Otterbein/Grant CRNA Basics Midterm Review - Machine

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1. Match the following
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About This Quiz
Otterbein/Grant CRNA Basics Midterm Review - Machine - Quiz

This review quiz for Otterbein\/Grant CRNA students covers basics of anesthesia machines, including ASTM and ASA standards, machine components, and safety protocols. It tests knowledge crucial for safe... see moreand effective anesthesia delivery, emphasizing the importance of equipment guidelines and operational checks. see less

2. Your inspired CO2 is reading 10.  You have increased your FGF and noticed that the inspired CO2 has returned to 0.  You suspect that the problem was an exhausted absorbent, not your unidirectional valve.

Explanation

Increasing the FGF (fresh gas flow) helps to remove the expired CO2 from the breathing system and replace it with fresh gas. If the inspired CO2 reading returns to 0 after increasing the FGF, it suggests that the problem was an exhausted absorbent. The absorbent in the breathing system is responsible for removing CO2, and when it becomes exhausted, it cannot effectively remove CO2 from the inspired gas. Therefore, the statement "You suspect that the problem was an exhausted absorbent, not your unidirectional valve" is true.

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3. Your patient is kind of blue-ish gray and pretty lethargic but their SpO2 is reading 100% so they're probably okay.

Explanation

Methemoglobinemia can cause inaccurately high SpO2 readings (if

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4. During your machine check, you realize that the compliance of your circuit is 3 mL/1 cmH2O.  Your PIP is 30 cmH2O.  How many mL's of volume are being delivered to your circuit but not reaching your patient?

Explanation

The compliance of the circuit is a measure of how easily it expands or contracts in response to pressure changes. In this case, the compliance is 3 mL/1 cmH2O, meaning that for every 1 cmH2O increase in pressure, the circuit expands by 3 mL. The PIP (Peak Inspiratory Pressure) is given as 30 cmH2O. To calculate the volume that is not reaching the patient, we can multiply the compliance by the PIP. So, 3 mL/1 cmH2O * 30 cmH2O = 90 mL. Therefore, 90 mL of volume is being delivered to the circuit but not reaching the patient.

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5. The _______ pressure system consists of everything distal to the flowmeter needle valve.

Explanation

The given correct answer is "Low." In this context, the question is asking about the pressure system that includes everything beyond the flowmeter needle valve. The term "low" suggests that the pressure in this system is low, indicating that the pressure is reduced or regulated after passing through the flowmeter needle valve.

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6. Where is the most common site for disconnection in a breathing circuit?

Explanation

The most common site for disconnection in a breathing circuit is between the breathing tube and the Y piece. This is because this connection is frequently manipulated during patient care, such as when changing the patient's position or adjusting the breathing tube. The frequent manipulation increases the risk of accidental disconnection at this site, leading to a potential interruption in the delivery of oxygen or ventilation to the patient.

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7. The anesthesia machine checkout is standardized by the Department of Homeland Security.

Explanation

Food & Drug Administration

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8. Match the following
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9. When a compressed gas is allowed to escape freely, the process is adiabatic and cooling occurs.  What is this describing?

Explanation

The given statement describes the Joule-Thompson Effect. When a compressed gas is allowed to escape freely, it undergoes an adiabatic process, meaning there is no exchange of heat with the surroundings. As the gas expands, it does work against the external pressure, causing a decrease in temperature. This phenomenon is known as the Joule-Thompson Effect, which is commonly observed in various applications such as refrigeration systems.

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10. You are providing general anesthesia for your intubated patient.  As you are celebrating your intubation, your preceptor notices that your inspired CO2 level is greater than 0 and wonders how long it will take for you to notice.  Just kidding, you notice right away because you are the best SRNA the world has ever seen.  What is your first intervention?

Explanation

The correct answer is to increase FGF. FGF stands for Fresh Gas Flow, which refers to the amount of fresh gas delivered to the patient during anesthesia. Increasing the FGF helps to flush out the excess CO2 and maintain a lower inspired CO2 level. This intervention is necessary to ensure proper ventilation and prevent complications associated with elevated CO2 levels. Switching to APL mode, replacing CO2 granules, or activating ECMO STAT are not appropriate interventions in this scenario.

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11. Match the following
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12. Each of these drugs is known to cause methemoglobinemia except:

Explanation

Ketamine is not known to cause methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia is a condition where the iron in hemoglobin is converted to a non-functional form, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Nitrobenzenes, benzocaine, prilocaine, and dapsone are all known to cause methemoglobinemia. However, ketamine does not have this side effect.

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13. Match the following
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14. What is this capnogram showing?

Explanation

This capnogram is showing cardiac oscillations. A capnogram is a graphical representation of the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaled breath over time. Cardiac oscillations refer to the rhythmic fluctuations in the capnogram waveform that are caused by the beating of the heart. These oscillations are typically seen as small, regular waves superimposed on the main capnogram waveform. They can provide valuable information about the patient's cardiac function and can be used to monitor changes in cardiac output during procedures or in critical care settings.

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15. An E cylinder of N2O at 745 psi contains _____ L when full.

Explanation

The correct answer is 1590. An E cylinder is a specific type of gas cylinder that is commonly used for medical purposes. It has a capacity of 1590 liters when full, which means that it can hold up to 1590 liters of N2O gas when it is pressurized at 745 psi. This information is important for medical professionals who need to accurately measure the amount of gas available in the cylinder for various procedures.

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16. Match the following
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17. The hanger yoke, yoke block with check valves, and the cylinder pressure gauge and regulators are part of which pressure system?

Explanation

The hanger yoke, yoke block with check valves, and the cylinder pressure gauge and regulators are all components that are typically associated with a high pressure system. These components are designed to handle and regulate high pressure levels, which is why they are not part of the intermediate or low pressure systems. The Mapleson circuit is a different type of system altogether, so it is not the correct answer in this case.

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18. This law describes how an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

Explanation

Bernoulli's law states that as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. This is because the total energy of the fluid, which includes potential energy and kinetic energy, remains constant. As the fluid flows faster, its kinetic energy increases, leading to a decrease in potential energy. This decrease in potential energy is manifested as a decrease in pressure. Therefore, Bernoulli's law explains the relationship between fluid speed and pressure.

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19. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 is also referred to as the _____ neutralization reaction.

Explanation

The given equation CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 represents the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is commonly known as the first neutralization reaction because it involves the combination of an acid (CO2) and a base (H2O) to form a new compound (H2CO3) which is considered neutral.

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20. The pressure in the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine is limited to:

Explanation

The correct answer is 12.5 kPa (125 cmH2O). This is the limit to which the pressure in the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine is set. It is important to maintain a safe and controlled pressure in the breathing circuit to ensure the patient's safety and prevent any harm. The anesthetist sets this limit to ensure that the pressure does not exceed a certain threshold that could be detrimental to the patient's respiratory system.

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21. Ascending bellows provide a PEEP due to the weight of the bellow itself.  What is the pressure of this PEEP?

Explanation

Ascending bellows provide a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) due to the weight of the bellows itself. This means that during expiration, the bellows exerts a constant pressure on the patient's airways to prevent them from collapsing completely. The pressure of this PEEP is typically between 2-4 cmH2O.

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22. In which scenario will no rebreathing occur?

Explanation

In the scenario where FGF (Fresh Gas Flow) is greater than TV (Tidal Volume), no rebreathing will occur. This means that the amount of fresh gas being supplied is sufficient to meet the patient's respiratory needs, and there is no need for the patient to inhale any exhaled gas. This helps prevent the accumulation of carbon dioxide and ensures an adequate supply of oxygen for the patient.

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23. What is the critical temperature of O2 in Celsius?

Explanation

The critical temperature of a substance is the highest temperature at which it can exist as a liquid. In this case, the critical temperature of O2 is -119 degrees Celsius. This means that at temperatures below -119 degrees Celsius, O2 can exist as a liquid, but at or above -119 degrees Celsius, it will either be a gas or a solid.

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24. There are two angles in capnography: alpha and beta.  The alpha angle occurs between phase 2 and phase 3, it is normally 100-110 degrees and INCREASES with COPD due to prolonged empyting related to obstruction to outflow.

Explanation

The alpha angle in capnography occurs between phase 2 and phase 3 and is normally 100-110 degrees. It increases with COPD due to prolonged emptying related to obstruction to outflow. This statement is true because it accurately describes the relationship between the alpha angle and COPD.

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25. Pin Index Safety System
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26. Capnogrophy
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27. Which pressure is lower?

Explanation

The cylinder pressure after the 1st stage regulator is lower compared to the pipeline pressure. This is because the 1st stage regulator is designed to reduce the pressure of the gas coming from the pipeline to a lower, more manageable level for use in the cylinder. The pipeline pressure, on the other hand, is the initial pressure of the gas before it goes through any regulation or reduction. Therefore, the cylinder pressure after the 1st stage regulator is lower than the pipeline pressure.

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28. One of the disadvantage of pulse oximetry is the delay in reading that is up to ___ seconds.

Explanation

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method used to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood. However, one of its disadvantages is the delay in reading, which can be up to 15 seconds. This means that there may be a delay in accurately determining the oxygen saturation level, which could be crucial in certain medical situations. It is important to consider this delay when using pulse oximetry as a diagnostic tool or monitoring device.

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29. One of the required components of flowmeters is:

Explanation

The required component of flowmeters is a uniquely shaped O2 flow knob. This suggests that the flow knob for oxygen flowmeters should have a distinct shape that sets it apart from other flow knobs. This is important for easy identification and differentiation of the oxygen flowmeter from other gas flowmeters.

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30. What is this capnogram showing?

Explanation

The capnogram is showing a "Curare cleft." Curare is a medication used during anesthesia that can cause a decrease in muscle strength, including the muscles involved in breathing. A curare cleft refers to a dip or decrease in the capnogram waveform, indicating a decrease in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide. This can be seen as a result of the effects of curare on the respiratory muscles.

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31. The National Fire Protection Association regulated piped vaccum systems.

Explanation

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a regulatory body that sets standards and guidelines for fire safety. They have regulations in place for various systems and equipment, including piped vacuum systems. Therefore, it is true that the NFPA regulates piped vacuum systems.

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32. The beta angle in capnography exists between phase 3 and phase 4.  It is typically 90 degrees but is increased with rebreathing or obstruction to inspiration.

Explanation

The beta angle in capnography exists between phase 3 and phase 4. It represents the angle between the inspiratory and expiratory curves on the capnogram. Normally, the beta angle is approximately 90 degrees. However, if there is rebreathing or obstruction to inspiration, the beta angle can increase. Therefore, the given statement is true.

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33. You are administering 4L of N2O and 1L of O2 and 1L of air, what is your FiO2? Round to the nearest whole number.

Explanation

The FiO2 (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen) is the percentage of oxygen in the inspired air. In this case, the total volume of gas administered is 4L of N2O, 1L of O2, and 1L of air, which amounts to 6L. Since the question does not specify the percentage of oxygen in the air, we assume it to be 21% (which is the normal concentration of oxygen in air). Therefore, the total volume of oxygen in the gas administered is 1L (from the O2) plus 0.21L (from the air), which equals 1.21L. To calculate the FiO2, we divide the volume of oxygen by the total gas volume and multiply by 100, resulting in a FiO2 of 20%.

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34. Utilizing pulse oximetry, oxyhemoglobin absorbs more light in the INFRARED band that is 940 nm.

Explanation

Reduced (deoxygenated) hgb absorbs more in the RED band - 660 nm.

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35. The vanometer is always on the inspiratory side of the ventilator.

Explanation

Vanometer = expiratory
Inspired O2 analyzer = Inspiratory

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36. The oxygen flush valve provides flow of oxygen directly to the breathing circuit at 35-75L/min.  What else is true about utilizing O2 flush?

Explanation

The oxygen flush valve, while providing a high flow of oxygen, can increase the risk of intraoperative awareness by diluting inhaled anesthetic agents. This is because the high flow can wash out the anesthetic agents from the breathing circuit, potentially leading to inadequate anesthesia. Additionally, the high flow of oxygen from the flush valve can also place the patient at risk for barotrauma, which is an injury caused by excessive pressure in the lungs. Therefore, the use of the oxygen flush valve should be carefully monitored to minimize these risks.

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37. Match the following
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38. Phases of capnography
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39. In a circuit, when the FGF is very high the PaCO2 becomes ______ dependent such as during spontaneous respiration.

Explanation

When the FGF (Fresh Gas Flow) is very high in a circuit, it means that a large amount of fresh gas is being delivered to the patient. This high FGF helps to remove the exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) from the circuit more efficiently, resulting in a decrease in the partial pressure of CO2 in the patient's arterial blood (PaCO2). Therefore, when the FGF is high, the PaCO2 becomes more dependent on ventilation, particularly during spontaneous respiration. This means that the rate and depth of breathing play a crucial role in regulating the PaCO2 levels in the body.

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40. Pulse oximetry standards include:

Explanation

The correct answer includes three standards that should be met for pulse oximetry. Firstly, accuracy must be stated, indicating that the device should provide accurate readings. Secondly, there should be a variable pitch following the SpO2 reading, which can help in alerting healthcare professionals to changes in oxygen saturation levels. Lastly, the device must have an alarm for low SpO2, typically set around 90%, to notify when oxygen levels are dangerously low.

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41. Match the following

Explanation

Remember:
Controlled : Dead Bodies Can't Argue = D > B > C > A
Spontaneous: All Dogs Can Bite = A > D > C > B

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42. In a circuit, when minute ventilation exceeds FGF the PaCO2 is dependent on the ______.

Explanation

When minute ventilation exceeds the fresh gas flow (FGF) in a circuit, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is dependent on the FGF. This means that the amount of carbon dioxide in the circuit is determined by the rate at which fresh gas is flowing into the system. If the FGF is lower than the minute ventilation, the PaCO2 will increase because the circuit is not able to remove carbon dioxide from the system as quickly as it is being produced. Therefore, the FGF plays a crucial role in regulating the PaCO2 levels in the circuit.

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43. What are hazards of central gas supplies?

Explanation

The hazards of central gas supplies include crosses pipelines, damage to pipelines during construction, and foreign substances in the pipeline. Crosses pipelines can lead to leaks and accidents. Damage to pipelines during construction can cause gas leaks and potential explosions. Foreign substances in the pipeline can contaminate the gas supply and pose health risks.

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44. There are allowable trace gas levels in the OR.  N2O is allowed 25 ppm while halogenated agents are allowed 2 ppm.  However if there is a mixture of the two, N2O is allowed 25 ppm and halogenated agents are allowed _____ ppm.

Explanation

When there is a mixture of N2O and halogenated agents in the OR, the allowable trace gas level for N2O remains the same at 25 ppm. However, the allowable trace gas level for halogenated agents decreases to 0.5 ppm.

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45. Which of the following does not affect Compound A formation?

Explanation

Compound A formation:
Decreased with higher flows
More is produced with potassium or sodium hydroxide absorbents compared to calcium
Increased sevo concentration and length of case produces more compound A.
Dehydrated absorbent increases compound A production.

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46. Match each law with its constant.
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47. What is the critical temperature of N2O in Celsius?

Explanation

The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature above which it cannot exist as a liquid, regardless of the pressure applied. In this case, the critical temperature of N2O is 39.5 degrees Celsius. This means that at temperatures higher than 39.5 degrees Celsius, N2O will only exist as a gas, regardless of the pressure.

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48. In the event of a pipeline failure, what would you anticipate doing? 

Explanation

In the event of a pipeline failure, it is important to assess the remaining time on the cylinders to determine how long the current supply will last. This will help in planning and making decisions regarding the next steps. Additionally, considering the use of an ambu-bag and switching to total IV anesthesia can be a suitable alternative to ensure continuous patient care and anesthesia delivery during the pipeline failure. Increasing the FGF to maximize sedation from inhaled agents may not be a feasible option as the pipeline is already compromised.

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49. Turning the adjustable pressure-limiting valve counter-clockwise increases the pressure delivered to the patient.

Explanation

The APL valve is the only control on the anesthesia machine that uses a clockwise rotation.

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50. This component of a medical gas cylinder only functions with excessive heat and excessive pressure.

Explanation

A combination pressure relief device is designed to release excessive pressure and heat in a medical gas cylinder. It is a safety mechanism that helps prevent the cylinder from exploding or causing any harm. This device is specifically designed to respond to both excessive pressure and excessive heat, making it an effective safety measure in medical settings.

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51. This type of valve moves in the direction it is pushed by gas flow, preventing gas leaks from the system.  An example is a check valve.

Explanation

A free floating valve is a type of valve that moves in the direction it is pushed by gas flow, preventing gas leaks from the system. Unlike other types of valves such as diaphragm or ball and spring valves, a free floating valve is not restricted by any mechanical components and can freely move with the gas flow. This allows it to effectively seal the system and prevent any gas leaks.

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52. As liquid is vaporized, heat is lost.  As liquid temperature decreases, vapor pressure decreases.  How do we compensate for this?

Explanation

When liquid is vaporized, heat is lost, which causes a decrease in liquid temperature and vapor pressure. To compensate for this, two actions can be taken. First, electronic heat can be added to the system to counterbalance the heat loss and maintain the desired temperature. Second, the splitting ratio can be altered via a bimetallic strip. This means adjusting the ratio of liquid and vapor in the system to maintain the desired pressure. Both of these actions help to compensate for the heat loss and ensure that the system operates effectively.

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53. How full should your CO2 absorbent canister be?

Explanation

The CO2 absorbent canister should be filled up to 50% of its capacity. This is because the canister needs to have enough space to absorb the carbon dioxide efficiently. If the canister is filled completely, there won't be enough room for the CO2 to be absorbed, and if it is filled too little, the absorption capacity will be underutilized. Therefore, filling the canister up to 50% ensures optimal absorption of CO2.

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54. Pulse oximetry is a graphic representation of the inspired versus the exhaled O2 concentration during the breathing cycle.  It looks at the difference between oxygen available during exhalation and what is diffused during uptake by pulmonary diffusion.

Explanation

This describes oxygraphy.

A gradient greater than 5-6% between inspired and expired O2 implies increased oxygen demand.

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55. The oxygen pressure failure device aka fail-safe valve fully prevents hypoxic mixtures by sensing when oxygen flow falls to 25-26 psi.

Explanation

The fail-safe valve does not detect the type of gas, it only sense a decrease in pressure, hypoxic mixture can still occur if crossed pipelines etc.

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56. The first and second stage regulators are examples of ________ valves.

Explanation

The first and second stage regulators are examples of diaphragm valves because they use a flexible diaphragm to regulate the flow of gas. The diaphragm moves in response to changes in pressure, allowing gas to pass through the valve when the pressure is below a certain threshold and closing the valve when the pressure exceeds that threshold. This design ensures that the gas is delivered at a consistent pressure, making diaphragm valves suitable for applications where precise control is required.

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57. Besides SpO2, pulse oximetry can be used to tell you these things about your patient:

Explanation

Pulse oximetry can be used to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood, which indirectly provides information about the patient's cardiac output and blood flow. By monitoring the pulse waveform, pulse oximetry can also provide insights into the patient's systolic blood pressure, arterial flow, hypovolemia (low blood volume), sympathetic tone (activity of the sympathetic nervous system), and cardiac rhythm. These parameters can be assessed by analyzing the pulse waveform characteristics, such as the amplitude, shape, and variability.

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58. With a recirculating OR ventilation system, how often are complete fresh air changes completed per hour?

Explanation

A recirculating OR ventilation system completes three complete fresh air changes per hour. This means that the air in the operating room is completely replaced with fresh air three times every hour. This is important for maintaining a clean and sterile environment, as it helps to remove any potential contaminants or pathogens from the air. By continuously circulating and replacing the air, the recirculating OR ventilation system helps to ensure the safety and well-being of patients and healthcare professionals in the operating room.

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59. The American Society for Testing and Materials Standard ______ provides guidelines for anesthesia workstations and components.

Explanation

The American Society for Testing and Materials Standard F1850 provides guidelines for anesthesia workstations and components. This standard outlines the specifications and requirements that these workstations and components must meet in order to ensure safety and effectiveness in anesthesia administration. By following the guidelines set forth in F1850, healthcare professionals can ensure that anesthesia equipment is properly designed, maintained, and used, ultimately promoting patient safety during medical procedures.

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60. Which of the following are true about carbon monoxide poisoning:

Explanation

Cannot carry oxygen
Blood will be BRIGHT red

Tx w/hyperbaric O2.

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61. The normal gradient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 is 2-5 mmHg.  Which of the folllowing is NOT a reason for an increased gradient?

Explanation

Rebreathing is not a reason for an increased gradient between PaCO2 and ETCO2. Rebreathing refers to the process of inhaling exhaled air, which contains a higher concentration of CO2, leading to an increase in ETCO2. Therefore, rebreathing would actually cause a decrease in the gradient between PaCO2 and ETCO2, rather than an increase.

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62. Match the following
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63. Regarding capnography, which feature of the capnogram is the most important in regards to assessing the patient's sedation status?

Explanation

The shape of the capnogram is the most important feature in assessing the patient's sedation status. The capnogram is a graphical representation of the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) over time during respiration. The shape of the capnogram can provide valuable information about the patient's respiratory status and the adequacy of ventilation. It can indicate the presence of abnormal breathing patterns, such as hypoventilation or hyperventilation, which can be indicative of the patient's sedation level. Therefore, analyzing the shape of the capnogram is crucial in assessing the patient's sedation status.

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64. The oxygen failure alarm:

Explanation

below the normal range and sounds a high priority alarm when oxygen pressure is above the normal range. This indicates that the oxygen failure alarm is designed to alert the user when there is a deviation from the normal oxygen pressure levels. The medium priority alarm is likely to indicate a potential issue with the oxygen supply, while the high priority alarm suggests a more urgent and critical situation where the oxygen pressure is dangerously high.

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65. Your patients saturations are decreasing, you have ensured there are no circuit disconnects, suctioned, and increased your FiO2. What are some causes of hypoxia?

Explanation

The given answer includes possible causes of hypoxia in relation to the scenario described. These causes include a pipeline crossover in the machine or the wrong gas being used, cylinders being incorrectly labeled or the cap not being removed, the machine malfunctioning and delivering more or less gas than stated, and inaccuracy in flowmeters due to dirt, grease, or oil. These factors can contribute to a decrease in patient saturations despite the steps taken to address circuit disconnects, suctioning, and increased FiO2.

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66. Match the following
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67. The American Society of Anesthesiologists makes guidelines for:

Explanation

The American Society of Anesthesiologists makes guidelines for anesthesia machine obsolescence. This means that they provide recommendations or standards regarding the process of determining when an anesthesia machine is no longer usable or effective and should be replaced. These guidelines may include factors such as technological advancements, safety concerns, and regulatory requirements to ensure that healthcare facilities have up-to-date and reliable anesthesia equipment.

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68. Match the following
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69. Which of the following are effect of rebreathing?

Explanation

Rebreathing:
Improves heat and moisture retention
Prolongs induction
Delays emergence

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70. AANA & ASA state that assessment of ______ is a standard of care, creating the fifth vital sign.

Explanation

The correct answer is pulse oximetry. According to AANA and ASA, the assessment of pulse oximetry is considered a standard of care and is referred to as the fifth vital sign. This means that regularly monitoring a patient's oxygen saturation levels through pulse oximetry is essential in providing optimal care and ensuring their overall well-being.

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71. Carbon monoxide formation occurs when which volatile agents are passed through a dry absorbent containing a strong alkali:

Explanation

Prevent CO formation by:
Turning off flows between cases
Turning off vaporizers when not in use
Changing absorbent routinely
Using absorbents that do not degrade

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72. What are signs of CO2 absorbent exhaustion?

Explanation

The signs of CO2 absorbent exhaustion include increased PaCO2, respiratory acidosis, hyperventilation, and increased heart rate. When the CO2 absorbent in a breathing system becomes exhausted, the patient's ability to eliminate CO2 from their body is compromised. This leads to an increase in PaCO2 levels, resulting in respiratory acidosis. In response to the acidosis, the patient may start hyperventilating to try to compensate for the imbalance. The increased heart rate is a physiological response to the acidosis and hyperventilation, as the body tries to maintain adequate oxygenation.

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73. Flowmeter principles include _______ law that accounts for a pressure drop across a constriction.

Explanation

The principle of Bernoulli's law states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. In the context of flowmeters, this principle is used to measure the flow rate of a fluid by creating a constriction in the flow path. As the fluid passes through the constriction, its velocity increases, resulting in a decrease in pressure. By measuring this pressure drop, the flow rate of the fluid can be determined. Therefore, Bernoulli's law is a fundamental principle utilized in flowmeter technology.

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74. Some of the following have no effect on pulse oximetry while others have a transient decrease, or constant underestimation, of pulse oximetry.  Select which have an effect on pulse oximetry readings.

Explanation

No effect: fetal hgb, hgb S, fluoroscein
Transient decrease: indigo carmine, methylene blue
Underestimation: Anemia, nail polish (especially blue)

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75. Match the following
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76. What are the ultimate end products of the CO2 absorbent reaction?

Explanation

The ultimate end products of the CO2 absorbent reaction are heat, water, calcium carbonate, and either NaOH or KOH depending on the absorbent material used.

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77. The Tec 6 vaporizer heats desflurane to ____ degrees Celsius and pressurized to ____ mmHg.

Explanation

The Tec 6 vaporizer heats desflurane to a temperature of 39 degrees Celsius and pressurizes it to 1500 mmHg.

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78. Write the equation for the Ideal Gas Law.

Explanation

The equation PV = nRT represents the Ideal Gas Law, which relates the pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (n), and temperature (T) of an ideal gas. This equation states that the product of pressure and volume is directly proportional to the number of moles and the absolute temperature of the gas. It is a fundamental equation used in thermodynamics and is applicable to ideal gases under certain conditions.

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79. Match the following
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80. Isoflurane was accidentally placed into a sevoflurane vaporizer.  Gas output would be _____ because iso's vapor pressure is ______ than sevo's.

Explanation

When isoflurane is placed into a sevoflurane vaporizer, the gas output would be higher because isoflurane has a higher vapor pressure than sevoflurane. In other words, isoflurane evaporates more easily and at a greater rate compared to sevoflurane, resulting in a higher gas output.

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81. List the 5 tasks of oxygen.

Explanation

The given answer lists the 5 tasks of oxygen. These tasks include being used as a driving gas for ventilators, operating flush valves, triggering oxygen pressure failure alarms, controlling oxygen pressure sensor shut-off valves as a fail-safe mechanism, and operating flowmeters.

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Match the following
Your inspired CO2 is reading 10.  You have increased your FGF and...
Your patient is kind of blue-ish gray and pretty lethargic but their...
During your machine check, you realize that the compliance of your...
The _______ pressure system consists of everything distal to the...
Where is the most common site for disconnection in a breathing...
The anesthesia machine checkout is standardized by the Department of...
Match the following
When a compressed gas is allowed to escape freely, the process is...
You are providing general anesthesia for your intubated patient....
Match the following
Each of these drugs is known to cause methemoglobinemia except:
Match the following
What is this capnogram showing?
An E cylinder of N2O at 745 psi contains _____ L when full.
Match the following
The hanger yoke, yoke block with check valves, and the cylinder...
This law describes how an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs...
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 is also referred to as the _____ neutralization...
The pressure in the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine is...
Ascending bellows provide a PEEP due to the weight of the bellow...
In which scenario will no rebreathing occur?
What is the critical temperature of O2 in Celsius?
There are two angles in capnography: alpha and beta.  The alpha...
Pin Index Safety System
Capnogrophy
Which pressure is lower?
One of the disadvantage of pulse oximetry is the delay in reading that...
One of the required components of flowmeters is:
What is this capnogram showing?
The National Fire Protection Association regulated piped vaccum...
The beta angle in capnography exists between phase 3 and phase 4....
You are administering 4L of N2O and 1L of O2 and 1L of air, what is...
Utilizing pulse oximetry, oxyhemoglobin absorbs more light in the...
The vanometer is always on the inspiratory side of the ventilator.
The oxygen flush valve provides flow of oxygen directly to the...
Match the following
Phases of capnography
In a circuit, when the FGF is very high the PaCO2 becomes ______...
Pulse oximetry standards include:
Match the following
In a circuit, when minute ventilation exceeds FGF the PaCO2 is...
What are hazards of central gas supplies?
There are allowable trace gas levels in the OR.  N2O is allowed...
Which of the following does not affect Compound A formation?
Match each law with its constant.
What is the critical temperature of N2O in Celsius?
In the event of a pipeline failure, what would you anticipate...
Turning the adjustable pressure-limiting valve counter-clockwise...
This component of a medical gas cylinder only functions with excessive...
This type of valve moves in the direction it is pushed by gas flow,...
As liquid is vaporized, heat is lost.  As liquid temperature...
How full should your CO2 absorbent canister be?
Pulse oximetry is a graphic representation of the inspired versus the...
The oxygen pressure failure device aka fail-safe valve fully prevents...
The first and second stage regulators are examples of ________ valves.
Besides SpO2, pulse oximetry can be used to tell you these things...
With a recirculating OR ventilation system, how often are complete...
The American Society for Testing and Materials Standard ______...
Which of the following are true about carbon monoxide poisoning:
The normal gradient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 is 2-5 mmHg.  Which...
Match the following
Regarding capnography, which feature of the capnogram is the most...
The oxygen failure alarm:
Your patients saturations are decreasing, you have ensured there are...
Match the following
The American Society of Anesthesiologists makes guidelines for:
Match the following
Which of the following are effect of rebreathing?
AANA & ASA state that assessment of ______ is a standard of care,...
Carbon monoxide formation occurs when which volatile agents are passed...
What are signs of CO2 absorbent exhaustion?
Flowmeter principles include _______ law that accounts for a pressure...
Some of the following have no effect on pulse oximetry while others...
Match the following
What are the ultimate end products of the CO2 absorbent reaction?
The Tec 6 vaporizer heats desflurane to ____ degrees Celsius and...
Write the equation for the Ideal Gas Law.
Match the following
Isoflurane was accidentally placed into a sevoflurane vaporizer....
List the 5 tasks of oxygen.
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