Penilaian Akhir Tahun 2016-2017 / Biologi Kls X IPA

The correct answer is "ekologi". Ekologi is the study of the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment. It focuses on understanding how organisms interact with their surroundings, including other organisms and the physical factors of the environment. This field of study helps in understanding the dynamics and functioning of ecosystems and how they are influenced by various factors such as climate change, human activities, and biodiversity.

The correct answer is Protista because according to R.H. Wittakher, the group of individuals that resemble fungi, animals, and plants are classified under the kingdom Protista.

The characteristic of having seeds enclosed in a fruit is a characteristic of angiosperms. Angiosperms are a subdivision of spermatophytes (seed plants) and are characterized by the presence of flowers and fruits. Gymnosperms, on the other hand, do not produce flowers or fruits and their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. Therefore, the correct answer is "bakal biji diselubungi daging buah" (seeds are enclosed in a fruit).

The correct answer is Deuteromycotina. Deuteromycotina is a division of fungi that is characterized by the absence of a sexual reproductive stage. They reproduce only asexually through the formation of conidia. This division is also known as Fungi Imperfecti because they do not fit into the traditional classification system of fungi due to the lack of sexual reproduction.

The correct answer is "Polutan". Polutan refers to the components or substances that cause environmental damage or pollution. It includes pollutants such as chemicals, gases, or waste materials that are released into the environment and can have harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.

The correct answer is "reuse". Salah satu prinsip menanggulangi masalah sampah dengan cara memakai kembali barang bekas dinamakan "reuse". This principle involves using items again instead of throwing them away, which helps to reduce waste and conserve resources.

Grady and his friends observed a small creature that moved very quickly, had whip-like hairs, and consisted of only one cell. Based on these characteristics, they concluded that this small living creature is a member of the Flagellata group.

The correct answer is 3 dan 5. This is because in the given picture of a flower, the male reproductive organ (stamen) is represented by number 3, and the female reproductive organ (pistil) is represented by number 5.

The correct answer is C because the image shown represents a dicot plant. Dicot plants have two cotyledons, or seed leaves, which can be seen in the image.

Based on the given characteristics, the microorganism observed is most likely a protist that resembles an animal. This is because it is solitary, single-celled, motile, has a clear colorless cytoplasm, and does not have a cellulose cell wall. These characteristics are commonly found in protists, which are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that can exhibit animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like characteristics. In this case, the absence of a cell wall and the presence of motility suggest that the observed microorganism is more similar to an animal-like protist.

The correct answer is 2 and 5. This means that among the given options, the protozoa that belong to the Cillliata group are numbers 2 and 5.

The correct answer is "eukariotik dan tidak berklorofil". This is because fungi are eukaryotic organisms, meaning their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Fungi do not have chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis, so they cannot produce their own food through photosynthesis. Instead, fungi are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by forming symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

The correct answer is vakuola kontaktil. Vakuola kontaktil is a contractile vacuole that is responsible for removing excess water and waste materials in Paramaecium. It helps regulate the water balance within the cell and aids in maintaining osmotic pressure.

Euchema and Gelidium are types of red algae that are known for their ability to produce gelatin, which is used in the production of agar-agar and dry cake mixes. These algae species have a high content of agar, a substance that forms a gel-like consistency when mixed with water. Therefore, Euchema and Gelidium are the correct answer for this question.

The correct answer is "zona litoral." The litoral zone is the area of the shoreline that is affected by the ebb and flow of tides. This zone is characterized by the presence of organisms that are adapted to tolerate both the wet and dry conditions that occur with tidal changes. The other options, such as batial, pelagic, limnetic, and profundal, do not specifically refer to areas influenced by tidal fluctuations in the marine ecosystem.

Excessive use of insecticides/DDT in agriculture can have negative impacts such as the death of non-target animals, development of insecticide resistance in pests, and the presence of insecticide residues on plants. However, the answer "terjaganya keseimbangan lingkungan" (the preservation of environmental balance) does not fit with the negative impacts mentioned. It suggests that the use of insecticides/DDT in agriculture can actually help maintain the balance of the environment.

The explanation for the correct answer, which is "oksigen" (oxygen), is that during the daytime, in a freshwater pond with algae growth, there are bubbles attached to the walls of the pond. These bubbles contain oxygen gas.

The given characteristics of the plant, such as reproducing with seeds, belonging to the tracheophyta and kormophyta groups, commonly flowering (anthophyta), having a macroscopic size with varied habitus, and having a sporophyte generation as a plant and a gametophyte generation with flowers, indicate that the plant belongs to the division Spermatophyta.

The given table represents different types of symbiotic relationships between organisms. The symbiosis between buffalo and myna bird is an example of mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship. The buffalo provides protection and food for the myna bird, while the bird helps to remove parasites from the buffalo's skin. This type of symbiosis is represented by the number 3 in the table.

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Kingdom Plantae is distinguished from Kingdom Animalia because it possesses characteristics such as being autotrophic, containing chlorophyll, having a cell wall, and being capable of photosynthesis. The term "bersipat heterotrof" means "being heterotrophic," which contradicts the autotrophic nature of Kingdom Plantae. Therefore, "bersipat heterotrof" is the exception among the given characteristics.

When different species in an ecosystem have the same food requirements, they compete with each other for limited resources. This competition for food is known as "kompetisi" in Indonesian.

Anggota Kingdom Protista berbeda dengan Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria terutama karena Protista merupakan organisme eukariotik, sedangkan Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria merupakan organisme prokariotik. Eukariotik berarti memiliki sel yang memiliki inti sel yang terpisah oleh membran, sedangkan prokariotik tidak memiliki inti sel yang terpisah. Ini adalah perbedaan utama antara anggota Kingdom Protista dengan Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria.

The correct answer is "mikoriza". Mikoriza refers to a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. In this relationship, the fungi provide essential nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, to the plant, while the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungi. This symbiotic interaction enhances the nutrient absorption capabilities of the plant and promotes its overall growth and development.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 4. This is because the characteristics mentioned in options 1, 2, and 4 are all traits of mosses. Mosses have a dominant gametophyte generation, reproduce through spores, and undergo metagenesis, which is the alternation of generations between a gametophyte and sporophyte stage. Option 3 is incorrect because having vascular tissues (berkas pengangkut) is a characteristic of ferns, not mosses. Option 5 is also incorrect because the rolling of young leaves (ujung daun muda menggulung) is a characteristic of ferns and not mosses.

Jika predator (harimau) sangat aktif, maka akan terjadi penurunan populasi konsumen (kambing) yang berarti akan ada lebih sedikit kambing yang memakan rumput. Dengan demikian, populasi rumput akan meningkat karena ada lebih sedikit yang memakannya. Di sisi lain, peningkatan aktivitas predator (harimau) akan menyebabkan penurunan populasi harimau karena mereka akan lebih banyak memburu kambing. Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang benar adalah "peningkatan populasi rumput dan penurunan populasi harimau".

The correct answer is "bangkai binatang yang membusuk di sungai" because it is a form of organic waste, not inorganic waste. Inorganic waste refers to waste that does not decompose and is not derived from living organisms, such as cans, glass, and plastic. Organic waste, on the other hand, is derived from living organisms and can decompose, such as animal carcasses.

Fungi, including mushrooms, thrive in moist environments because they require water for growth and reproduction. They also require organic matter as a source of nutrients. However, they do not require a lot of light, as they obtain energy through the process of decomposition rather than photosynthesis. Therefore, the ideal environment for mushrooms to grow is a damp or humid place with an abundance of organic material and limited exposure to light.

Jamur dalam klasifikasi sistem dua kingdom dimasukkan ke dalam dunia tumbuhan karena mereka memiliki kesamaan dalam hal-hal berikut: eukariot, memiliki dinding sel, memiliki membran sel, dan tidak bisa bergerak aktif. Namun, mereka berbeda dalam hal memperoleh makanan secara autotrof. Tumbuhan dapat membuat makanan sendiri melalui proses fotosintesis, sedangkan jamur memperoleh makanan dengan cara menguraikan bahan organik atau hidup sebagai parasit pada organisme lain.

Entamoeba histolytica is the correct answer because it is a protozoa that can cause diarrhea in humans. It is a parasite that infects the intestines and can lead to severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. This parasite is commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, and it is important to receive appropriate treatment to prevent complications. The other options listed are not known to cause diarrhea in humans.

Pencemaran lingkungan dapat ditimbulkan oleh penumpukkan kotoran dari peternakan. Salah satu cara mengatasi polutan tersebut agar menjadi bermanfaat bagi manusia adalah dengan menampung kotoran tersebut dan memprosesnya menjadi biogas. Biogas dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memasak, menghasilkan listrik, atau digunakan dalam industri. Dengan demikian, penumpukkan kotoran dari peternakan dapat diolah menjadi sumber energi yang berguna bagi manusia.

Claviceps purpurea is a fungus that parasitizes wheat plants. If contaminated wheat infected with this fungus is consumed by humans or livestock, it can cause ergotism, a disease characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms and paralysis.

During asexual reproduction, Plasmodium reproduces inside the human body. This process specifically occurs within the erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells. These cells provide a suitable environment for the reproduction of Plasmodium, allowing it to multiply and spread throughout the bloodstream. The other options, leukocytes, thrombocytes, mucous membranes of the intestine, and blood plasma, are not directly involved in the reproduction of Plasmodium.

Plants that have vascular tissues for transporting water and nutrients are classified as Tracheophyta. This group includes plants such as ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. The presence of vascular tissues allows these plants to grow taller and larger than other plant groups like Bryophyta (mosses) and Tallophyta. Tracheophyta also have well-developed roots, stems, and leaves, which further support their ability to transport water and nutrients efficiently.

The correct answer is 1 and 4. This is because the distinguishing factors between ferns (paku) and mosses (lumut) are that ferns have vascular tissues for transportation (pembuluh angkut) and reproduce vegetatively through spores (reproduksi vegetatif dengan spora). Additionally, ferns have young leaves that are curled (bentuk daun muda menggulung), while both ferns and mosses have chlorophyll (berklorofil). Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 4, as these are the factors that differentiate ferns from mosses.

The correct answer is "produsen, konsumen, dan redusen". This answer is correct because it accurately describes the components of a biotic environment. "Produsen" refers to organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants. "Konsumen" refers to organisms that consume other organisms for food, such as animals. "Redusen" refers to organisms that break down dead organic matter, such as decomposers. Together, these three components form the biotic environment, which is the living part of an ecosystem.

The correct answer is 5, 3, 4, 1, and 2. In an ecosystem, the food chain starts with the primary producers, which in this case are the organic matter (zat-zat organik) represented by option 5. The primary producers are then consumed by the primary consumers, which are the phytoplankton (fitoplankton) represented by option 3. The primary consumers are then consumed by the secondary consumers, which are the herbivorous fish (ikan herbivora) represented by option 4. The secondary consumers are then consumed by the tertiary consumers, which are the carnivorous fish (ikan karnivora) represented by option 1. Lastly, the decomposers, which are the bacteria (bakteri pengurai) represented by option 2, break down the dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.

The excessive fertilization of plants can lead to eutrophication, which is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water. This can cause an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants, leading to a decrease in oxygen levels and the death of other organisms in the water.

Karbon monoksida adalah gas yang tidak berbau dan tidak berasa. Gas ini merupakan salah satu penyebab pencemaran udara karena dapat merusak kualitas udara yang kita hirup. Karbon monoksida dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil seperti gas alam, minyak, dan batu bara. Gas ini sangat berbahaya karena dapat mengikat hemoglobin dalam darah dan mengganggu suplai oksigen ke seluruh tubuh, menyebabkan keracunan karbon monoksida. Oleh karena itu, karbon monoksida perlu diwaspadai dan dikurangi dalam lingkungan kita.

The correct answer is "protonema, lumut, anteridium, ovum." In the life cycle of moss, the protonema is the first stage, which is a mass of thread-like structures. The protonema then develops into the gametophyte stage, which is the main plant body of the moss. The gametophyte produces structures called antheridia, which produce sperm cells, and archegonia, which produce egg cells. Therefore, the correct sequence is protonema, lumut (gametophyte), anteridium (sperm-producing structure), and ovum (egg cell).

Ragi yang dimaksud dalam pembuatan tape adalah spora dari Saccharomyces cereviceae. Saccharomyces cereviceae adalah jenis ragi yang digunakan secara luas dalam industri fermentasi, termasuk dalam pembuatan tape. Spora adalah bentuk reproduksi aseksual dari ragi, yang dapat bertahan dalam kondisi yang tidak menguntungkan dan tumbuh menjadi individu baru ketika kondisi menjadi lebih baik. Dalam pembuatan tape, spora Saccharomyces cereviceae ditaburkan pada singkong atau ketan yang sudah dimasak untuk memulai proses fermentasi dan menghasilkan tape.

The correct answer is Composting (pembuatan kompos). Composting is a process used to recycle organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, which can be used as a fertilizer. However, in this question, the focus is on handling inorganic waste to prevent environmental pollution. The other options mentioned, such as incineration, pulverization, and sanitary landfill, are all methods commonly used for the proper disposal and treatment of inorganic waste. Therefore, composting is the exception in this context.

The correct answer is "perumput". The image shows a food chain, and "perumput" is the producer in the chain, meaning it is the organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis. It is at the bottom of the food chain and provides energy for the other organisms in the chain.

SO2 (sulfur dioxide) is the correct answer because it is a gas produced from industrial combustion that can cause acid rain. When sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, are burned, they release sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. This gas can react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, which then falls to the ground as acid rain. Acid rain can have harmful effects on the environment, including damaging forests, lakes, and buildings.

The given question is asking for the classification of flowers that have petals, corolla, stamens, and pistil. Flowers that possess all of these structures are considered complete, meaning they have all the essential parts for reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is "lengkap."

Sinositik refers to the characteristic of having septate hyphae, which means that the hyphae are divided into compartments by septa. These septa have pores that allow the movement of cytoplasm and organelles between different compartments of the hyphae. This feature is found in some types of fungi, where the nuclei of the cells are dispersed in the cytoplasm of the hyphae.

The correct answer is "Fiksasi N - amonifikasi - nitrifikasi - denitrifikasi". This is the correct sequence of the nitrogen cycle. Fiksasi N refers to nitrogen fixation, which is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. Amonifikasi is the process of converting organic nitrogen into ammonium, while nitrifikasi is the conversion of ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate. Denitrifikasi is the final step where nitrate is converted back into atmospheric nitrogen.

Dekomposer berperan dalam menambah kandungan bahan organik dalam tanah. Mereka melakukan proses penguraian atau dekomposisi terhadap bahan-bahan organik yang ada di dalam tanah, seperti daun mati, sisa-sisa tumbuhan, atau bangkai hewan. Proses dekomposisi ini menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa organik yang lebih sederhana dan nutrisi yang kemudian dapat diserap oleh tanaman. Dengan demikian, dekomposer berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan kesuburan tanah dengan menyediakan nutrisi yang diperlukan oleh tanaman.

Lichenes merupakan vegetasi perintis yang dapat hidup di tempat kering dan kurang air.

Planting trees in the area surrounding factories can help mitigate the negative effects of air pollution. Trees act as natural filters, absorbing pollutants and releasing clean oxygen into the atmosphere. They also provide shade, which can help lower temperatures and reduce the need for air conditioning, thus reducing energy consumption and emissions. Additionally, trees can improve the overall aesthetic and livability of an area, contributing to the well-being and welfare of the community.