Morphology And Syntax

The given example in French "Je n'aime pas l'école" follows the word order of Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). In this sentence, "Je" is the subject (I), "n'aime pas" is the verb phrase (don't like), and "l'école" is the object (the school). This word order is commonly used in French sentences where the subject comes before the verb and the object comes after the verb. Therefore, the correct answer is SVO.

The correct answer is that adjectives would be placed in front of the noun in an NP. This is because in the given example of a Japanese relative clause, the relative clause comes before the head noun. This suggests that in Japanese, adjectives would also be placed before the noun in a noun phrase.

The index of synthesis describes the level of synthesis in languages, ranging from isolating to synthetic. Isolating languages have minimal inflectional morphology and rely heavily on word order and function words to convey meaning. On the other hand, synthetic languages have a high degree of inflectional morphology, where words change their forms to indicate grammatical relationships. Therefore, the correct answer is "Isolating to synthetic" because it represents the scale of synthesis in languages, starting from isolating languages and moving towards more synthetic languages with greater inflectional morphology.

The underlined clause in both sentences fulfills the same syntactical role in both languages, which is that of a complement clause functioning as a direct object.

Greenlandic is polysynthetic because the examples provided show that words in the language can be composed of multiple morphemes that convey different grammatical and semantic information. In the first example, "Nuummukarpoq" is made up of the morphemes "nuummu" (Nuuk), "kar" (to go), and "poq" (past tense marker), indicating "She went to Nuuk." Similarly, in the second example, "Arnaavunga" consists of the morphemes "arna" (woman), "a" (first-person singular pronoun), and "vunga" (copula), meaning "I am a woman." This demonstrates the polysynthetic nature of Greenlandic.

Verbal morphology refers to the study of the structure and formation of verb forms. It includes various categories such as tense, aspect, person, and case. Tense refers to the time of the action, aspect refers to the way the action is viewed, and person refers to the grammatical relationship between the subject and the verb. However, case is not a category of verbal morphology. Case is a category that typically applies to nouns and pronouns, indicating their grammatical function in a sentence.

The index of fusion describes languages along a scale from agglutinating to fusional. This means that the index measures the degree to which a language uses affixes to express grammatical relationships. Languages that are more agglutinating have a higher number of affixes, while languages that are more fusional tend to have fewer affixes that carry multiple meanings. Therefore, the correct answer is "Agglutinating to fusional."

Lithuanian morphology is considered to come closest to the fusional morphological type. This is because Lithuanian exhibits a combination of both inflectional and derivational morphemes, where morphemes can be fused together to express multiple grammatical categories simultaneously. This is typical of fusional languages, where a single morpheme can carry multiple meanings or functions. In contrast, isolating languages have minimal or no inflectional morphology, and agglutinative languages have clear boundaries between morphemes. Therefore, based on the given data, Lithuanian is best classified as a fusional language.

Switch reference is a grammatical phenomenon found in some languages where several clauses are linked together by marking each clause for the same or different subject. This means that the subject of each clause can change, depending on the context or the information being conveyed. This allows for a more fluid and cohesive connection between the clauses, enhancing the overall coherence of the language.