal" is too general and does not provide specific information about the positioning of the heart.

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89. Incomplete atrioventricular septal defects have an increased incidence of Down syndrome and asplenia and polysplenia syndromes.

Explanation

COMPLETE atrioventricular septal defects have an increased incidence of Down syndrome and asplenia and polysplenia syndromes.

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90. Match the color to the correct VSD
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91. Most common VSD

Explanation

The given options refer to different types of ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Inlet VSD is one of the most common types of VSDs. It is located near the tricuspid valve and involves the inlet portion of the ventricular septum. This type of VSD can lead to blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing symptoms such as heart murmurs, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Inlet VSDs often require surgical intervention to repair the defect and improve the patient's quality of life.

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A simple acronym (CHRISTMAS) will assist the sonographer in 
An extra electrical pathway that connects the atria and ventricles and...
Small muscular defects often close spontaneously
Complete atrioventricular septal defects are more complex to repair...
Refers to a group of congenital heart defects in which there is a...
Least common ASD seen near entrance of SVC into the right atrium
Sinus venosus defect is associated with 
Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further...
ASD that lies in superior portion of atrial septum, close to inflow...
ASD that is in central atrial septum near foramen ovale
Which ASD is this?
How much pericardial effusion is too much?
Mother who had a child with left heart abnormality has a significantly...
How much pericardial effusion should there be?
May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of...
Primum ASD is associated with:
Complete absence of interatiral septum is occasionally noted in fetal:
If myocardium is thick due to something being inside the myocardium...
How would you describe a condition where the left ventricle (LV) is...
Indirect findings from ASD
Most difficult to see in urtero because flap of foramen ovale mobile...
Atypical location of the heart, with cardiac apex pointing towards the...
What may influence the development of congeital heart disease in the...
Incomplete ASD is a failure of:
May be small or large or be with multiple fenestrated holes
When the heart is in the right chest with apex pointed to the right of...
Most common congenital lesion of the hert
Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further toward...
Cleft mitral valve is present, causing mitral regurgitation into left...
Refers to condition in which the heart is located in right side of...
5'2" 110lb 15 year old patient comes in for an echo. Which...
Atrioventricular septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal...
Frequency for pediatric probes
ASD in lower (inferior) portion of septum, near crux of the heart
What 2D image would you see your pericardial effusion which is...
The most common types of congenital heart disease are 
The development of congential heart disease is
VSD that is below the AOV and pulmonic valve
Which 2D image would you see a posterior pericardial effusion the...
Significant anatomic landmark in VSDs is:
Usually associated with chromosomal abnormality of trisomy 21
Most common single cardiac abnormality is
May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of...
What is this?
16 year old patient comes in for an echo, which probe would you use?
Which type of VSD is this?
VSD accounts for ____% of all structural heart defects
10 month old patient is in for an echo, which probe would you use?
Surgical treament for ASD is when the Qp/Qs is:
Membranous defects may be partially covered by ___________
In _____ cardiomyopathy, all four chambers dilated, with thinning of...
Clinical problems in CHD
Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities with congenital heart disease...
What is this?
What would you use to confirm shunt?
Which type of VSD is this?
VSD that is located on the membraneous portion of the IVS by AOV
Cleft mitral valve is posterior part of leaflet; is divided into...
Which ASD is this?
Endocardial defect characterized by insertion of chordae from cleft...
The _________ VSD may be classified as membranous, aneurysmal or...
Septal defect in inflow tract is best seen on:
Where should the stomach be?
Malformations of right side of heart are rarely associated with...
Congenital heart disease is most common severe congenital abnormality,...
What would you use to measure pericardial effusion?
Four chamber view of VSD you must sweep:
CHRISTMAS is an acronym for: 
VSD may close with the formation of __________ tissue, which is found...
Secundum ASD is associated with:
On sweeping on the image display, you must always record a MINIMUM of:
Which type of ASD is this?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cardiac enlargement?
A congenital heart defect involving incomplete separation of the great...
Best echocardiographic views to image septal defect in outflow tract:
Associated with other cardiac defects: truncoconal abnormalities,...
Which type of VSD is this?
Aneruysms generally protrude into right heart in one of three...
Clinical features of ASD
For a complete atrioventricular septal defect, a 2D sweep on short...
May be found with presence of extracardiac mas or lung abnormalities
Complete atrioventricular septal defect results in membranous...
If the flap doesn't flap over and leaves an opening it is:
INCOMPLETE atrioventricular septal defect:
Which of the following describes the abnormal blood flow pattern in a...
Defects that lie below crista are called infracristal; may be fouind...
When you're looking at at complete AV septal defect, you need to...
What is this? 
Incomplete atrioventricular septal defects have an increased incidence...
Match the color to the correct VSD
Most common VSD
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