Pediatric Echo Exam 2
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
Refers to a group of congenital heart defects in which there is a normal amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, giving a pink color to the lips and nail beds.
- A.
Acyanotic
- B.
Atresia
- C.
Ectopia cordis
- D.
Pericardiocentesis
Correct Answer
A. AcyanoticExplanation
Acyanotic refers to a group of congenital heart defects where there is a normal amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, resulting in a pink coloration of the lips and nail beds. This means that the blood is adequately oxygenated and there is no cyanosis, which is the bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels. Therefore, acyanotic is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition mentioned in the question.Rate this question:
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- 2.
An extra electrical pathway that connects the atria and ventricles and causes rapid heartbeat.
- A.
Tetralogy of Fallot
- B.
Ebstein's anomaly
- C.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- D.
Dextrocardia
Correct Answer
C. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromeExplanation
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the presence of an extra electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles. This pathway, called the Bundle of Kent, bypasses the normal electrical conduction system of the heart and causes rapid heartbeat or tachycardia. This can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment options for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome may include medications, catheter ablation, or surgery to remove the abnormal pathway.Rate this question:
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- 3.
CHRISTMAS is an acronym for:
- A.
C = CardiacH = HypertrophyR = Risk Factors and RhythmI = Incorrect size, LGA, or SGAS = SymmetryT = TOF, TAPVR, Transposition, TricuspidAtresia, Truncus ArteriosusM = Masses and MobilityA = AneuploidyS = Situs
- B.
C = Concordance and ContractilityH = HydropsR = Risk Factors and RhythmI = Incorrect size, LGA, or SGAS = SymmetryT = TOF, TAPVR, Transposition, TricuspidAtresia, Truncus ArteriosusM = Masses and MobilityA = AneuploidyS = Situs
- C.
C = CardiacH = HydropsR = Risk Factors and RhythmI = Incorrect size, LGA, or SGAS = SymmetryT = TOF, TAPVR, Transposition, TricuspidAtresia, Truncus ArteriosusM = Masses and MobilityA = AneuploidyS = Situs
- D.
C = CardiacH = HydropsR = RenalI = Incorrect size, LGA, or SGAS = SymmetryT = TOF, TAPVR, Transposition, TricuspidAtresia, Truncus ArteriosusM = MitralA = AneuploidyS = Sinus
Correct Answer
B. C = Concordance and ContractilityH = HydropsR = Risk Factors and RhythmI = Incorrect size, LGA, or SGAS = SymmetryT = TOF, TAPVR, Transposition, TricuspidAtresia, Truncus ArteriosusM = Masses and MobilityA = AneuploidyS = SitusExplanation
The correct answer provides an acronym for remembering different aspects related to cardiac abnormalities in a prenatal ultrasound. Each letter represents a specific characteristic or condition that can be assessed during the ultrasound. The acronym helps to organize and remember these different aspects, making it easier for healthcare professionals to interpret and communicate their findings.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A simple acronym (CHRISTMAS) will assist the sonographer in
- A.
Viewing blood flow
- B.
Prenatal detection of valve formation
- C.
Prenatal detection of ejection fraction
- D.
Prenatal detection of congenital heart disease:
Correct Answer
D. Prenatal detection of congenital heart disease:Explanation
The acronym CHRISTMAS is used to assist the sonographer in prenatal detection of congenital heart disease. The acronym likely represents a mnemonic or a set of guidelines that helps the sonographer identify and detect potential heart defects in a prenatal ultrasound. The specific details of the acronym and how it is used are not provided in the question.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The most common types of congenital heart disease are
- A.
VSD, ASD, Pulmonary Stenosis
- B.
VSD, ASD, Mitral Stenosis
- C.
PDA, ASD, Tetralogy of Fallot
- D.
VSD, PDA, Mitral Stenosis
Correct Answer
A. VSD, ASD, Pulmonary StenosisExplanation
The correct answer is VSD, ASD, Pulmonary Stenosis. Congenital heart disease refers to heart abnormalities that are present at birth. VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. ASD stands for Atrial Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart. Pulmonary Stenosis refers to a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs. These three conditions are among the most common types of congenital heart disease.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The development of congential heart disease is
- A.
Acquired
- B.
Multifaceted
- C.
Idiopathic
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. MultifacetedExplanation
Congenital heart disease is a complex condition that can arise due to various factors. It is not acquired, meaning it is present at birth. The term "multifaceted" refers to the multiple factors that contribute to the development of this disease, such as genetic abnormalities, environmental influences, and maternal health. Therefore, the correct answer is "multifaceted" as it accurately describes the diverse and intricate nature of congenital heart disease.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What may influence the development of congeital heart disease in the fetus?
- A.
Environmental factors, hereditary factors, irregular heart beat
- B.
Chromosomal factors, blood pressure, hereditary factors
- C.
Environmental factors, chromosomal factors, hereditary factors
- D.
Herediatary factors, chromosomal factors, underlying issues
Correct Answer
C. Environmental factors, chromosomal factors, hereditary factorsExplanation
The development of congenital heart disease in the fetus can be influenced by a combination of environmental factors, chromosomal factors, and hereditary factors. Environmental factors refer to external factors such as exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy. Chromosomal factors involve abnormalities or mutations in the baby's chromosomes. Hereditary factors indicate a genetic predisposition to heart disease passed down from parents. These three factors together contribute to the risk and development of congenital heart disease in the fetus.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Frequency of chromosomal abnormalities with congenital heart disease estimated to be 5-10% from postnatal date. Majority have:
- A.
Trisomy 13, Trisomy 18, Turner's syndrome
- B.
Trisomy 21, trisomy, 13, trisomy 18 and Turner's syndrome
- C.
Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Trisomy 21, trisomy, 13, trisomy 18 and Turner's syndromeExplanation
The correct answer is "Trisomy 21, trisomy, 13, trisomy 18 and Turner's syndrome." This is because the question is asking for the chromosomal abnormalities that are commonly associated with congenital heart disease. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), and Turner's syndrome are all known to be linked to congenital heart disease.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A congenital heart defect involving incomplete separation of the great arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) during the time the heart is forming prior to birth.
- A.
Trisomy 18
- B.
Trisomy 13
- C.
Trisomy 21
- D.
Turner's Syndrome
Correct Answer
C. Trisomy 21Explanation
The correct answer is Trisomy 21. Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is associated with a variety of congenital heart defects, including those involving incomplete separation of the great arteries. The other options, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and Turner’s Syndrome, can also be associated with heart defects, but not specifically the one described in the question.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Most common single cardiac abnormality is
- A.
VSD
- B.
ASD
- C.
PDA
- D.
Dextrocardia
Correct Answer
A. VSDExplanation
VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is the most common single cardiac abnormality. It is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This hole allows oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix, leading to inefficient circulation and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, poor growth, and fatigue. VSD can vary in size and severity, and treatment options include medication, catheter-based procedures, and surgery.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Malformations of right side of heart are rarely associated with karyotypic abnormalities
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Malformations of the right side of the heart are rarely associated with karyotypic abnormalities. This means that most of the time, abnormalities in the structure of the right side of the heart are not caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Instead, they are usually caused by other factors such as genetic mutations or environmental factors. This statement suggests that karyotypic abnormalities are not a common cause of right-sided heart malformations.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Atrioventricular septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of aorta, and hypoplastic left heart are associated with chromosomal abnormalities
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
These cardiac abnormalities are indeed associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is commonly seen in individuals with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) is often seen in individuals with DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). Tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, and coarctation of the aorta can be associated with various chromosomal abnormalities such as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, trisomy 13, and trisomy 18. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome can also be associated with chromosomal abnormalities, including Turner syndrome (45,X) and trisomy 18.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Mother who had a child with left heart abnormality has a significantly lower risk of delivering another child with form of left heart disease
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Has a significantly HIGHER riskRate this question:
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- 14.
Congenital heart disease is most common severe congenital abnormality, with incidence of ___% in live births
- A.
8%
- B.
10%
- C.
25%
- D.
30%
Correct Answer
A. 8%Explanation
Congenital heart disease is a common severe congenital abnormality, affecting approximately 8% of live births. This means that out of every 100 babies born, about 8 will have some form of heart defect. This prevalence highlights the significance of congenital heart disease as a major health issue in newborns.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What is this?
- A.
Normal
- B.
Dextrocardia
- C.
Sinus invertus
- D.
Levocardia
Correct Answer
C. Sinus invertusExplanation
Sinus invertus is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where the position of the heart is reversed, with the apex pointing towards the right side of the chest instead of the left. This condition is also known as situs inversus or mirror-image dextrocardia. It is a rare congenital condition that occurs during fetal development and can be associated with other abnormalities in the organs' positioning within the body.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What is this?
- A.
Normal
- B.
Dextrocardia
- C.
Sinus invertus
- D.
Levocardia
Correct Answer
A. NormalExplanation
The given options are all related to cardiac conditions. Normal refers to a typical or healthy condition, where the heart is positioned in the left side of the chest. Dextrocardia refers to a condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest. Sinus invertus is a condition where the internal organs are mirrored or reversed in position. Levocardia refers to a normal position of the heart on the left side of the chest. Since the question is asking for what "this" is, and the options are all cardiac conditions, the correct answer would be Normal.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Refers to condition in which the heart is located in right side of chest and cardiac apex points medially or to the left
- A.
Dextroposition
- B.
Levoposition
- C.
Necrosis
- D.
Mesocardia
Correct Answer
A. DextropositionExplanation
Dextroposition refers to a condition where the heart is located in the right side of the chest, which is an abnormal position. In this condition, the cardiac apex points medially or to the left, further indicating the abnormality. This term is used to describe the specific anatomical position of the heart and its orientation.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further toward the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion
- A.
Dextroposition
- B.
Levopositon
- C.
Mesocardia
- D.
ASD
Correct Answer
B. LevopositonExplanation
Levoposition refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further toward the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion. This means that the heart is shifted towards the left side of the chest, potentially due to the presence of a mass or tumor. This displacement can have implications for the functioning of the heart and may require medical intervention.Rate this question:
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- 19.
In _____ cardiomyopathy, all four chambers dilated, with thinning of myocardial walls
- A.
RestrictiveÂ
- B.
HypertrophicÂ
- C.
ConstrictiveÂ
- D.
Viral
Correct Answer
D. ViralExplanation
In viral cardiomyopathy, all four chambers of the heart dilate and the myocardial walls become thinner. This condition is caused by a viral infection that affects the heart muscle, leading to inflammation and damage. As a result, the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Treatment for viral cardiomyopathy typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying viral infection.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What is this?
- A.
Dextrocardia
- B.
Levocardia
- C.
Normal
- D.
Sinus invertus
Correct Answer
B. LevocardiaExplanation
Levocardia refers to the normal positioning of the heart in the left side of the chest. This is the correct answer because it is the only option that describes the normal positioning of the heart. Dextrocardia refers to the abnormal positioning of the heart on the right side of the chest. Sinus invertus refers to the reversal of the normal positioning of the organs in the chest and abdomen. "Normal" is too general and does not provide specific information about the positioning of the heart.Rate this question:
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- 21.
When the heart is in the right chest with apex pointed to the right of thorax
- A.
Dextrocardia
- B.
Levocardia
- C.
Mesocardia
- D.
SInus invertus
Correct Answer
A. DextrocardiaExplanation
Dextrocardia refers to a condition where the heart is located in the right chest rather than the left, with the apex pointing towards the right side of the thorax. This is a rare congenital condition that occurs during fetal development. In dextrocardia, the heart's position is reversed, but its internal structures and connections remain normal. It can be associated with other abnormalities, such as situs inversus, where the internal organs are mirrored from their normal positions. Dextrocardia can sometimes lead to complications in diagnosis and treatment, as medical professionals may mistakenly expect to find the heart on the left side.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further towards the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion
- A.
Dextrocardia
- B.
Levocardia
- C.
Normal situs
- D.
Sinus inversus
Correct Answer
B. LevocardiaExplanation
Levocardia refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced further towards the left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion. This means that the heart is positioned normally, with the apex pointing towards the left side of the chest. Dextrocardia, on the other hand, refers to the condition in which the heart is displaced towards the right side of the chest. Normal situs refers to the normal positioning of the internal organs, while sinus inversus refers to the mirror image reversal of the internal organs.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Atypical location of the heart, with cardiac apex pointing towards the midline of the chest
- A.
Dextrocardia
- B.
Levocardia
- C.
Mesocardia
- D.
Sinus inversus
Correct Answer
C. MesocardiaExplanation
Mesocardia refers to the atypical location of the heart where the cardiac apex points towards the midline of the chest. In this condition, the heart is not located in its usual position. Dextrocardia refers to the heart being located on the right side of the chest, while levocardia refers to the heart being located on the left side of the chest. Sinus inversus refers to the reversal of the normal positions of organs in the chest and abdomen. Therefore, mesocardia is the correct answer as it specifically describes the heart's atypical location with the apex pointing towards the midline of the chest.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cardiac enlargement?
- A.
Errors of metabolism
- B.
Endocardial fibroelastosis
- C.
Exposure to virus
- D.
Cardiac shunts
Correct Answer
B. Endocardial fibroelastosisExplanation
Ventricular shunts, such as large ventricular septal defects (VSDs), can cause dilatation of the heart. This occurs because the abnormal opening between the left and right ventricles leads to increased blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. Initially, this increased workload causes left-sided enlargement. Over time, the right side of the heart may also dilate due to the increased volume of blood being pumped into the pulmonary circulation. In contrast, endocardial fibroelastosis is characterized by thickening of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers. While this condition can impair the heart's ability to relax and fill with blood properly, it does not typically cause dilatation of the heart chambers. Instead, it primarily leads to thickening of the heart chambers' lining, which can ultimately result in heart failure due to impaired ventricular function.Rate this question:
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- 25.
May be found with presence of extracardiac mas or lung abnormalities
- A.
Mesocardia
- B.
Dextrocardia
- C.
Levocardia
- D.
Pulmonary stenosis
Correct Answer
A. MesocardiaExplanation
Mesocardia refers to the abnormal positioning of the heart in the middle of the chest, rather than on the left side. This can be caused by the presence of extracardiac masses or lung abnormalities.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What would you use to measure pericardial effusion?
- A.
Simpsons biplane
- B.
M-mode
- C.
Tissue Doppler
- D.
2D measurement
Correct Answer
B. M-modeExplanation
M-mode is a commonly used technique to measure pericardial effusion. It provides a one-dimensional view of the heart, allowing for accurate measurement of the pericardial space. By using M-mode, the depth and size of the effusion can be assessed, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of pericardial effusion. Other options such as Simpson's biplane, tissue Doppler, and 2D measurement are not specifically designed for measuring pericardial effusion, making M-mode the most appropriate choice.Rate this question:
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- 27.
ASD that is in central atrial septum near foramen ovale
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Coronary sinus
Correct Answer
B. Ostium secundumExplanation
The correct answer is "ostium secundum". The explanation for this is that the ASD (atrial septal defect) is located in the central atrial septum near the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is a natural opening between the two atria of the heart during fetal development, and it usually closes shortly after birth. However, in some cases, it may not close completely, resulting in an ASD. The ostium secundum is the most common type of ASD, accounting for about 70-80% of cases. It is located in the central part of the atrial septum, making it the most likely location for the ASD described in the question.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Usually associated with chromosomal abnormality of trisomy 21
- A.
Ostium primum ASD
- B.
Ostium secundum ASD
- C.
Sinus venosus ASD
- D.
Dextrocardia
Correct Answer
A. Ostium primum ASDExplanation
Ostium primum ASD is usually associated with chromosomal abnormality of trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which can lead to various developmental abnormalities, including heart defects. Ostium primum ASD refers to a specific type of atrial septal defect, where there is an abnormal opening in the lower part of the atrial septum. This defect is commonly seen in individuals with Down syndrome.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Least common ASD seen near entrance of SVC into the right atrium
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Muscular VSD
Correct Answer
C. Sinus venosusExplanation
The correct answer is Sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is the least common atrial septal defect (ASD) and is typically located near the entrance of the superior vena cava (SVC) into the right atrium. This type of defect occurs when there is an abnormal connection between the SVC and the right atrium, allowing oxygenated blood from the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood from the right atrium. The other options, Ostium primum, Ostium secundum, and Muscular VSD, are different types of ASDs but are not specifically associated with the entrance of the SVC into the right atrium.Rate this question:
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- 30.
May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of atrioventricular valves secondary to defect
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Perimembranous inlet
Correct Answer
A. Ostium primumExplanation
The correct answer is "Ostium primum." In ASD (atrial septal defect) malformation, there is a malalignment of the atrioventricular valves due to a defect. The ostium primum is a type of ASD where there is a defect in the lower part of the atrial septum, near the atrioventricular valves. This defect allows blood to flow between the left and right atria, leading to a shunting of blood and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Cleft mitral valve is present, causing mitral regurgitation into left atrial cavity
- A.
Ostium secundum
- B.
Ostium primum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer
B. Ostium primum -
- 32.
Most difficult to see in urtero because flap of foramen ovale mobile at this point of development
- A.
Sinus venosus
- B.
Ostium primum
- C.
Ostium secundum
- D.
Muscular VSD
Correct Answer
C. Ostium secundumExplanation
The correct answer is Ostium secundum. The reason why it is the most difficult to see in utero is because the flap of the foramen ovale is mobile at this point of development. The foramen ovale is a hole in the heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetal stage. The ostium secundum is the second opening of the foramen ovale, and it is located in the septum between the atria. The mobility of the flap in the ostium secundum makes it harder to visualize during prenatal ultrasounds.Rate this question:
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- 33.
ASD that lies in superior portion of atrial septum, close to inflow pattern of SVC
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Coronay sinus
Correct Answer
C. Sinus venosusExplanation
The correct answer is sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is a small area located in the superior portion of the atrial septum, close to the inflow pattern of the superior vena cava (SVC). It is one of the four main types of atrial septal defects (ASDs), along with ostium primum, ostium secundum, and coronary sinus defects.Rate this question:
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- 34.
ASD in lower (inferior) portion of septum, near crux of the heart
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Coronary sinus
Correct Answer
A. Ostium primumExplanation
The given correct answer is "Ostium primum." The explanation for this answer is that the description provided in the question states that the ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) is located in the lower (inferior) portion of the septum, near the crux of the heart. The ostium primum is a specific location in the atrial septum where an ASD can occur. Therefore, based on the given information, the correct answer is ostium primum.Rate this question:
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- 35.
May be seen in ASD malformation in which there is malalignment of atrioventricular valves secondary to defect
- A.
Ostium primum
- B.
Ostium secundum
- C.
Sinus venosus
- D.
Coronary sinus
Correct Answer
A. Ostium primumExplanation
The correct answer is Ostium primum. In ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) malformation, there is malalignment of the atrioventricular valves due to a defect. The ostium primum is a type of ASD where there is an abnormal opening in the lower part of the atrial septum. This opening allows blood to flow between the left and right atria, causing a shunt. The malalignment of the atrioventricular valves can lead to regurgitation and further complications.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Most common congenital lesion of the hert
- A.
Ostium primum ASD
- B.
Ostium Secundum ASD
- C.
Sinus Venosus ASD
- D.
VSD
Correct Answer
D. VSDExplanation
VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is the most common congenital lesion of the heart. It is a condition where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This hole allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, causing an increase in blood flow to the lungs and leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. VSD can vary in size and severity, and treatment may involve medication or surgery to repair the defect.Rate this question:
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- 37.
VSD accounts for ____% of all structural heart defects
- A.
10%
- B.
15%
- C.
20%
- D.
30%
Correct Answer
D. 30%Explanation
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common type of structural heart defect where there is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. The given answer, 30%, suggests that VSD accounts for 30% of all structural heart defects. This means that out of all the different types of heart defects, VSD is responsible for approximately one-third of them.Rate this question:
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- 38.
VSD that is located on the membraneous portion of the IVS by AOV
- A.
Inlet
- B.
Perimembranous
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
Muscular
Correct Answer
B. PerimembranousExplanation
The correct answer is "Perimembranous." This refers to the location of the VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) on the membranous portion of the Intraventricular Septum (IVS) near the Aortic Valve (AOV). The other options, Inlet, Subarterial, and Muscular, do not accurately describe the location of the VSD in relation to the IVS and AOV.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Most common VSD
- A.
Perimembranous
- B.
Inlet
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
Muscular
Correct Answer
B. InletExplanation
The given options refer to different types of ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Inlet VSD is one of the most common types of VSDs. It is located near the tricuspid valve and involves the inlet portion of the ventricular septum. This type of VSD can lead to blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing symptoms such as heart murmurs, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Inlet VSDs often require surgical intervention to repair the defect and improve the patient's quality of life.Rate this question:
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- 40.
VSD that is below the AOV and pulmonic valve
- A.
Perimembranous
- B.
Inlet
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
Muscular
Correct Answer
C. SubarterialExplanation
The given correct answer, "Subarterial," refers to a type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) that is located below the Aortic Valve (AOV) and the pulmonic valve. This type of VSD is characterized by the defect being positioned beneath the two major arteries that arise from the heart, namely the aorta and the pulmonary artery.Rate this question:
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- 41.
The _________ VSD may be classified as membranous, aneurysmal or supracrsital
- A.
Inlet
- B.
Perimembranous
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
Muscular
Correct Answer
B. PerimembranousExplanation
The given correct answer is "perimembranous". In this context, VSD refers to Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. This type of VSD can be classified as membranous, aneurysmal, or supracristal. The term "perimembranous" refers to the location of the VSD near the border of the membranous septum, which is the part of the heart's septum that is made up of connective tissue.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Significant anatomic landmark in VSDs is:
- A.
Foramen ovale
- B.
Coumadin ridge
- C.
Crista supraventricularis ridge
- D.
Anterior mitral leaflet
Correct Answer
C. Crista supraventricularis ridgeExplanation
The correct answer is crista supraventricularis ridge. This is a significant anatomical landmark in ventricular septal defects (VSDs). The crista supraventricularis is a muscular ridge that separates the right and left ventricles in the heart. In VSDs, there is an abnormal opening in the septum between the ventricles, and the crista supraventricularis ridge can help identify the location and extent of the defect. It serves as a reference point for surgeons during repair procedures. The other options listed, such as the foramen ovale, coumadin ridge, and anterior mitral leaflet, are not specific landmarks associated with VSDs.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Defects that lie below crista are called infracristal; may be fouind in membranous of _______ part of septum
- A.
Muscular
- B.
Inlet
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. MuscularExplanation
The correct answer is "muscular." In the explanation, it can be stated that defects that lie below the crista (a ridge of tissue) are known as infracristal defects. These defects can be found in the muscular part of the septum. The other options, inlet and subarterial, do not specifically refer to the location of the defects, making them incorrect choices.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Membranous defects may be partially covered by ___________
- A.
Tricupid anterior leaflet
- B.
Tricuspid septal leaflet
- C.
Non aortic cusp
- D.
Right aortic cusp
Correct Answer
B. Tricuspid septal leafletExplanation
Membranous defects in the heart can sometimes be partially covered by the tricuspid septal leaflet. The tricuspid septal leaflet is one of the three leaflets that make up the tricuspid valve, which separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. When there is a defect in the membranous portion of the ventricular septum, the tricuspid septal leaflet may extend and partially cover the defect, providing some degree of closure. This helps prevent abnormal blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle, improving overall cardiac function.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Four chamber view of VSD you must sweep:
- A.
Right to left
- B.
Left to right
- C.
Superior to inferior
- D.
Posterior to anterior
Correct Answer
D. Posterior to anteriorExplanation
The correct answer is "posterior to anterior." In a four-chamber view of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), the ultrasound probe is swept from the posterior (back) to the anterior (front) direction. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the VSD and its location within the heart. By starting from the posterior aspect and moving towards the anterior aspect, the examiner can visualize the entire VSD and accurately assess its size and characteristics.Rate this question:
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- 46.
VSD may close with the formation of __________ tissue, which is found along the ____ side of defect
- A.
Aneurysm, left
- B.
Muscle, left
- C.
Muscle, right
- D.
Aneurysm, right
Correct Answer
D. Aneurysm, rightExplanation
VSD stands for Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. When a VSD closes, it can form an aneurysm, which is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in the vessel wall. In this case, the aneurysm would be found along the right side of the defect.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Aneruysms generally protrude into right heart in one of three directions:
- A.
Below the tricuspid valve and into the RA, directly into the septal leaflet of TV, below the TV into right ventricular cavity
- B.
Above the tricuspid valve and into the RA, directly into the septal leaflet of TV, below the TV into right ventricular cavity
- C.
Below the tricuspid valve and into the RA, directly into the anterior leaflet of TV, below the TV into the right ventricular cavity
- D.
Above the tricuspid valve and into the RA, directly into the posterior leaflet of TV, below the TV into right ventricular cavity
Correct Answer
B. Above the tricuspid valve and into the RA, directly into the septal leaflet of TV, below the TV into right ventricular cavity -
- 48.
Small muscular defects often close spontaneously
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Small muscular defects often close spontaneously, meaning that they can heal on their own without any intervention or treatment. This is true because the body has the ability to repair small defects in muscles through natural healing processes. These defects may be caused by various factors such as injury or strain, and the body's natural healing mechanisms can effectively close them over time. However, it is important to note that larger or more severe muscular defects may require medical intervention or surgical procedures to facilitate proper healing.Rate this question:
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- 49.
May be small or large or be with multiple fenestrated holes
- A.
Muscular
- B.
Inlet
- C.
Subarterial
- D.
Perimembranous
Correct Answer
A. MuscularExplanation
The given answer "muscular" suggests that the structure being described may have muscle tissue. This implies that it is likely a muscular structure, which could be found in various sizes and may have multiple fenestrated holes. The other options provided (inlet, subarterial, perimembranous) do not provide any information about the structure's characteristics or composition, making them less likely to be the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Incomplete ASD is a failure of:
- A.
Blood moving from right to left
- B.
To be seen on echo
- C.
Endocardial cushion to fuse
- D.
Valve formation
Correct Answer
C. Endocardial cushion to fuseExplanation
Incomplete ASD refers to a condition where the endocardial cushion, which is responsible for the fusion of the heart valves, fails to fully close. This can result in a communication between the right and left atria of the heart, allowing blood to flow from the right side to the left side. This defect can be detected through an echocardiogram, a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize the heart's structures and blood flow.Rate this question:
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Mar 26, 2024Quiz Edited by
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Jun 11, 2020Quiz Created by
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