Psykologin Och Psykologen Kurs 1

Before psychology became a separate science, research on the human consciousness was conducted in the field of philosophy. Philosophy has a long history of exploring and questioning the nature of the mind and consciousness. Philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Kant made significant contributions to understanding the human mind and consciousness. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that research on the human consciousness was conducted in the field of philosophy before psychology emerged as a distinct scientific discipline.

The correct answer states that conformity is the act of changing one's own beliefs or opinions due to social influence from others. This means that when individuals conform, they adjust their thoughts or behaviors in order to fit in or comply with the expectations of a group. Conformity can occur in various social situations where individuals may feel pressure to conform to the majority or to avoid social rejection.

A researcher with a cultural perspective in developmental psychology would likely conclude that the development of children's abilities is influenced by the expectations and demands of their culture. This is because in other cultures and times, it was not uncommon for children as young as five years old to take care of their younger siblings. This suggests that the cultural norms and values surrounding child-rearing practices shape and influence the development of children's abilities.

Inlärning underlättas om det finns färdiga robusta och komplexa nätverk kopplade till det som lärs, det vi uppfattar som svårt att lära leder snarare till att nya nätverk skapas. This statement suggests that learning is facilitated when there are pre-existing robust and complex networks connected to the subject being learned. It also implies that difficult-to-learn information leads to the creation of new networks in the brain.

Teleologiska förklaringar anses inte längre höra hemma inom psykologi som vetenskap eftersom de fokuserar på att förklara beteenden utifrån deras syfte eller mål, istället för att analysera de bakomliggande orsakerna och mekanismerna. Inom psykologi betonas istället kausala förklaringar, som undersöker de faktorer som leder till ett visst beteende och de effekter som beteendet har. Evolutionära förklaringar är också viktiga inom psykologi eftersom de undersöker hur beteenden har utvecklats och anpassats över tid. Intentionala förklaringar fokuserar på att förstå beteenden utifrån människors medvetna avsikter och motiv.

This statement explains the known functions of fear and guilt. Fear and terror motivate us to move away from dangers, while guilt motivates us to correct our actions.

Hwang et al. do not mention "Invarianter, entydig och direkt användbar information som i sig är kognitivt meningsfull" as a possible basis for social categorization. The authors discuss prototypes and exemplars as potential grounds for social categorization, but they do not include the concept of invariants in their discussion.

The correct answer states that what we consider or have considered as psychological knowledge in recent times can rely on any of these truth criteria. This means that there is no specific truth criterion that is exclusively applicable to psychological knowledge. It suggests that different approaches or perspectives may have been used to establish or validate psychological knowledge, and these approaches may have relied on different truth criteria such as pragmatism, correspondence, or consensus.

Based on the knowledge of the "personality paradox", it can be expected that a personality test would provide knowledge about people's tendency to behave in a certain way over time and in different situations. The personality paradox suggests that although people's behavior may vary in different situations, there is still consistency and predictability in their behavior patterns over time. Therefore, a personality test would aim to identify these patterns and provide insights into how individuals are likely to behave in various situations.

A researcher in biological psychology is most likely to lean towards a materialist ontology and an empirical epistemology because biological psychology focuses on understanding the relationship between the brain, behavior, and mental processes. A materialist ontology suggests that the mind and consciousness are a result of physical processes in the brain, aligning with the biological perspective. An empirical epistemology emphasizes the importance of gathering evidence through observation and experimentation, which is essential in studying biological phenomena.

The question asks which of the following is the most likely research question for a researcher with a pure gender perspective in a study. The correct answer is "How does self-esteem of men and women in Sweden is influenced by social norms?" This question aligns with a gender perspective as it focuses on understanding the impact of social norms on the self-esteem of men and women in Sweden. It explores the gendered aspect of self-esteem and emphasizes the role of societal expectations and norms.

The correct answer is the communicative aspect, how our emotion is perceived by others. This is because the question asks for something that is usually NOT included among the components of emotion. The other options - our evaluation or cognitive assessment of a situation, our own reaction and regulation of our emotions, and changes in our body, especially in the autonomic nervous system - are all commonly considered as part of emotion.

This statement is not primarily describing the interaction between cognition and emotion. It is simply stating that an extroverted person seeks out social situations more than an introverted person.

The given statement does not provide enough information to determine the ontological foundation that the National Committee for Psychology envisions for Swedish psychological research and practice.

The correct answer suggests that the core of contemporary cognitive psychology involves conducting experiments to identify general principles or patterns in human mental processes. This means that researchers in this field aim to uncover fundamental aspects of how the mind works that are applicable to all individuals, rather than focusing on culture-specific systems of meaning or the influence of external factors. By using experimental methods, cognitive psychologists can investigate the underlying mechanisms and universal laws that explain human behavior based on the relationships between basic cognitive elements.

The correct answer states that learning does not affect how we satisfy our instinctive primary needs that revolve around our survival. This means that our learning experiences do not impact our basic survival instincts and how we fulfill those needs.

This answer is correct because it highlights the importance of considering other categories, such as age, in addition to gender when conducting research. The argument is that individuals are not solely defined by their gender, but also by other factors such as age, which can influence their experiences and behaviors. Therefore, research should take into account these intersecting categories to gain a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination and inequality.

The statement suggests that new theories based on simulated neural networks can contribute to the understanding of the human mind by learning from experience and processing information in parallel. This implies that cognitive psychology recognizes the importance of neural networks and their ability to simulate human cognitive processes.

The given answer states that it is currently difficult to determine the direction of the relationships between psychological differences, neuron density, and the gross anatomy of the brain. This means that we cannot definitively say whether psychological differences cause changes in neuron density and brain anatomy, or if changes in neuron density and brain anatomy cause psychological differences. The answer suggests that more research is needed to understand the complex relationship between these factors.

Based on the lectures and Magnusson and Marecek's book, it is most likely that a researcher with a gender perspective would support the stance of an idealistic ontology and the view of female and male behavior as a combination of nature and nurture. This suggests that the researcher believes that gender differences are influenced by both biological factors (nature) and social and environmental factors (nurture). This perspective acknowledges the importance of both biology and socialization in shaping gender behavior.

A six-month-old baby would not be surprised or expect the spoon to remain upright when it is inserted into a portion of applesauce. At this age, babies are still developing their understanding of object permanence and basic physics concepts. They may not yet have a solid grasp on the idea that objects maintain their orientation when placed in a different medium. Therefore, they would not have any expectations regarding the spoon remaining upright in the applesauce.

Both structural and system analyses are based on the existence of patterns, such as gender order, that remain unchanged over time despite other changes.

The concept of disciplinary reflexivity, as discussed in Magnusson and Marecek's book, involves researchers critically examining their own assumptions and practices within their field. The other options listed all involve reflexivity in some way, such as researchers in social psychology questioning their own assumptions or students analyzing the arguments presented in a psychology textbook. However, the option about researchers coming together to establish a consensus on what constitutes good research and the subject of research in psychology is not an example of reflexivity. It does not involve self-reflection or critical examination of assumptions, but rather a collective decision-making process.

The answer states that communication directed towards others helps in developing inner speech or thoughts. This aligns with the theories and models of the cultural-historical school, which emphasize the role of social interaction and communication in the development of language and thought. According to this perspective, language and thought are intertwined and develop through social interactions with others. Communication directed towards others helps children internalize and develop their own inner speech or thoughts.

The correct answer states that scientific realism involves pursuing the coherence criterion for truth, which means that there are no contradictions within or between the assumptions within the theory or model. This aligns with the definition of scientific realism, which emphasizes the internal consistency and logical coherence of scientific theories and models.

The correct answer is "Att operationalisera ilska som fysiskt våld mot andra" because it does not represent an abstraction as discussed in P. and B.- M. Sohlbergs book. Abstraction refers to the process of simplifying complex concepts or ideas by focusing on the essential aspects. The other options in the question demonstrate examples of abstraction, such as drawing parallels between thoughts and advanced computer simulations, considering humor as a defense mechanism, and describing attitudes based on their function to guide us towards rewarding things and away from undesirable ones.