TOEFL Simulation 1
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PARAGRAPH 5The answer, in one word, is aggression. Chipmunk species actively defend their ecological zones from encroachment by neighboring species. The yellow pine chipmunk is more aggressive than the sagebrush chipmunk, possibly because it is a bit larger. It successfully bullies its smaller evolutionary cousin, excluding it from the pine forests. Experiments have shown that the sagebrush chipmunk is physiologically able to live anywhere in the Sierra Nevada, from high alpine zones to the desert. The little creature is apparently restricted to the desert not because it is specialized to live only there but because that is the only habitat where none of the other chipmunk species can live. The fact that sagebrush chipmunks tolerate very warm temperatures makes them, and only them, able to live where they do. The sagebrush chipmunk essentially occupies its habitat by default. In one study, ecologists established that the yellow pine chipmunks actively exclude sagebrush chipmunks from pine forests; the ecologists simply trapped all the yellow pine chipmunks in a section of forest and moved them out. Sagebrush chipmunks immediately moved in, but yellow pine chipmunks did not enter the sagebrush desert when sagebrush chipmunks were removed. 8) The word “encroachment” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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Complete destruction
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Gradual invasion
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Excessive development
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Substitution
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TOEFL Simulation 1 is designed to enhance reading comprehension skills, focusing on understanding ecological concepts through the study of chipmunk species in the Sierra Nevada. This quiz assesses the ability to analyze text, infer meanings, and understand species interactions.
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- 2.
(Paragraph 2)This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behaviour, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform tricks. We certainly don’t think of these animals as our mental rivals. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver---complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles,and even water-skiers. According to the passage, which of the following animals is most likely to learn by watching another animal perform an activity?
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Rats
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Birds
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Invertebrates
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Dolphins
Correct Answer
A. DolphinsExplanation
The passage states that dolphins are able to quickly learn by observation and may spontaneously imitate human activities. It gives an example of a dolphin imitating a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window. Therefore, dolphins are the most likely animal to learn by watching another animal perform an activity.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Why does the student want to take classes at City College?
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Because Hooper University does not offer the classes he wants
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Because City College classes cost less money than ones at Hooper University
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So that he can take classes on the weekend
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So that he can graduate from Hooper University early
Correct Answer
A. So that he can graduate from Hooper University earlyExplanation
The student wants to take classes at City College in order to graduate from Hooper University early. This suggests that City College offers classes that can be transferred to Hooper University and count towards the student's graduation requirements. By taking classes at City College, the student can fulfill their academic requirements faster and graduate earlier from their desired university.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What did eighteenth-century astronomers have in common with astronomers today?
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They could not explain everything they detected with their instruments.
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They knew the correct distances of objects they could not identify.
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Their instruments were not powerful enough to detect spiral nebulae.
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They argued over the natural brightness of variable stars.
Correct Answer
A. They could not explain everything they detected with their instruments.Explanation
Eighteenth-century astronomers and astronomers today have in common the fact that they could not explain everything they detected with their instruments. This implies that both groups of astronomers faced limitations in their understanding and knowledge of the universe, despite advancements in technology and scientific methods. It suggests that there are still phenomena and observations that remain unexplained, highlighting the ongoing nature of scientific exploration and discovery.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Now answer the question.
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She is certain about the correct answer.
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She is now aware that her original idea had a weakness.
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She is not convinced that the professor is right.
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She thinks that the professor misunderstood what she said earlier.
Correct Answer
A. She is now aware that her original idea had a weakness.Explanation
The answer suggests that the person has realized that their original idea was flawed or had a weakness. This implies that they have come to a new understanding or realization about their idea and have accepted that it may not have been as strong as they initially thought.Rate this question:
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- 6.
According to the passage, why are the studies that conclude that dolphin intelligence is “somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee” not correct?
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The human method of drawing comparisons is not relevant to animal intelligence.
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Dolphins have actually shown to be much more intelligent than chimpanzees.
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The studies were not conducted according to standard research methods.
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Dolphins do not typically demonstrate conditioned responses for humans to observe.
Correct Answer
A. The human method of drawing comparisons is not relevant to animal intelligence.Explanation
The passage suggests that the studies concluding that dolphin intelligence is "somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee" are not correct because the human method of drawing comparisons is not relevant to animal intelligence. This implies that using human standards to compare animal intelligence is not appropriate, as different species may have different types and levels of intelligence. Therefore, the studies' conclusions based on such comparisons are not accurate.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The word “hazards” in the passage is closest meaning to
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Objects
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Dangers
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Species
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Debris
Correct Answer
A. DangersExplanation
In the passage, the word "hazards" refers to potential dangers or risks. It indicates that there are certain things or situations that can cause harm or be unsafe. The word "objects" does not convey the same meaning as hazards, as hazards imply a level of danger or risk. Similarly, "species" and "debris" do not accurately capture the meaning of hazards in this context.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The word “concentrated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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Divided
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Reduced
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Interested
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Gathered
Correct Answer
A. GatheredExplanation
In the passage, the word "concentrated" is used to describe something that is gathered or brought together in one place. This suggests that the word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to "gathered".Rate this question:
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- 9.
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
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Getting financial aid for college
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Planning a student’s course schedule for the next four years
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Taking courses during the summer session
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Differences in admissions requirements between Hooper University and two other schools
Correct Answer
A. Taking courses during the summer sessionExplanation
The speakers are discussing the option of taking courses during the summer session.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Why does the professor mention the Western-Heritage Model used in her high school?
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To explain why she prefers using the model.
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To emphasize that the model was widely used in the past.
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To correct an error in a student’s description of the model.
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To compare high school history courses to college history courses.
Correct Answer
A. To emphasize that the model was widely used in the past.Explanation
The professor mentions the Western-Heritage Model used in her high school to emphasize that the model was widely used in the past.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Why does the woman tell the man about her own experience as a student?
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To make him aware that other students have similar problems.
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To encourage him to spend more time studying at the library.
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To explain the importance of remembering details.
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To convince him to take a study-skills course.
Correct Answer
A. To make him aware that other students have similar problems.Explanation
The woman tells the man about her own experience as a student to make him aware that other students have similar problems. By sharing her own experience, she is trying to show him that he is not alone in facing difficulties and that it is common for students to encounter challenges. This can help him feel more supported and reassured, knowing that others have gone through similar situations and have overcome them.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Now answer the question.
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He will assign 12 pieces of art to evaluate.
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He is organizing a class trip to the art museum.
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It takes a lot of time to evaluate a piece of art.
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Students will now be able to evaluate art quickly.
Correct Answer
A. It takes a lot of time to evaluate a piece of art.Explanation
The statement "It takes a lot of time to evaluate a piece of art" is the correct answer because it is the only statement that directly relates to the fact that the person will assign 12 pieces of art to evaluate. The other statements about organizing a class trip to the art museum and students being able to evaluate art quickly are not directly related to the task of evaluating 12 pieces of art.Rate this question:
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- 13.
In paragraph 2, the author indicates that a large variety of chipmunk species exist in western North America because of
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A large migration of chipmunks from eastern North America in an earlier period.
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The inability of chipmunks to adapt to the high mountainous regions of eastern North America.
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The ecological variety and extremes of the West that caused chipmunks to become geographically isolated.
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The absence of large human populations that discouraged species formation among chipmunk species.
Correct Answer
A. The ecological variety and extremes of the West that caused chipmunks to become geographically isolated.Explanation
The correct answer is the ecological variety and extremes of the West that caused chipmunks to become geographically isolated. This is supported by the statement in paragraph 2 that mentions the ecological variety and extremes of the West as the reason for the existence of a large variety of chipmunk species in western North America. The author implies that these ecological factors have led to the chipmunks becoming geographically isolated, which in turn has contributed to the development of different species.Rate this question:
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- 14.
(Paragraph 3) Given the seeming intelligence of cetaceans, people are always tempted to compare them with humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottlenose dolphins, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies “somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee.” Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it on human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldn’t locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve our problems?The word “tempted” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
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Conditioned
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Reluctant
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Inclined
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Invited
Correct Answer
A. InclinedExplanation
The word "tempted" in the passage is closest in meaning to "inclined". This means that people are naturally inclined or have a tendency to compare cetaceans with humans and other animals due to their seeming intelligence. The word "tempted" suggests that there is a strong inclination or desire to make these comparisons.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The word “outermost” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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Most visible
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Best protected
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Farthest away
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Wealthiest
Correct Answer
A. Farthest awayExplanation
The word "outermost" refers to something that is farthest away from the center or the core. In the given passage, the word is used to describe a location or position that is the farthest away from something. Therefore, the closest meaning to "outermost" in this context is "farthest away".Rate this question:
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- 16.
(Paragraph 5) Studies by Park, Burgess, and other Chicago-school sociologists showed how new groups of immigrants tended to be concentrated in separate areas within inner-city zones where they sometimes experienced tension with other ethnic groups that had arrived earlier. Over time, however, each group was able to adjust to life in the city and to find a place for itself in the urban economy. Eventually many of the immigrants moved to unsegregated areas in outer zones; the areas they left behind were promptly occupied by new waves of immigrants.The word “they” in the passage refers
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Chicago-school sociologists
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New groups of immigrants
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Separate areas
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Inner-city zones
Correct Answer
A. New groups of immigrantsExplanation
The word "they" in the passage refers to the new groups of immigrants. The passage discusses how these new groups of immigrants tend to be concentrated in separate areas within inner-city zones and eventually adjust to life in the city. It also mentions that these areas are promptly occupied by new waves of immigrants once the previous group moves to unsegregated areas in outer zones. Therefore, "they" refers to the new groups of immigrants who occupy the areas left behind by the previous group.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What happened during the agricultural expansion in the southern Great Plains?
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People improved the soil by planting wheat.
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Raising cattle and other livestock became less common.
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Most of the landowners became farmers.
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Much of the grassland was destroyed.
Correct Answer
A. Much of the grassland was destroyed.Explanation
During the agricultural expansion in the southern Great Plains, much of the grassland was destroyed. This occurred as people cleared the land to make way for farming and planting wheat. The destruction of the grassland had significant environmental consequences, leading to soil erosion and the loss of biodiversity.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Now answer the question.
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To ask the students for their opinions.
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To express uncertainty about a historical situation.
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To emphasize a point he has just made.
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To correct an earlier statement.
Correct Answer
A. To emphasize a point he has just made.Explanation
The correct answer is "To emphasize a point he has just made." This is because when someone wants to emphasize a point, they often ask for others' opinions to reinforce their own viewpoint. By asking the students for their opinions, the speaker is highlighting the importance of the point they have just made and seeking validation or agreement from the students.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Why does the man go to see the woman?
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To ask her to talk to his professor about an exam.
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To help completing an assignment.
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To get help understanding why he is having trouble in his classes.
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To ask her opinion about which class he should take.
Correct Answer
A. To get help understanding why he is having trouble in his classes.Explanation
The man goes to see the woman in order to get help understanding why he is having trouble in his classes. This is evident from the given options where the other choices mention different reasons for the man's visit, such as asking the woman to talk to his professor about an exam, helping with completing an assignment, or asking her opinion about which class to take. However, the correct answer specifically focuses on the man seeking help to understand his difficulties in his classes.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What problem does the man have with his reading assignment?
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He is not interested in what he reads.
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He cannot memorize definitions of terms.
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He is overwhelmed by the amount he has to read.
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He has difficulty identifying what is important information.
Correct Answer
A. He has difficulty identifying what is important information.Explanation
The man's problem with his reading assignment is that he has difficulty identifying what is important information. This suggests that he may struggle with distinguishing key concepts or main ideas from less significant details while reading.Rate this question:
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- 21.
According to the professor, what did a 1920 telescope allow astronomers to do for the first time?
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Study the moons of Jupiter.
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Observe gamma-ray bursters.
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Reject the dust theory of nebulae.
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Prove that galaxies are surprisingly small.
Correct Answer
A. Reject the dust theory of nebulae.Explanation
A 1920 telescope allowed astronomers to reject the dust theory of nebulae for the first time. This suggests that prior to the development of this telescope, astronomers did not have the capability to gather enough evidence to disprove the theory that nebulae were composed of dust. The 1920 telescope likely provided new insights or data that contradicted the prevailing belief, leading astronomers to reject the dust theory.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. CETACEAN INTELLIGENCE We often hear that whales, dolphins, and porpoises are as intelligent as humans, maybe even more so. Are they really smart? There is no question that cetaceans are among the most intelligent of animals. Dolphins, killer whales, and pilot whales in captivity quickly learn tricks. The military has trained bottlenose dolphins to find bombs and missile heads and to work as underwater spies. This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform tricks. We certainly don’t think of these animals as our mental rivals. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver –complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers. Given the seeming intelligence of cetaceans, people are always tempted to compare them with humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottlenose dolphin, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies “somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee.” Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it in human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldn’t locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve human problems? Both humans and cetaceans have large brains with an expanded and distinctively folded surface, the cortex. The cortex is the dominant association center of the brain, where abilities such as memory and sensory perception are centered. Cetaceans have larger brains than ours, but the ratio of brain to body weight is higher in humans. Again, direct comparisons are misleading. In cetaceans it is mainly the portions of the brain associated with hearing and the processing of sound information that are expanded. The enlarged portions of our brain deal largely with vision and hand-eye coordination. Cetaceans and humans almost certainly perceive the world in very different ways. Their world is largely one of sounds, ours one of sights. Contrary to what is depicted in movies and on television, the notion of “talking” to dolphins is also misleading. Although they produce a rich repertoire of complex sounds, they lack vocal cords and their brains probably process sound differently from ours. Bottlenose dolphins have been trained to make sounds through the blow-hole that sound something like human sounds, but this is a far cry from human speech. By the same token, humans cannot make whale sounds. We will probably never be able to carry on an unaided conversation with cetaceans. As in chimpanzees, captive bottlenose dolphins have been taught American Sign Language. These dolphins have learned to communicate with trainers who use sign language to ask simple questions. Dolphins answered back by pushing a “yes” or “no” paddle. They have been known to give spontaneous responses not taught by trainers. Evidence also indicates that these dolphin can distinguish between commands that differ from each other only by their word order, a truly remarkable achievement. Nevertheless, dolphins do not seem to have a real language like ours. Unlike humans, dolphins probably cannot convey very complex messages. Observations of cetaceans in the wild have provided some insights on their learning abilities. Several bottlenose dolphins off western Australia, for instance, have been observed carrying large cone-shaped sponges over their beaks. They supposedly use the sponges for protection against stingrays and other hazards on the bottom as they search for fish to eat. This is the first record use of tools among wild cetaceans. Instead of “intelligence,” some people prefer to speak of “awareness.” In any case, cetaceans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own. Directions: Now answer the questions. Paragraph 1 We often hear that whales, dolphins, and porpoises are as intelligent as humans, maybe even more so. Are they really that smart? There is no question that cetaceans are among the most intelligent of animals. Dolphins, killer whales, and pilot whales in captivity quickly learn tricks. The military has trained bottlenose dolphins to find bombs and missile heads and to work as underwater spies.The author asks the question “Are they really that smart?“ for which of the following reasons?
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To question the notion that humans are the most intelligent of animals
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To introduce the discussion of intelligence that follows
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To explain why dolphins, killer whales, and pilot whales can learn tricks
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To emphasize the ways that dolphins can help the military
Correct Answer
A. To introduce the discussion of intelligence that followsExplanation
The author asks the question "Are they really that smart?" to introduce the discussion of intelligence that follows. The question sets up the topic of cetacean intelligence and prompts the reader to consider the level of intelligence attributed to whales, dolphins, and porpoises.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The word “promptly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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Quickly
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Usually
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Eventually
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Easily
Correct Answer
A. QuicklyExplanation
The word "promptly" in the passage indicates a sense of immediacy or without delay. It suggests that something is done quickly or in a timely manner. Therefore, "quickly" is the closest synonym to "promptly" in this context.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Directions: Now answer the questions. What is the main purpose of the lecture?
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To compare the study of world history to the study of United States history.
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To explain to the students their next assignment.
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To explain different approaches to the study of world history.
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To explain the origins of history as an academic discipline.
Correct Answer
A. To explain different approaches to the study of world history.Explanation
The main purpose of the lecture is to explain different approaches to the study of world history. This can be inferred from the options provided, as the other options do not mention anything about comparing world history to United States history, explaining the next assignment, or explaining the origins of history as an academic discipline. Therefore, the correct answer is to explain different approaches to the study of world history.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Now answer the question.
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She doubts that the course will fulfill the students' expectations.
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She hopes that the students selected the course because of their interest.
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She is pleased that the course will fulfill the requirements.
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She is worried that the student might not be familiar with the course requirements.
Correct Answer
A. She hopes that the students selected the course because of their interest.Explanation
The given answer suggests that the speaker's main concern is that the students chose the course based on their own interest. This implies that the speaker values students' personal motivation and believes that it is important for them to have a genuine interest in the subject matter. The answer also implies that the speaker is optimistic and hopeful about the students' motivation, suggesting a positive outlook on their engagement and potential success in the course.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What is the lecture mainly about?
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Various painting techniques.
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Ways to determine the purpose of a piece of art.
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How moral values are reflected in art.
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How to evaluate a piece of art.
Correct Answer
A. How to evaluate a piece of art.Explanation
The lecture is mainly about how to evaluate a piece of art. The other options, such as various painting techniques, ways to determine the purpose of a piece of art, and how moral values are reflected in art, are not mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is how to evaluate a piece of art.Rate this question:
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- 27.
(Paragraph 6) As in chimpanzees, captive bottlenose dolphins have been taught American Sign Language. These dolphins have learned to communicate with trainers who use sign language to ask simple questions. Dolphins answered back by pushing a “yes” or “no” paddle. They have been known to give spontaneous responses not taught by trainers. Evidence also indicates that these dolphin can distinguish between commands that differ from each other only by their word order, a truly remarkable achievement. Nevertheless, dolphins do not seem to have a real language like ours. Unlike humans, dolphins probably cannot convey very complex messages.The word “spontaneous” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
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Sophisticated
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Sensible
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Appropriate
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Unprompted
Correct Answer
A. UnpromptedExplanation
The word "spontaneous" in the passage is closest in meaning to "unprompted". This means that the dolphins are giving responses without being prompted or taught by the trainers. They are able to communicate in a natural and unplanned way, showing their intelligence and ability to understand and respond to sign language.Rate this question:
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- 28.
This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. A. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. B. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be condiioned to perform tricks. C. We certainly don't think of these animals as our mental rivals. D. Unlike most other aniamls, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneoulsy imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver - complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.Look at the four options that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior in the future.
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Option A
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Option B
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Option C
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Option D
Correct Answer
A. Option BExplanation
This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior in the future. This sentence can be added to Option B because it talks about animals being conditioned to perform tricks, which is the context in which the sentence about positive reinforcement is relevant.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Why will the man probably take only two courses?
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Students are limited to two summer courses
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He can attend classes only on Saturday and Sunday
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His financial aid will pay for only two courses
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His summer job will keep him taking more that two courses
Correct Answer
A. Students are limited to two summer coursesExplanation
The man will probably take only two courses because students are limited to two summer courses.Rate this question:
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- 30.
What does the professor mainly discuss?
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A common weather pattern in the southern Great Plains region.
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Factors that created an ecological and human disaster
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Farming techniques introduced during the Dust Bowl era.
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The erosion of grasslands by excessive rainfall.
Correct Answer
A. Factors that created an ecological and human disasterExplanation
The professor mainly discusses the factors that led to the creation of an ecological and human disaster. This implies that the professor talks about the causes or reasons behind the disaster rather than focusing on the disaster itself or other related topics such as weather patterns or farming techniques.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Why does the professor mention that drought is often blamed as the cause of the Dust Bowl?
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To explain that many tenant farmers had to leave their land before the Dust Bowl era.
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To emphasize that the Dust Bowl resulted mainly from soil erosion.
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To show why the local population increased when rainfall returned to normal.
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To prove that the drought was the worst on record at that time.
Correct Answer
A. To emphasize that the Dust Bowl resulted mainly from soil erosion.Explanation
The professor mentions that drought is often blamed as the cause of the Dust Bowl to emphasize that the Dust Bowl resulted mainly from soil erosion. This suggests that while drought may have been a contributing factor, it was the erosion of the soil that led to the severe dust storms and environmental devastation of the Dust Bowl. By highlighting soil erosion as the main cause, the professor is likely emphasizing the importance of sustainable farming practices and the need to prevent future ecological disasters.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Why does the professor mention wheels and spheres?
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To illustrate how movement can be expressed in a piece of art.
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To demonstrate that objects are more important than colors in a piece of art.
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To give an example of objects that have symbolic significance.
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To explain why some objects rarely appear in works of art.
Correct Answer
A. To give an example of objects that have symbolic significance.Explanation
The professor mentions wheels and spheres to give an example of objects that have symbolic significance. Wheels and spheres are often used in art to symbolize various concepts such as motion, unity, perfection, and the cycle of life. By mentioning these objects, the professor is highlighting how artists use symbolic objects to convey deeper meanings and messages in their artwork.Rate this question:
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- 33.
PARAGRApH 3 Most ecologists believe that ancient populations of chipmunks diverged genetically when isolated from one another by mountains and unfavorable ecological habitat. These scattered populations first evolved into races - adapted to the local ecological conditions - and then into species, reproductively isolated from one another. This period of evolution was relatively recent, as evidenced by the similar appearance of all the western chipmunk species. The word “diverged” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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Declined
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Competed
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Progressed
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Separated
Correct Answer
A. SeparatedExplanation
The word "diverged" in the passage is closest in meaning to "separated" because it suggests that the ancient populations of chipmunks were isolated from one another by mountains and unfavorable ecological habitat, leading to their genetic divergence and reproductive isolation. This implies that they were separated from one another and developed into different races and eventually species.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The phrase “by virtue of” in the passage is closest in meaning to
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In spite of
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Because of
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Unconcerned about
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With attention
Correct Answer
A. Because ofExplanation
The phrase "by virtue of" in the passage indicates a cause or reason for something. It implies that something is happening or is true because of a particular quality or characteristic. Therefore, the closest meaning to "by virtue of" is "because of."Rate this question:
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- 35.
Scientific observations show that cetaceans are able to do all the following EXCEPT
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Use natural objects as tools for self-protection
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Produce complex sounds through their blowholes
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Answer spoken questions
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Distinguish between very similar spoken sentences
Correct Answer
A. Answer spoken questionsExplanation
Cetaceans, such as dolphins and whales, have been observed using natural objects as tools for self-protection, producing complex sounds through their blowholes, and distinguishing between very similar spoken sentences. However, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that cetaceans are able to answer spoken questions.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 in order to
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Establish the specific topics about which Park that required careful planning
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Specify the aspects of Chicago’s development that required careful planning
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Specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of cities
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Compare the definitions given by Park and Burgess for the physical form of cities
Correct Answer
A. Specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of citiesExplanation
The author includes the statement by Robert Park in paragraph 2 to specify some of the factors that contributed to the pattern of development of cities. The statement highlights the importance of careful planning in order to avoid the chaotic growth of cities and to ensure that they are able to meet the needs of their inhabitants. By including this statement, the author is emphasizing the significance of factors such as transportation, housing, and public health in shaping the development of cities.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the third zone?
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It is the most expensive area in which to live.
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It does not have factories and businesses.
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People who live there travel long distances to work.
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Most of the residents there work and live in the same zone.
Correct Answer
A. It does not have factories and businesses.Explanation
The paragraph 4 does not mention anything about the cost of living in the third zone, the travel distances of the residents, or whether they work and live in the same zone. However, it does state that the third zone does not have factories and businesses.Rate this question:
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- 38.
What will Ms. Brinker probably do for the man? Choose 2 answers
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Give the man a student ID number
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Give the man a financial aid form
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Help the man figure out which classes to take
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Help the man apply to Hooper University
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Put the man’s information into the City College admission system
Correct Answer(s)
A. Give the man a student ID number
A. Put the man’s information into the City College admission systemExplanation
Ms. Brinker will give the man a student ID number and put his information into the City College admission system. This suggests that she is assisting him with the process of enrolling in City College and becoming a student there.Rate this question:
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- 39.
What is the lecture mainly about?
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How astronomers found the correct interpretation for a certain observation.
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How astronomers distinguish between two kinds of nebulae.
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Various improvements to the telescope over the last 300 years.
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An old problem in astronomy that remains unsolved.
Correct Answer
A. How astronomers found the correct interpretation for a certain observation.Explanation
The lecture is mainly about how astronomers found the correct interpretation for a certain observation. It suggests that the lecture discusses the process through which astronomers were able to arrive at the accurate understanding of a specific observation. The other options, such as distinguishing between two kinds of nebulae, improvements to the telescope, or an unsolved problem in astronomy, are not mentioned as the main focus of the lecture. Therefore, the correct answer is how astronomers found the correct interpretation for a certain observation.Rate this question:
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- 40.
According to the professor, what did ancient Greek philosophers value in a work of art?
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An accurate imitation of life.
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An unusual perspective on life.
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The expression of complex emotions.
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The use of symbolism.
Correct Answer
A. An accurate imitation of life.Explanation
Ancient Greek philosophers valued an accurate imitation of life in a work of art. They believed that art should strive to replicate the physical world as closely as possible, capturing the essence and beauty of nature. This focus on realism was seen as a way to connect with the divine and understand the natural order of the world. By creating art that accurately imitated life, the ancient Greeks believed that they could gain insight into the human condition and the deeper truths of existence.Rate this question:
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- 41.
The phrase “one another” in the passage refers to
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Populations
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Races
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Ecological conditions
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Species
Correct Answer
A. SpeciesExplanation
The phrase "one another" in the passage refers to species. This means that the passage is discussing the interactions or relationships between different species within an ecosystem. It implies that the passage is focusing on how different species interact with and impact each other.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. A MODEL OF URBAN EXPANSION In the early twentieth century, the science of sociology found supporters in the United States and Canada partly because the cities there were growing so rapidly. It often appeared that North American cities would be unable to absorb all the new-comers arriving in such large numbers. Presociological thinkers like Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of the movement to build parks and recreation areas in cities, and Jacob Riis, an advocate of slum reform, urged the nation’s leaders to invest in improving the urban environment, building parks and beaches, and making better housing available to all. These reform efforts were greatly aided by sociologists who conducted empirical research on the social conditions in cities. In the early twentieth century, many sociologists lived in cities like Chicago that were characterized by rapid population growth and serious problems. It seemed logical to use empirical research to construct theories about how cities grow and change in response to major social forces as well as more controlled urban planning. The founders of the Chicago school of sociology, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, attempted to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form of cities. As Parks stated, among them are “transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel and construction and elevators–all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations.” Park and Burgess based their model of urban growth on the concept of “natural areas”–that is, areas such as occupational suburbs or residential enclaves in which the population is relatively homogeneous and land is used in similar ways without deliberate planning. Park and Burgess saw urban expansion as occurring through a series of “invasions” of successive zones or areas surrounding the center of the city. For example, people from rural areas and other societies “invaded” areas where housing was inexpensive. Those areas tended to be close to the places where they worked. In turn, people who could afford better housing and the cost of commuting “invaded” areas farther from the business district. Park and Burgess’s model has come to be known as the “concentric zone-zone model” (represented by the figure). Because the model was originally based on studies of Chicago, its center is labeled “Loop,” the term commonly applied to that city’s central commercial zone. Surrounding the central zone is a “zone in transition,” an area that is being invaded by business and light manufacturing. The third zone is inhabited by workers who do not want to live in the factory or business district but at the same time need to live reasonably close to where they work. The fourth or residential zone consists of upscale apartment buildings and single-family homes. And the outermost ring, outside the city limits, is the suburban or commuters’ zone; its residents live within a 30- to 60-minute ride of the central business district. Studies by Park, Burgess, and other Chicago-school sociologists showed how new groups of immigrants tended to be concentrated in separate areas within inner-city zones where they sometimes experienced tension with other ethnic groups that had arrived earlier. Over time, however, each group was able to adjust to life in the city and to find a place for itself in the urban economy. Eventually many of the immigrants moved to unsegregated areas in outer zones; the areas they left behind were promptly occupied by new waves of immigrants. The Park and Burgess model of growth in zones and natural areas of the city can still be used to describe patterns of growth in cities that were built around a central business district and that continue to attract large numbers of immigrants. But this model is biased toward the commercial and industrial cities of North America, which have tended to form around business centers rather than around palaces or cathedrals, as is often the case in some other parts of the world. Moreover, it fails to account for other patterns of urbanization, such as the rapid urbanization that occurs along commercial transportation corridors and the rise of nearby satellite cities. Directions: Now answer the questions. (Paragraph 1)In the early twentieth century, the science of sociology found supporters in the United States and Canada partly because the cities there were growing so rapidly. It often appeared that North American cities would be unable to absorb all the new-comers arriving in such large numbers. Presociological thinkers like Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of the movement to build parks and recreation areas in cities, and Jacob Riis, an advocate of slum reform, urged the nation’s leaders to invest in improving the urban environment, building parks and beaches, and making better housing available to all. These reform efforts were greatly aided by sociologists who conducted empirical research on the social conditions in cities. In the early twentieth century, many sociologists lived in cities like Chicago that were characterized by rapid population growth and serious problems. It seemed logical to use empirical research to construct theories about how cities grow and change in response to major social forces as well as more controlled urban planning. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about what olmsted and Riis had in common?
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Both constructed theories based on empirical research on cities.
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Both were among a large number of newcomers to North American cities.
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Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.
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Both hoped to reduce the rapid growth of large cities.
Correct Answer
A. Both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities.Explanation
Both Olmsted and Riis were presociological thinkers who advocated for improving the urban environment and making better housing available to all. They both wanted to improve the conditions of life in cities, which is evident from their efforts to build parks, advocate for slum reform, and invest in improving the urban environment. The passage states that their reform efforts were greatly aided by sociologists who conducted empirical research on the social conditions in cities, suggesting that they were focused on improving the living conditions in cities.Rate this question:
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- 43.
What point does the professor make when he mentions that good topsoil takes thousands of years to form?
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It takes a long time to ruin good topsoil.
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It was wrong to believe that land could not be damaged.
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Farmers should not have moved on to other places.
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Plowing the land creates good topsoil faster than natural processes do.
Correct Answer
A. It was wrong to believe that land could not be damaged.Explanation
The professor's point in mentioning that good topsoil takes thousands of years to form is that it was wrong to believe that land could not be damaged. The fact that it takes a long time for topsoil to form implies that it is a finite resource that can be depleted or damaged if not properly managed. This challenges the belief that land is invincible and can sustain unlimited exploitation without consequences.Rate this question:
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- 44.
What recommendations does the woman make about what the man should do? Choose 2 answers.
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Underline definitions in the text as he reads.
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Write a summary of what he reads.
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Read the text twice.
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Find additional texts on his own.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Write a summary of what he reads.
A. Read the text twice.Explanation
The woman suggests that the man should write a summary of what he reads and read the text twice. These recommendations will help the man to better understand and retain the information from the text. Underlining definitions in the text and finding additional texts on his own are not mentioned as recommendations by the woman.Rate this question:
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- 45.
According to the lecture, how did distant galaxies appear to eighteenth-century astronomers?
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Like the moons of planets.
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Like small clouds.
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Like variable stars.
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Like bright points of light.
Correct Answer
A. Like small clouds.Explanation
According to the lecture, distant galaxies appeared to eighteenth-century astronomers like small clouds. This suggests that astronomers observed these galaxies as faint, diffuse objects in the sky, resembling the appearance of small clouds rather than distinct points of light like stars or moons of planets.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following statements is supported by the results of the experiment described at the end of paragraph 5?
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The habitat of the yellow pine chipmunk is a desirable one to other species, but the habitat of the sagebrush chipmunk is not.
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It was more difficult to remove sagebrush chipmunks from their habitat than it was to remove yellow pine chipmunks from theirs.
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Yellow pine chipmunks and sagebrush chipmunks require the same environmental conditions in their habitats.
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The temperature of the habitat is not an important factor to either yellow pine chipmunk or the sagebrush chipmunk.
Correct Answer
A. The habitat of the yellow pine chipmunk is a desirable one to other species, but the habitat of the sagebrush chipmunk is not.Explanation
The experiment described in paragraph 5 supports the statement that the habitat of the yellow pine chipmunk is desirable to other species, while the habitat of the sagebrush chipmunk is not. This can be inferred from the fact that it was easier to remove yellow pine chipmunks from their habitat compared to sagebrush chipmunks. The difficulty in removing the sagebrush chipmunks suggests that their habitat is less desirable and potentially more suitable for their survival, as they may have adapted to the specific conditions of their habitat.Rate this question:
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- 47.
(Paragraph 2) The founders of the Chicago school of sociology, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, attempted to develop a dynamic model of the city, one that would account not only for the expansion of cities in terms of population and territory but also for the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. They identified several factors that influence the physical form of cities. As Parks stated, among them are “transportation and communication, tramways and telephones, newspapers and advertising, steel and construction and elevators–all things, in fact, which tend to bring about at once a greater mobility and a greater concentration of the urban populations.”Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
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The Chicago school of sociology founded by Park and Burgess attempted to help the population of growing cities protect the land around them.
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The model that Park and Burgess created was intended to explain both why the population and area of a city like Chicago grew and in what way urban land was used or settled.
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The founders of the Chicago school of sociology wanted to make Chicago a dynamic model for how other cities should use and settle their land.
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Park and Burgess were concerned that cities like Chicago should follow a model of good land use as the population grew and settled new areas.
Correct Answer
A. The model that Park and Burgess created was intended to explain both why the population and area of a city like Chicago grew and in what way urban land was used or settled.Explanation
The sentence states that the model created by Park and Burgess was intended to explain the growth of population and territory in cities, as well as the patterns of settlement and land use within cities. This means that the model aimed to provide an understanding of both the expansion of cities and how the urban land was utilized or settled.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Where does paragraph 4 indicate that the yellow pine chipmunk can be found in relationship to the other species of the eastern slope of the Sierra?
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Below the sagebrush chipmunk
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Above the alpine chipmunk
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At the same elevation as the sagebrush chipmunk
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Below the lodgepole chipmunk
Correct Answer
A. Below the lodgepole chipmunk -
- 49.
PARAGRApH 6The most aggressive of the four eastern-slope species is the lodgepole chipmunk, a feisty rodent indeed. It actively prevents alpine chipmunks from moving downslope, and yellow pine chipmunks from moving upslope. There is logic behind the lodgepole’s aggressive demeanor. It lives in the cool, shaded conifer forests, and of the four species, it is the least able to tolerate heat stress. It is, in other words, the species of the strictest habitat needs: it simply must be in those shaded forests. However, if it shared its habitat with alpine and yellow pine chipmunks, either or both of these species might outcompete it, taking most of the available food. Such a competition could effectively eliminate lodgepole chipmunks from the habitat. Lodgepoles survive only by virtue of their aggression.
- According to paragraph 6, why is the lodgepole chipmunk so protective of its habitat from competing chipmunks?
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It has specialized food requirements.
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It cannot tolerate cold temperatures well.
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It requires the shade provided by forests trees.
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It prefers to be able to move between areas that are downslope and upslope.
Correct Answer
A. It requires the shade provided by forests trees.Explanation
The paragraph explains that the lodgepole chipmunk lives in cool, shaded conifer forests and is the least able to tolerate heat stress. It is stated that the lodgepole chipmunk is the species with the strictest habitat needs and must be in those shaded forests. If it shared its habitat with other chipmunk species, they might outcompete it for food, potentially eliminating the lodgepole chipmunks from the habitat. Therefore, the lodgepole chipmunk is protective of its habitat because it requires the shade provided by forest trees.Rate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Oct 23, 2014Quiz Created by
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