Ptas 150 Midterm Review

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The term "velocity" refers to the speed of an object. It is a measure of how fast an object is moving in a particular direction. Speed, on the other hand, is a scalar quantity that only measures the magnitude of an object's motion. Therefore, velocity is a more comprehensive term that includes both the speed and direction of an object's movement.

A decrease in velocity refers to a decrease in the speed of an object. Deceleration is the term used to describe this decrease in velocity. It indicates that the object is slowing down or reducing its speed over time. Therefore, deceleration is the correct answer to this question.

Elasticity refers to the property of a solid to return to its original shape or form after being stretched or deformed. When a material is elastic, it can withstand external forces and deformations, but it will regain its original shape once those forces are removed. This ability is due to the arrangement and behavior of the atoms or molecules within the material. Elasticity is an important characteristic in various fields, such as engineering, materials science, and physics.

Vaporization and evaporation both refer to the change of a substance from a liquid state to a gas state. During vaporization, the liquid is heated to its boiling point and changes into a gas. Evaporation, on the other hand, occurs at temperatures below the boiling point when the liquid molecules gain enough energy to escape into the air as gas. Both processes involve the conversion of liquid molecules into gas molecules, resulting in the change from liquid to gas.

An increase in velocity refers to a change in the rate at which an object's position changes over time. This change in velocity can either be positive or negative, indicating an acceleration or deceleration, respectively. Therefore, an increase in velocity is associated with acceleration.

Melting refers to the process of changing a substance from a solid state to a liquid state. This occurs when heat is applied to the substance, causing the particles to gain energy and move more freely, resulting in the breakdown of the solid structure and the formation of a liquid.

Plasticity refers to the property of a solid to change its shape without breaking or cracking. It is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation under applied external forces. This property is commonly observed in materials like metals and certain types of polymers. When a material exhibits plasticity, it can be easily molded, bent, or stretched into different shapes. Plasticity is an important characteristic in various industries, such as manufacturing and construction, as it allows for the shaping and forming of materials into desired products or structures.

The property of liquids where different molecules stick together is known as adhesion. Adhesion occurs when the molecules of a liquid are attracted to the molecules of another substance, causing them to stick together. This phenomenon is responsible for various processes in nature, such as capillary action, where liquids can defy gravity and rise in narrow tubes. Adhesion is also important in everyday life, as it allows liquids to wet surfaces, form droplets, and adhere to objects. Overall, adhesion plays a crucial role in the behavior and characteristics of liquids.

Extensibility refers to the property of a solid to be able to lengthen or stretch. It implies that the solid can undergo deformation without breaking or losing its structural integrity. This property is important in various applications, such as in materials used for construction or manufacturing, where the ability to withstand stretching or elongation is necessary. Therefore, extensibility is the correct answer to describe the property of solid ability to lengthen.

Viscosity refers to the property of liquids that determines their resistance to flow or motion. It is a measure of the internal friction within a liquid, which affects how easily it can be poured or moved. When comparing swimming in water versus jello, water has a lower viscosity and therefore less resistance to motion, making it easier to swim in. On the other hand, jello has a higher viscosity, resulting in greater resistance to motion and making it more difficult to swim through.

The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of a reference substance. The reference substance for specific gravity is usually water. Since water is used as the reference substance, its specific gravity is always 1.0. This means that the density of water is equal to the density of the substance being measured.

Condensation is the process by which a substance changes from its gaseous state to its liquid state. This occurs when the temperature of the gas decreases, causing the gas particles to lose energy and come closer together, forming liquid droplets. Condensation is a common phenomenon that can be observed in everyday life, such as when water vapor in the air condenses on a cold surface to form dew or when steam from a hot shower turns into water droplets on a mirror.

Tenacity refers to the property of a solid's ability to resist tension. It is a measure of how much force or stress a material can withstand before breaking or deforming. A material with high tenacity will have a strong resistance to being pulled apart or stretched. This property is important in various applications, such as in construction materials or fabrics, where strength and durability are desired.

Cohesion refers to the property of liquids where similar molecules stick together. This occurs due to the attractive forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The cohesive forces cause the liquid to have a high surface tension, allowing it to form droplets and maintain its shape. Cohesion is responsible for phenomena like capillary action, where liquids can rise in narrow tubes against gravity.

A solid is a state of matter that maintains its shape and volume unless it is broken or subjected to external forces. Unlike liquids or gases, solids have a fixed shape and cannot be compressed easily due to the strong intermolecular forces between their particles. Therefore, the given statement aligns with the characteristics of a solid.

Sublimation refers to the process by which a substance changes directly from a solid state to a gas state without passing through the liquid state. This change occurs when the substance's vapor pressure exceeds its melting point or when the surrounding pressure is lower than the substance's triple point. During sublimation, the intermolecular forces holding the solid together are overcome, causing the particles to gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. This phenomenon is commonly observed in substances like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and mothballs (naphthalene).

The conversion factor between kilograms and pounds is 2.2. This means that for every 1 kilogram, there are 2.2 pounds. Therefore, to convert kilograms to pounds, you would multiply the number of kilograms by 2.2.

The conversion factor between inches and centimeters is 2.54. This means that one inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.

Freezing is the process in which a substance changes from a liquid state to a solid state due to the removal of heat energy. During freezing, the particles of the substance slow down and come closer together, forming a rigid structure. This change in state is characterized by a decrease in temperature and the formation of a solid phase.

Tension refers to the pulling force exerted on an object when it is stretched or elongated. It is a type of mechanical stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object, causing it to become longer and thinner. Tension can be experienced in various situations, such as when a rope is pulled or when a spring is stretched. It is the opposite of compression, which refers to the pushing force that causes an object to become shorter and thicker.

Compression refers to the act of applying pressure or force to an object, causing it to become smaller or more compact. In engineering and physics, compression is a type of stress that occurs when forces are applied to an object in such a way that it tends to become shorter or denser. This can be seen in various applications such as compressing gases, compressing springs, or even the compression of materials in construction. Therefore, compression is the correct answer in this context.

Buoyancy is the property of liquids that determines their resistance to submersion. When an object is placed in a liquid, it experiences an upward force called buoyant force, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This force counteracts the force of gravity acting on the object, causing it to float or sink. The concept of buoyancy explains why objects like boats and icebergs float in water, as the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object.

Specific gravity is a measurement that compares the density of a liquid to the density of water. It is a dimensionless quantity, meaning it has no units. Specific gravity is used to determine the relative density of a liquid, indicating whether it is lighter or heavier than water. If the specific gravity is less than 1, the liquid is lighter than water, while a specific gravity greater than 1 indicates that the liquid is denser than water. Therefore, specific gravity is a property of liquids that allows for easy comparison of their density to that of water.

Wolff's law states that a healthy bone will adapt to the loads it experiences. When the loading on a bone increases, the bone undergoes remodeling and becomes stronger over time. This principle explains how bones can adjust their structure and density based on the stress they are subjected to.

A higher viscosity refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow. When a liquid has a higher viscosity, it means that it is more resistant to flow and therefore it is thicker in consistency. So, a higher viscosity causes a liquid to be thicker.

The shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom. This means that it can move in three different directions independently. The three degrees of freedom in the shoulder joint allow for movements such as flexion and extension (forward and backward), abduction and adduction (away from and towards the body), and internal and external rotation (inward and outward rotation). These movements enable a wide range of motion and flexibility in the shoulder joint.

A liquid is able to take the shape of its container because its particles are loosely packed and can move freely. Unlike solids, liquids do not have a fixed shape and can flow. Additionally, the volume of a liquid does not change significantly when it is compressed, as the particles are already close together. This is in contrast to gases, which can be easily compressed and have no fixed volume. Therefore, the given explanation aligns with the properties of a liquid.

Gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This is because gases naturally flow from regions with a higher concentration of molecules to regions with a lower concentration. The movement of gas particles is driven by the principle of diffusion, which seeks to equalize the concentration of particles in a given space. Therefore, when there is a difference in pressure between two areas, gas molecules will move from the area with higher pressure to the area with lower pressure until equilibrium is reached.

A gas is a state of matter that takes the shape of its container and can be compressed into a smaller volume. Unlike solids and liquids, which have a fixed shape and volume, gases are highly compressible and can expand to fill any available space. The particles in a gas are in constant motion and have a lot of space between them. This allows them to move freely and take the shape of their container. Additionally, gases can be easily compressed because their particles are not tightly packed together.

Heat causes the molecules in a substance to move faster and spread out. This increased molecular motion disrupts the intermolecular forces that hold the substance together, causing it to become less viscous. Therefore, heat lowers viscosity.

The arthrokinematic motions refer to the small, subtle movements that occur within a joint during movement. These motions include roll, spin, and glide. Roll refers to the movement of one joint surface rolling on another, similar to a wheel rolling on the ground. Spin involves a rotation of one joint surface on another, like a top spinning on a surface. Glide refers to the sliding or translation of one joint surface over another, similar to a sliding motion. These arthrokinematic motions are important for maintaining proper joint function and allowing smooth movement.

Flexion, extension, ADD, and ABD are examples of osteokinematic motions. Osteokinematic motions refer to movements that occur between bones in the body, such as bending, straightening, and moving limbs away from or towards the midline of the body. These motions involve the movement of bones at the joints and are essential for various activities and functions of the body, including walking, reaching, and performing everyday tasks. Understanding osteokinematic motions is crucial in fields such as physical therapy, sports medicine, and biomechanics to assess and improve movement patterns and functionality.

The term "antigravity plane" refers to a plane that is perpendicular to the force of gravity. In anatomy, the sagittal, coronal, and midsagittal planes are all perpendicular to the force of gravity and can be considered antigravity planes. However, the transverse plane is parallel to the force of gravity, so it is not an antigravity plane.

The conversion factor between centimeters and inches is 0.39. This means that for every 1 centimeter, there are 0.39 inches. So, to convert centimeters to inches, you would multiply the measurement in centimeters by 0.39.

A vector quantity has both force and direction. In addition, it also has velocity, intensity of force, and direction. The vector quantity represents physical quantities that require both magnitude and direction to be fully described. These quantities can be represented by vectors, which are mathematical entities that have both magnitude and direction. Therefore, the correct answer includes all the mentioned options: force and direction, velocity, direction, intensity of force, and direction and intensity of force.

The knee joint has two degrees of freedom. This means that it can move in two main directions: flexion and extension, and also slight rotation. Flexion and extension refer to bending and straightening the leg, while the rotation allows for a slight twisting motion. These two degrees of freedom enable the knee joint to perform various movements and provide stability and mobility to the lower limb.

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The ankle joint has one degree of freedom. This means that it can move in one plane, allowing for dorsiflexion (bringing the foot up towards the shin) and plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward). The ankle joint does not have the ability to move in other directions such as side-to-side or rotationally. Therefore, it has only one degree of freedom.

The correct answer is 0.45 because 1 pound is equal to 0.45 kilograms.

The correct answer is "the study of forces that produce, arrest, or modify human movement." Kinetics refers to the branch of physics that studies the forces and movements of objects. In the context of human movement, kinetics specifically focuses on understanding the forces that are involved in producing, stopping, or altering the motion of the human body. This field of study helps in analyzing and improving various aspects of human movement, such as sports performance, rehabilitation, and ergonomics.