Lecture 2 - Muscles and Movement Of Spine and Trunk

The statement is true because subcutaneous fat is located just beneath the skin, making it superficial to the muscle fascia. The muscle fascia is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds and supports the muscles. Therefore, the subcutaneous fat is closer to the skin surface than the muscle fascia.

The Quadratus lumborum is not superficial to the latissimus dorsi muscle. In fact, it is located deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle. The quadratus lumborum is a deep muscle of the lower back, while the latissimus dorsi is a superficial muscle that covers a large portion of the back. Therefore, the statement is false.

The diaphragm is indeed a muscle. It is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs, separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays a crucial role in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing, causing the lungs to expand and contract. It is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation. Therefore, the statement that the diaphragm is not a muscle is incorrect.

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The statement is true because the quadratus lumborum muscle is located in the lower back and plays a role in laterally flexing the vertebral column. This means that when the muscle contracts, it helps to bend the spine sideways towards the same side. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

The statement is true because the muscles found in the superficial layers of the back are indeed called extrinsic muscles. These muscles are responsible for the movement and stabilization of the upper limbs and shoulders. They originate from outside the back and attach to the bones of the back, allowing for various movements such as pulling, pushing, and lifting. These extrinsic muscles work in conjunction with the intrinsic muscles, which are located deeper within the back, to provide strength and coordination in the back and upper body.

The explanation for the correct answer, which is True, is that the levator costae muscles do indeed originate at the transverse process at different levels in the thoracic region. These muscles then attach to the rib one level below their origin. This anatomical arrangement allows the levator costae muscles to assist in the elevation of the ribs during inspiration, helping to expand the thoracic cavity and facilitate breathing.

intrinsic

Intrinsic

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The anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath come together in the middle to form the linea alba. This is a fibrous band that runs vertically down the midline of the abdomen, connecting the abdominal muscles. It provides support and stability to the abdominal wall.

Erector Spinae does the 60 first degrees while the glutes lock pelvis. The last 25 degrees back muscles relax and the glutes take over eccentrically

The statement is true because the internal intercostal muscles are only present ventrally (on the front side) of the intercostal spaces. These muscles are responsible for pulling the ribs downward during exhalation, aiding in the process of breathing. Dorsally (on the back side), the intercostal spaces are occupied by other structures such as the vertebrae and spinal muscles, therefore the internal intercostals are absent in that region.

When leaning forward in a sitting position, the abdominals may initially contract concentrically to initiate the movement. However, as gravity takes over, the muscles of the back will work eccentrically to control and slow down the movement. This means that the muscles of the back are lengthening while still generating force, which is characteristic of eccentric muscle contractions. Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The rectus abdominis is a pair of long, flat muscles that run vertically along the anterior abdominal wall. It is responsible for flexing the trunk and compressing the abdominal contents. The statement suggests that the width of the rectus abdominis is greater in the superior part compared to the inferior part. This is true because the muscle fibers of the rectus abdominis gradually converge towards the midline as they descend, resulting in a narrower width in the lower region. Therefore, the statement is correct.

The muscles of the thoracic cage, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, are primarily responsible for the process of respiration. These muscles contract and relax to facilitate breathing by expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity. While they do contribute to the stability and support of the trunk, their main function is to assist in inhalation and exhalation rather than movement of the trunk. Therefore, the statement that the muscles of the thoracic cage only play a role in respiration and not in movement of the trunk is true.

The left external oblique and the right internal oblique are both abdominal muscles that are located on opposite sides of the body. The statement suggests that the fibers of these muscles run in the same direction. This is true because both muscles are oriented diagonally, with their fibers running from the lower ribs towards the midline of the body. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Developed better dorsally. Internal intercostals are better developed anteriorly

The intercostals are not active as individual muscles. Instead, they work together as a group to assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the ribcage.

between the innermost and internal intercostals

The multifidi muscles are responsible for the stabilization of the vertebral column together with the abdominals. They also provide proprioceptive information, which is the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body and the effort being employed in movement. However, the multifidi muscles do not actively extend the back. Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

holy crap that´s a lot of questions on Quadratus lumborum