Jonathan Edwards/Common Core/Writing Techniques

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2. O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, (type the remaining portion of the quote to complete Jonathan Edward's thoughts). (page 6)

The quote from Jonathan Edwards suggests that sinners are in great danger and are being held over a furnace of wrath. The remaining portion of the quote explains that this wrath is provoked and incensed as much against sinners as it is against the damned in hell. This implies that God's anger towards sinners is just as intense as it is towards those who have already been condemned to hell.

Explanation

The quote from Jonathan Edwards suggests that sinners are in great danger and are being held over a furnace of wrath. The remaining portion of the quote explains that this wrath is provoked and incensed as much against sinners as it is against the damned in hell. This implies that God's anger towards sinners is just as intense as it is towards those who have already been condemned to hell.

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4. After reading Jonathan Edward's piece of literature, the reader will find himself or herself pondering the idea of sin and the underworld. John Edward's sermon was undoubtedly one of the greatest persuasive pieces of literature ever written. Provoking thoughts of flood gates of hate, bottomless pits of despair, and spider webs of sin, the reader (or listener) will come to find that no one is truly innocent, and that every human being should believe in a higher power.

True

False

Jonathan Edward's piece of literature provokes thoughts of sin and the underworld, making the reader ponder these ideas. The sermon is considered one of the greatest persuasive pieces of literature, as it evokes images of hate, despair, and sin. It suggests that no one is truly innocent and that belief in a higher power is important. This explanation supports the statement that the reader will find themselves pondering the idea of sin and the underworld after reading Jonathan Edward's piece of literature, making the answer "True".

Explanation

Jonathan Edward's piece of literature provokes thoughts of sin and the underworld, making the reader ponder these ideas. The sermon is considered one of the greatest persuasive pieces of literature, as it evokes images of hate, despair, and sin. It suggests that no one is truly innocent and that belief in a higher power is important. This explanation supports the statement that the reader will find themselves pondering the idea of sin and the underworld after reading Jonathan Edward's piece of literature, making the answer "True".

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6. Nothing can even be used to compare the sense of ruthless honesty that John Edwards sought in his sermon. Not only does the audience feel almost ashamed of their wrongdoings, they begin to feel sympathetic and empathetic to all those around them who may be just as guilty of sin as they are. Words and images such as "hot" and "treacherous" give even the most innocent person a sense of fear. There is no argument as to whether or not Jonathan Edward's succeeded in his attempts to draw his community closer together through his sermon. After listening to the brutal honesty and insight from John, most people left the sermon feeling as though they were indebted to God. Jonathan Edward could have very well written the most persuasive piece of literature known to man.

True

False

The passage describes how John Edwards sought to create a sense of ruthless honesty in his sermon, making the audience feel ashamed of their wrongdoings and sympathetic towards others who may also be guilty of sin. The use of words and images like "hot" and "treacherous" instills fear even in innocent individuals. The passage also states that there is no argument about whether Jonathan Edwards succeeded in bringing his community closer through his sermon. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the statement "Jonathan Edward could have very well written the most persuasive piece of literature known to man" is true.

Explanation

The passage describes how John Edwards sought to create a sense of ruthless honesty in his sermon, making the audience feel ashamed of their wrongdoings and sympathetic towards others who may also be guilty of sin. The use of words and images like "hot" and "treacherous" instills fear even in innocent individuals. The passage also states that there is no argument about whether Jonathan Edwards succeeded in bringing his community closer through his sermon. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the statement "Jonathan Edward could have very well written the most persuasive piece of literature known to man" is true.

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9. The observation from the words that I would now insist upon is this. "There is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. (What sentence comes after this sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' statement?) (page 2)

The sentence that comes after the given statement is the exact same sentence that completes Jonathan Edwards' statement. It further elaborates on the meaning of "the mere pleasure of God," explaining that it refers to God's sovereign pleasure and arbitrary will, which is not restricted by any obligation or difficulty. It emphasizes that God's will alone is responsible for the preservation of wicked men in hell.

Explanation

The sentence that comes after the given statement is the exact same sentence that completes Jonathan Edwards' statement. It further elaborates on the meaning of "the mere pleasure of God," explaining that it refers to God's sovereign pleasure and arbitrary will, which is not restricted by any obligation or difficulty. It emphasizes that God's will alone is responsible for the preservation of wicked men in hell.

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11. The observation from the words that I would now insist upon is this. "There is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God." (What sentence comes after this sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' statement?) (page 2)

The sentence that comes after the given statement is "By the mere pleasure of God, I mean his sovereign pleasure, his arbitrary will, restrained by no obligation, hindered by no manner of difficulty, any more than if nothing else but God’s mere will had in the least degree, or in any respect whatsoever, any hand in the preservation of wicked men one moment." This sentence further elaborates on the concept of God's pleasure being the sole determinant of whether wicked men are kept out of hell or not. It emphasizes that God's pleasure is not influenced by any external factors and is the ultimate deciding factor in this matter.

Explanation

The sentence that comes after the given statement is "By the mere pleasure of God, I mean his sovereign pleasure, his arbitrary will, restrained by no obligation, hindered by no manner of difficulty, any more than if nothing else but God’s mere will had in the least degree, or in any respect whatsoever, any hand in the preservation of wicked men one moment." This sentence further elaborates on the concept of God's pleasure being the sole determinant of whether wicked men are kept out of hell or not. It emphasizes that God's pleasure is not influenced by any external factors and is the ultimate deciding factor in this matter.

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13. Edward's vivid descriptions of Hell are meant to

Frighten his audience

Amuse his audience

Fascinate his audience

Make his audience feel superior

Edward's vivid descriptions of Hell are meant to evoke fear and terror in his audience. By painting a vivid picture of the horrors of Hell, he aims to instill a sense of dread and apprehension in his listeners. This technique is likely used to emphasize the consequences of sinful actions and to encourage his audience to lead a righteous life.

Explanation

Edward's vivid descriptions of Hell are meant to evoke fear and terror in his audience. By painting a vivid picture of the horrors of Hell, he aims to instill a sense of dread and apprehension in his listeners. This technique is likely used to emphasize the consequences of sinful actions and to encourage his audience to lead a righteous life.

14. Toward the end of the sermon, Edwards's tone shifts from

Sorrowful to joyous

Frightening to hopeful

Joyous to resentful

Sympathetic to bitter

In the sermon, Edwards initially adopts a sorrowful tone as he describes the terrifying consequences of sin and the impending wrath of God. However, as the sermon progresses, his tone shifts to a more hopeful one. He starts to offer his audience a glimmer of hope by emphasizing the possibility of redemption and salvation through repentance. This change in tone from frightening to hopeful reflects Edwards's intention to instill fear in his listeners initially, but ultimately guide them towards a path of redemption and spiritual renewal.

Explanation

In the sermon, Edwards initially adopts a sorrowful tone as he describes the terrifying consequences of sin and the impending wrath of God. However, as the sermon progresses, his tone shifts to a more hopeful one. He starts to offer his audience a glimmer of hope by emphasizing the possibility of redemption and salvation through repentance. This change in tone from frightening to hopeful reflects Edwards's intention to instill fear in his listeners initially, but ultimately guide them towards a path of redemption and spiritual renewal.

15. What are we, that we should think to stand before him (type the remainder of the question to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 3).

Jonathan Edwards is suggesting that we, as human beings, are insignificant and unworthy to stand before God. He emphasizes God's power and authority by describing how the earth trembles and rocks are thrown down at His rebuke. This highlights the immense power and majesty of God, contrasting it with our own insignificance.

Explanation

Jonathan Edwards is suggesting that we, as human beings, are insignificant and unworthy to stand before God. He emphasizes God's power and authority by describing how the earth trembles and rocks are thrown down at His rebuke. This highlights the immense power and majesty of God, contrasting it with our own insignificance.

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17. The devil stands ready to fall upon them, (type the remainder of the sentence) (page 3).

This sentence suggests that the devil is waiting for an opportunity to take hold of someone, and he will do so only when God allows him to. The phrase "at what moment God shall permit him" implies that the devil's actions are dependent on God's timing and permission.

Explanation

This sentence suggests that the devil is waiting for an opportunity to take hold of someone, and he will do so only when God allows him to. The phrase "at what moment God shall permit him" implies that the devil's actions are dependent on God's timing and permission.

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18. Natural men's prudence and care to preserve their own lives, (type the remaining portion of this sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 4).

Jonathan Edwards is stating that neither an individual's own prudence and care to protect their own life, nor the care of others to protect them, can guarantee their safety even for a moment. In other words, no matter how cautious and careful someone is, or how much others may try to protect them, they are still vulnerable to the uncertainties and dangers of life.

Explanation

Jonathan Edwards is stating that neither an individual's own prudence and care to protect their own life, nor the care of others to protect them, can guarantee their safety even for a moment. In other words, no matter how cautious and careful someone is, or how much others may try to protect them, they are still vulnerable to the uncertainties and dangers of life.

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20. So that, whatever some have imagined and pretended about promises made to natural men's earnest seeking and knocking, it is plain and manifest, that whatever pains a natural man takes in religion, whatever prayers he makes, (type in the remaining portion of Jonathan Edward's quote.) (page 5)

The given answer explains that until a natural man believes in Christ, God is not obligated to protect him from eternal destruction. This implies that salvation and protection from damnation are dependent on one's faith in Christ. The quote suggests that no matter how much effort a person puts into religion or how many prayers they make, it is only through belief in Christ that they can be saved. Without this belief, God has no obligation to intervene and save them from eternal destruction.

Explanation

The given answer explains that until a natural man believes in Christ, God is not obligated to protect him from eternal destruction. This implies that salvation and protection from damnation are dependent on one's faith in Christ. The quote suggests that no matter how much effort a person puts into religion or how many prayers they make, it is only through belief in Christ that they can be saved. Without this belief, God has no obligation to intervene and save them from eternal destruction.

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21. The use of this awful subject may be for awakening unconverted persons in this congregation. This that you have heard is the case of every one of you that are out of Christ.—That world of misery, (type in the remaining portion of Jonathan Edward's thoughts) (page 5)

The correct answer is the continuation of Jonathan Edward's thoughts, specifically referring to the concept of a "lake of burning brimstone" that is extended abroad under the unconverted individuals in the congregation. This suggests that the purpose of discussing this awful subject is to awaken and warn those who are not yet converted to Christ about the potential consequences of their actions and beliefs.

Explanation

The correct answer is the continuation of Jonathan Edward's thoughts, specifically referring to the concept of a "lake of burning brimstone" that is extended abroad under the unconverted individuals in the congregation. This suggests that the purpose of discussing this awful subject is to awaken and warn those who are not yet converted to Christ about the potential consequences of their actions and beliefs.

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22. You probably are not sensible of this; you find you are kept out of hell, but do not see the hand of God in it; (type in the remaining portion of the sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 5)

The answer is a continuation of Jonathan Edwards' thoughts, explaining that people often attribute their protection from hell to other factors such as their physical health, self-preservation, and personal efforts, rather than recognizing the hand of God in their salvation.

Explanation

The answer is a continuation of Jonathan Edwards' thoughts, explaining that people often attribute their protection from hell to other factors such as their physical health, self-preservation, and personal efforts, rather than recognizing the hand of God in their salvation.

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23. God's creatures are good, and were made for men to serve God with, and do not willingly subserve to any other purpose, (type in the remaining portion of the sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts). (page 5)

God's creatures are good, and were made for men to serve God with, and do not willingly subserve to any other purpose, and groan when they are abused to purposes so directly contrary to their nature and end. This means that all of God's creations have a purpose and were intended to be used in service to God. They do not willingly serve any other purpose and express their dissatisfaction when they are misused for purposes that go against their inherent nature and intended purpose.

Explanation

God's creatures are good, and were made for men to serve God with, and do not willingly subserve to any other purpose, and groan when they are abused to purposes so directly contrary to their nature and end. This means that all of God's creations have a purpose and were intended to be used in service to God. They do not willingly serve any other purpose and express their dissatisfaction when they are misused for purposes that go against their inherent nature and intended purpose.

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24. There are black clouds of God's wrath now hanging directly over your heads, (type in the remaining portion of Jonathan Edward's thoughts). (page 5)

The given answer accurately completes the remaining portion of Jonathan Edwards' thoughts. It describes the black clouds as being "full of the dreadful storm, and big with thunder." The phrase suggests that a severe and terrifying punishment is imminent. Additionally, the answer states that if it were not for God's restraining hand, the punishment would immediately be unleashed. This implies that God's mercy and intervention are the only things preventing the impending wrath from being unleashed upon the people.

Explanation

The given answer accurately completes the remaining portion of Jonathan Edwards' thoughts. It describes the black clouds as being "full of the dreadful storm, and big with thunder." The phrase suggests that a severe and terrifying punishment is imminent. Additionally, the answer states that if it were not for God's restraining hand, the punishment would immediately be unleashed. This implies that God's mercy and intervention are the only things preventing the impending wrath from being unleashed upon the people.

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25. The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, (type in the remaining portion of Jonathan Edwards' quote) (page 6).

The wrath of God is compared to great waters that are dammed, which means that it is held back or restrained for a period of time. However, the longer it is held back, the more it builds up in intensity and strength. Once an outlet is given and the wrath is unleashed, it becomes even more powerful and unstoppable, just like a stream that has been stopped for a long time and then suddenly released. This analogy emphasizes the idea that God's wrath, if not restrained indefinitely, will eventually be unleashed with great force.

Explanation

The wrath of God is compared to great waters that are dammed, which means that it is held back or restrained for a period of time. However, the longer it is held back, the more it builds up in intensity and strength. Once an outlet is given and the wrath is unleashed, it becomes even more powerful and unstoppable, just like a stream that has been stopped for a long time and then suddenly released. This analogy emphasizes the idea that God's wrath, if not restrained indefinitely, will eventually be unleashed with great force.

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26. All of the following are images used by Jonathan Edwards to scare his audience EXCEPT

A bow and arrow ready to pierce one's heart

Flood waters held back by God's hand

A wide, gaping canyon

A lake of burning brimstone

Jonathan Edwards used vivid and terrifying imagery in his sermons to scare his audience into repentance and salvation. The images he used were meant to invoke fear and a sense of impending doom. A bow and arrow ready to pierce one's heart symbolizes the immediate danger and the potential for sudden death. Flood waters held back by God's hand represent the power of God to unleash destruction and judgment. A lake of burning brimstone signifies the eternal torment and punishment awaiting sinners in hell. However, a wide, gaping canyon does not fit the theme of immediate danger or divine judgment, and therefore it is not an image used by Jonathan Edwards to scare his audience.

Explanation

Jonathan Edwards used vivid and terrifying imagery in his sermons to scare his audience into repentance and salvation. The images he used were meant to invoke fear and a sense of impending doom. A bow and arrow ready to pierce one's heart symbolizes the immediate danger and the potential for sudden death. Flood waters held back by God's hand represent the power of God to unleash destruction and judgment. A lake of burning brimstone signifies the eternal torment and punishment awaiting sinners in hell. However, a wide, gaping canyon does not fit the theme of immediate danger or divine judgment, and therefore it is not an image used by Jonathan Edwards to scare his audience.

27. What is the central message of the sermon?

There is no hope for salvation.

The only hope for salvation is in good deeds.

The only hope for salvation is through Christian rebirth.

Sinners can save their souls through constant prayer.

The central message of the sermon is that the only hope for salvation is through Christian rebirth. This means that the speaker is emphasizing the belief that individuals can only be saved and achieve salvation by accepting Jesus Christ as their savior and being born again in a spiritual sense. This message suggests that good deeds and constant prayer are not sufficient for salvation, but rather a personal transformation and acceptance of Christian beliefs are necessary.

Explanation

The central message of the sermon is that the only hope for salvation is through Christian rebirth. This means that the speaker is emphasizing the belief that individuals can only be saved and achieve salvation by accepting Jesus Christ as their savior and being born again in a spiritual sense. This message suggests that good deeds and constant prayer are not sufficient for salvation, but rather a personal transformation and acceptance of Christian beliefs are necessary.

28. Edwards's "fire and brimstone" approach to salvation reached a peak in 1741, when he delivered his most famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Edwards stunned his listeners with a graphic picture of the uncertain nature of life and the eternal punishment awaiting unrepentant sinners.

True

False

The given statement is true. The passage mentions that Edwards's sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," was his most famous sermon and that he stunned his listeners with a graphic picture of the uncertain nature of life and the eternal punishment awaiting unrepentant sinners. This suggests that Edwards did indeed have a "fire and brimstone" approach to salvation, emphasizing the consequences of sin and the need for repentance. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation

The given statement is true. The passage mentions that Edwards's sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," was his most famous sermon and that he stunned his listeners with a graphic picture of the uncertain nature of life and the eternal punishment awaiting unrepentant sinners. This suggests that Edwards did indeed have a "fire and brimstone" approach to salvation, emphasizing the consequences of sin and the need for repentance. Therefore, the statement is true.

29. Our next pieces in class are, "The Minister's Veil" and "The Scarlet Letter" Read the passage below and check all boxes that describe Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation. He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824,^[1] and graduated in 1825. Hawthorne published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828; he later tried to suppress it, feeling it was not equal to the standard of his later work.^[2] He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letterwas published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, and was survived by his wife and their three children. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning.

His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation.

He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842.

His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism.

His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

Around that time he married Sarah Pierpont, daughter of one of the founders of Yale and granddaughter of Thomas Hooker, who established the colony of Connecticut. They were married for over thirty years and had eleven children.

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning. He had a notable ancestor, John Hathorne, who was the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented. To distance himself from this relation, Nathaniel added a "w" to his last name. He published several short stories, which he later collected in a book called "Twice-Told Tales". In 1838, he got engaged to Sophia Peabody and later married her in 1842. Hawthorne's works are considered part of the Romantic movement, specifically Dark Romanticism. His writings often explore themes of inherent evil and sin in humanity and contain moral messages and psychological complexity. He published novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

Explanation

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning. He had a notable ancestor, John Hathorne, who was the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented. To distance himself from this relation, Nathaniel added a "w" to his last name. He published several short stories, which he later collected in a book called "Twice-Told Tales". In 1838, he got engaged to Sophia Peabody and later married her in 1842. Hawthorne's works are considered part of the Romantic movement, specifically Dark Romanticism. His writings often explore themes of inherent evil and sin in humanity and contain moral messages and psychological complexity. He published novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

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30. As a preacher, Edwards uses his sermon to

Raise money for his church

Frighten his congregation into seizing the opportunity to come back to Puritanism and to receive salvation

Persuade his congregation to revolt against England

Uplift his congregation, so that they will believe in God

In his sermon, Edwards uses fear and intimidation to frighten his congregation into realizing the urgency of returning to Puritanism and seeking salvation. He emphasizes the consequences of sin and the wrath of God, aiming to instill a sense of urgency and repentance in his listeners. By creating a sense of fear and urgency, Edwards hopes to motivate his congregation to take immediate action and seek redemption.

Explanation

In his sermon, Edwards uses fear and intimidation to frighten his congregation into realizing the urgency of returning to Puritanism and seeking salvation. He emphasizes the consequences of sin and the wrath of God, aiming to instill a sense of urgency and repentance in his listeners. By creating a sense of fear and urgency, Edwards hopes to motivate his congregation to take immediate action and seek redemption.

31. Edwards presents God as a being who

Is often angry and vengeful

Continually redefines the universe

Enjoys human suffering and misery

Easily forgives repentant sinners

Edwards presents God as often angry and vengeful, suggesting that God is quick to anger and seeks revenge on those who have wronged Him. This portrayal of God implies a sense of wrath and punishment for those who do not follow His commandments. It suggests that God's emotions are often negative and that He is not hesitant in expressing His anger towards humanity.

Explanation

Edwards presents God as often angry and vengeful, suggesting that God is quick to anger and seeks revenge on those who have wronged Him. This portrayal of God implies a sense of wrath and punishment for those who do not follow His commandments. It suggests that God's emotions are often negative and that He is not hesitant in expressing His anger towards humanity.

32. Which items apply to a literary text--please check all that apply: In literary theory, a text is any object that can be "read," whether this object is a work of literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.[1] This set of symbols is considered in terms of the informative message's content, rather than in terms of its physical form or the medium in which it is represented.Within the field of literary criticism, "text" also refers to the original information content of a particular piece of writing; that is, the "text" of a work is that primal symbolic arrangement of letters as originally composed, apart from later alterations, deterioration, commentary, translations, paratext, etc. Therefore, when literary criticism is concerned with the determination of a "text," it is concerned with the distinguishing of the original information content from whatever has been added to or subtracted from that content as it appears in a given textual document (that is, a physical representation of text).Since the history of writing predates the concept of the "text", most texts were not written with this concept in mind. Most written works fall within a narrow range of the types described by text theory. The concept of "text" becomes relevant if and when a "coherent written message is completed and needs to be referred to independently of the circumstances in which it was created."[citation needed]

In literary theory, a text is any object that can be "read," whether this object is a work of literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.

This set of symbols is considered in terms of the informative message's content, rather than in terms of its physical form or the medium in which it is represented.

Within the field of literary criticism, "text" also refers to the original information content of a particular piece of writing; that is, the "text" of a work is that primal symbolic arrangement of letters as originally composed, apart from later alterations, deterioration, commentary, translations, paratext, etc.

Since the history of writing predates the concept of the "text", most texts were not written with this concept in mind. Most written works fall within a narrow range of the types described by text theory.

One aspect of the Common Core State Standards that has received a great deal of attention is the increased focus on informational texts.

The given answer explains that in literary theory, a text can refer to any object that can be "read," including works of literature, street signs, arrangements of buildings, or styles of clothing. It emphasizes that a text is a coherent set of signs that transmits an informative message, and that the symbols within the text are considered based on the content of the message rather than their physical form or medium of representation. Additionally, within the field of literary criticism, "text" refers to the original information content of a piece of writing, excluding any alterations, deterioration, commentary, translations, or paratext. It also mentions that the concept of a text became relevant when a coherent written message needed to be referred to independently of its creation circumstances.

Explanation

The given answer explains that in literary theory, a text can refer to any object that can be "read," including works of literature, street signs, arrangements of buildings, or styles of clothing. It emphasizes that a text is a coherent set of signs that transmits an informative message, and that the symbols within the text are considered based on the content of the message rather than their physical form or medium of representation. Additionally, within the field of literary criticism, "text" refers to the original information content of a piece of writing, excluding any alterations, deterioration, commentary, translations, or paratext. It also mentions that the concept of a text became relevant when a coherent written message needed to be referred to independently of its creation circumstances.

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33. John Edward's sermon was unbelievably moving and harsh. While listening to the sermon, the congregation felt as though no one in the entire town was worthy of God's love or appreciation. The imagery depicted by the words in Edward's sermon such as "fiery pits of despair" to describe the underground world, give those listening a great sense of fear and reality that no one is guaranteed their future.

True

False

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the passage states that John Edward's sermon was unbelievably moving and harsh, causing the congregation to feel unworthy of God's love or appreciation. The imagery used in the sermon, such as "fiery pits of despair," instills fear and a sense of reality that no one is guaranteed their future. This suggests that the statement "John Edward's sermon was unbelievably moving and harsh" is true.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the passage states that John Edward's sermon was unbelievably moving and harsh, causing the congregation to feel unworthy of God's love or appreciation. The imagery used in the sermon, such as "fiery pits of despair," instills fear and a sense of reality that no one is guaranteed their future. This suggests that the statement "John Edward's sermon was unbelievably moving and harsh" is true.

34. Read the passage below--check off all that apply to Jonathan Edwards:Jonathan Edwards was born in 1703 in Windsor (now East Windsor), Connecticut. He was the only son of Timothy Edwards, a clergyman in the Congregational Church, and Ester Stoddard Edwards, daughter of Solomon Stoddard, a famous preacher. At an early age Edwards began to show substantial intellectual gifts. By the time he was twelve years old, for instance, he read the works of English mathematician Isaac Newton and gathered information on rainbows and spiders, which he included in essays he wrote to prove the goodness and wisdom of the Creator (God). Less than a year later he began his studies at Yale College, in New Haven, Connecticut. A quiet and studious young man, Edwards did not join in the boisterous pranks of his classmates. Instead, he studied the works of English philosopher John Locke and deepened his knowledge of Newton. In 1720 Edwards graduated at the top his class. He remained at Yale for two years of theological study, then preached for a year at a Presbyterian church in New York City. In 1724 he returned to Yale as a tutor. Three years later Edwards joined his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, in the ministry at Northampton, Massachusetts. Around that time he married Sarah Pierpont, daughter of one of the founders of Yale and granddaughter of Thomas Hooker, who established the colony of Connecticut. They were married for over thirty years and had eleven children.

Jonathan Edwards was born in 1703 in Windsor (now East Windsor), Connecticut

At an early age Edwards began to show substantial intellectual gifts. By the time he was twelve years old, for instance, he read the works of English mathematician Isaac Newton and gathered information on rainbows and spiders, which he included in essays he wrote to prove the goodness and wisdom of the Creator (God).

Three years later Edwards joined his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, in the ministry at Northampton, Massachusetts. Around that time he married Sarah Pierpont, daughter of one of the founders of Yale and granddaughter of Thomas Hooker, who established the colony of Connecticut. They were married for over thirty years and had eleven children.

A quiet and studious young man, Edwards did not join in the boisterous pranks of his classmates. Instead, he studied the works of English philosopher John Locke and deepened his knowledge of Newton. In 1720 Edwards graduated at the top his class.

The passage provides information about Jonathan Edwards' birthplace, his intellectual abilities at a young age, his marriage to Sarah Pierpont, his career in the ministry at Northampton, Massachusetts, and his academic achievements at Yale College. It also mentions his interest in the works of Isaac Newton and John Locke. Overall, the passage gives a brief overview of Jonathan Edwards' background, education, and personal life.

Explanation

The passage provides information about Jonathan Edwards' birthplace, his intellectual abilities at a young age, his marriage to Sarah Pierpont, his career in the ministry at Northampton, Massachusetts, and his academic achievements at Yale College. It also mentions his interest in the works of Isaac Newton and John Locke. Overall, the passage gives a brief overview of Jonathan Edwards' background, education, and personal life.

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35. The Great Awakening was started by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?

True

False

The Great Awakening was indeed started by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. These two influential figures were key leaders in the religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies in the 18th century. Jonathan Edwards, a Congregationalist preacher, played a significant role in sparking the revival with his powerful sermons emphasizing the need for personal conversion and repentance. George Whitefield, an English Anglican minister, further fueled the movement with his charismatic preaching style and ability to draw large crowds. Together, Edwards and Whitefield were instrumental in igniting the spiritual fervor that characterized the Great Awakening.

Explanation

The Great Awakening was indeed started by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. These two influential figures were key leaders in the religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies in the 18th century. Jonathan Edwards, a Congregationalist preacher, played a significant role in sparking the revival with his powerful sermons emphasizing the need for personal conversion and repentance. George Whitefield, an English Anglican minister, further fueled the movement with his charismatic preaching style and ability to draw large crowds. Together, Edwards and Whitefield were instrumental in igniting the spiritual fervor that characterized the Great Awakening.

36. The use of a biblical quotation at the end of Edwards's sermon strengthens his argument by

Appealing to the audience's love of poetry

Changing the tone of the sermon

Emphasizing Edwards's point about God's mercy

Associating it with an authority respected by the audience

The use of a biblical quotation at the end of Edwards's sermon strengthens his argument by associating it with an authority respected by the audience. By quoting from the Bible, Edwards is appealing to the religious beliefs and values of the audience, as the Bible is considered a sacred text and a source of divine authority. This helps to lend credibility to Edwards's argument and make it more persuasive to the audience.

Explanation

The use of a biblical quotation at the end of Edwards's sermon strengthens his argument by associating it with an authority respected by the audience. By quoting from the Bible, Edwards is appealing to the religious beliefs and values of the audience, as the Bible is considered a sacred text and a source of divine authority. This helps to lend credibility to Edwards's argument and make it more persuasive to the audience.

37. Edwards compares each of his listeners to "a spider or some loathsome insect held over the fire" in order to stress a human being's

Powerlessness in comparison to God

Unimportance in God's plan

Ugliness in God's eyes

Courage in the face of God's wrath

Edwards compares each of his listeners to "a spider or some loathsome insect held over the fire" to emphasize the powerlessness of human beings in comparison to God. This metaphor suggests that just as a spider or insect has no control or ability to escape when held over a fire, humans are similarly powerless and insignificant in the face of God's immense power and authority. It highlights the vast difference in strength and control between humans and God, emphasizing the need for humility and submission to God's will.

Explanation

Edwards compares each of his listeners to "a spider or some loathsome insect held over the fire" to emphasize the powerlessness of human beings in comparison to God. This metaphor suggests that just as a spider or insect has no control or ability to escape when held over a fire, humans are similarly powerless and insignificant in the face of God's immense power and authority. It highlights the vast difference in strength and control between humans and God, emphasizing the need for humility and submission to God's will.

38. SOAPSTONE--Students need to recognize that any good composition, whether written, spoken, or drawn, is carefully planned. This composition has integral parts that work together in a complex and subtle arrangement to produce meaning. Originally conceived as a method for dissecting the work of professional writers, SOAPSTone provides a concrete strategy to help students identify and use these central components as a basis for their own writing.
SOAPSTone (Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject, Tone) is an acronym for a series of questions that students must first ask themselves, and then answer, as they begin to plan their compositions.

S

O

A

P

S

T

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40. Looking at the Depth of Knowledge Chart--match the correct levels.

Level One

Level Two

Level Three

Level Four

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41. Match the following--the words below are from your vocabulary list.

Contrivance

Dogma

Doctrine

Condemnation

Manifold

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42. Match the following. The words below are from your vocabulary list.

Corruption

Restraint

Wrath

Damnation

Principles

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43. Looking at the information provided, which texts are considered Informational text? (Please type exactly how you see the information written except for the dots (do not include the dots in the beginning of titles listed). 11^th Grade Unit 2Theme: Religious Influences in the United StatesAnchor Text: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Literary)Supplemental Texts:Literary Texts

"The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving
"The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Informational Texts:

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44)
"How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine
John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial
Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln
The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson

Nonprint Texts:

Gallup Poll Results on Religion
"Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive" from Gallup, Frank Newport (Video)

Materials and Resources:Accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, SOAPSTone

The texts considered Informational text in this given information are "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44), "How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville, December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine, John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial, Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, and The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson.

Explanation

The texts considered Informational text in this given information are "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44), "How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville, December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine, John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial, Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, and The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson.

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45. Please read the paragraph below and match the correct answers.Informational Text is a subset of the larger category of non-fiction (Duke & Bennett-Armistead, 2003). Its primary purpose is to inform the reader about the natural or social world. Different from fiction, and other forms of non-fiction, informational text does not utilize characters. Further, it has specialized language characteristics such as general nouns and timeless verbs that are not common in other genres. Some examples of this structure would be: Some examples of this structure would be: Some examples of this structure would be: "Dogs bark". "Some sea snakes are quite deadly." or "Apples can be red, yellow, or even green!"

Informational Text

Its primary purpose

Different from fiction, and other forms of non-fiction,

Further, it has specialized language characteristics

Some examples of this structure would be:

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46. Looking at the information provided, which texts are considered literary text? (Please type exactly how you see the information written except for the dots (do not include the dots in the beginning of titles listed). If it has quotation marks please include them in your answer. 11^th Grade Unit 2Theme: Religious Influences in the United StatesAnchor Text: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Literary)Supplemental Texts:Literary Texts

"The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving
"The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Informational Texts:

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44)
"How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine
John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial
Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln
The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson

Nonprint Texts:

Gallup Poll Results on Religion
"Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive" from Gallup, Frank Newport (Video)

Materials and Resources:Accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, SOAPSTone

The texts "The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving and "The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne are considered literary texts.

Explanation

The texts "The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving and "The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne are considered literary texts.

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48. Looking at the information provided, which texts are considered non print text? (Please type exactly how you see the information written except for the dots (do not include the dots in the beginning of titles listed). If it has quotation marks, please include them in your answer. 11^th Grade Unit 2Theme: Religious Influences in the United StatesAnchor Text: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Literary)Supplemental Texts:Literary Texts

"The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving
"The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Informational Texts:

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44)
"How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine
John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial
Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln
The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson

Nonprint Texts:

Gallup Poll Results on Religion
"Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive" from Gallup, Frank Newport (Video)

Materials and Resources:Accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, SOAPSTone

The text "Gallup Poll Results on Religion" is considered a non-print text because it is a video from Gallup, specifically titled "Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive," which suggests that it is a multimedia source rather than a traditional printed text.

Explanation

The text "Gallup Poll Results on Religion" is considered a non-print text because it is a video from Gallup, specifically titled "Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive," which suggests that it is a multimedia source rather than a traditional printed text.

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49. RAGE + C

R

A

G

E

C

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50. Looking at the information provided, which items are considered Materials and Resources (Please type exactly how you see the information written except for the dots (do not include the dots in the beginning of titles listed). If it has quotation marks, please include them in your answer. 11^th Grade Unit 2Theme: Religious Influences in the United StatesAnchor Text: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Literary)Supplemental Texts:Literary Texts

"The Devil and Tom Walker" by Washington Irving
"The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Informational Texts:

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards (paragraphs 21-27, 29-30, 38-39, and 44)
"How Religion in the United States Avails Itself of Democratic Tendencies" from Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
December 23, 1776, entry from The Crisis, No. 1 by Thomas Paine
John Brown's Speech to the Court at His Trial
Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln
The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson

Nonprint Texts:

Gallup Poll Results on Religion
"Americans Say More Religion in US Would Be Positive" from Gallup, Frank Newport (Video)

Materials and Resources:Accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, SOAPSTone

The items considered Materials and Resources in this context are accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, and SOAPSTone. These are all instructional materials and strategies that can be used to facilitate learning and discussions related to the theme of religious influences in the United States.

Explanation

The items considered Materials and Resources in this context are accountable talk, Socratic Seminars, Dialectal journals, small-group lessons, and SOAPSTone. These are all instructional materials and strategies that can be used to facilitate learning and discussions related to the theme of religious influences in the United States.

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51. Match the following

Provoking

Fury

Conceive

Trample

Unconverted

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52. Read the paragraph below and match the best answer. State education chiefs and governors in 48 states came together to develop the Common Core, a set of clear college- and career-ready standards for kindergarten through 12th grade in English language arts/literacy and mathematics. Today, 43 states have voluntarily adopted and are working to implement the standards, which are designed to ensure that students graduating from high school are prepared to take credit bearing introductory courses in two- or four-year college programs or enter the workforce.High standards that are consistent across states provide teachers, parents, and students with a set of clear expectations to ensure that all students have the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life upon graduation from high school, regardless of where they live. These standards are aligned to the expectations of colleges, workforce training programs, and employers. The standards promote equity by ensuring all students are well prepared to collaborate and compete with their peers in the United States and abroad. Unlike previous state standards, which varied widely from state to state, the Common Core enables collaboration among states on a range of tools and policies, including the:Development of textbooks, digital media, and other teaching materialsDevelopment and implementation of common comprehensive assessment systems that replace existing state testing systems in order to measure student performance annually and provide teachers with specific feedback to help ensure students are on the path to successDevelopment of tools and other supports to help educators and schools ensure all students are able to learn the new standards

State education chiefs and governors in 48 states came together to develop the Common Core,

Today, 43 states have voluntarily adopted and are working to implement the standards,

High standards that are consistent across states provide teachers, parents, and students with a set of clear

These standards are aligned to the expectations of

The standards promote equity

Unlike previous state standards, which varied widely from state to state, the Common Core enables collaboration among states on a range of tools and policies, including the:

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53. They are now the objects of that very same anger and wrath of God (type the answer that will complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 3).

The given answer completes Jonathan Edwards' thoughts by stating that the objects of God's anger and wrath are now experiencing the torments of hell. This implies that those who are being referred to in the previous sentence are facing the consequences of God's anger and are suffering in hell as a result.

Explanation

The given answer completes Jonathan Edwards' thoughts by stating that the objects of God's anger and wrath are now experiencing the torments of hell. This implies that those who are being referred to in the previous sentence are facing the consequences of God's anger and are suffering in hell as a result.

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54. So that it is not because God is unmindful of their wickedness, and does not resent it (type in the remaining words from this sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 3)

Jonathan Edwards' thoughts suggest that the reason why God does not cut off wicked people is not because He is unmindful of their wickedness or lacks resentment towards it.

Explanation

Jonathan Edwards' thoughts suggest that the reason why God does not cut off wicked people is not because He is unmindful of their wickedness or lacks resentment towards it.

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55. Figure 5.1. Language of Learning PosterMatch the answers below by looking at the chart.

Language objective	What is it?	What does it sound like?
To instruct	Giving directions	"The first step is …" "Next …" "The last part is …"
To inquire	Asking questions	Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? "What do you think?"
To test	Deciding if something makes sense	"I still have a question about …" "What I learned is …"
To describe	Telling about something	Use descriptive words and details
To compare and contrast	Showing how two things are alike and different	"Here is something they both have in common …" "These are different from each other because …"
To explain	Giving examples	"This is an example of …" "This is important because …"
To analyze	Discussing the parts of a bigger idea	"The parts of this include …" "We can make a diagram of this."
To hypothesize	Making a prediction based on what is known	"I can predict that …" "I believe that _________ will happen because …" "What might happen if …?"
To deduce	Drawing a conclusion or arriving at an answer	"The answer is because …"
To evaluate	Judging something	"I agree with this because …" "I disagree because …" "I recommend that …" "A better solution would be …" "The factors that are most important are …"

To instruct

To inquire

To test

To describe

To compare and contrast

To explain

To analyze

To hypothesize

To deduce

To evaluate

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56. There are in the souls of wicked men those hellish principles reigning, that would presently kindle and flame out into hell fire, (type the remainder of the sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards' thoughts) (page 3)

Jonathan Edwards is suggesting that wicked individuals have evil tendencies within their souls that are so intense that they would immediately ignite and manifest as hellfire if it were not for God's restraints. In other words, God's control and limitations prevent these wicked individuals from fully expressing their evil nature and causing havoc.

Explanation

Jonathan Edwards is suggesting that wicked individuals have evil tendencies within their souls that are so intense that they would immediately ignite and manifest as hellfire if it were not for God's restraints. In other words, God's control and limitations prevent these wicked individuals from fully expressing their evil nature and causing havoc.

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57. But the foolish children of men miserably delude themselves in their own schemes, (type in the remaining portion of this sentence to complete Jonathan Edwards thoughts) (page 4).

The given answer correctly completes Jonathan Edwards' thoughts by stating that the foolish children of men delude themselves in their own schemes and have confidence in their own strength and wisdom. They trust in nothing but a shadow, implying that their trust is misplaced and based on something that is not substantial or real. This suggests that Edwards believes that human beings often deceive themselves and rely on false beliefs or illusions rather than seeking true wisdom and understanding.

Explanation

The given answer correctly completes Jonathan Edwards' thoughts by stating that the foolish children of men delude themselves in their own schemes and have confidence in their own strength and wisdom. They trust in nothing but a shadow, implying that their trust is misplaced and based on something that is not substantial or real. This suggests that Edwards believes that human beings often deceive themselves and rely on false beliefs or illusions rather than seeking true wisdom and understanding.

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58. Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell; (type in the remaining portion of the quote to complete Jonathan Edward's thoughts). (page 5)

The given answer completes Jonathan Edward's thoughts by explaining that if God were to release the person from his control, they would instantly fall into hell. It emphasizes that no matter how healthy, careful, or righteous the person may be, their efforts would be futile in preventing their descent into hell, just as a spider's web would be ineffective in stopping a falling rock.

Explanation

The given answer completes Jonathan Edward's thoughts by explaining that if God were to release the person from his control, they would instantly fall into hell. It emphasizes that no matter how healthy, careful, or righteous the person may be, their efforts would be futile in preventing their descent into hell, just as a spider's web would be ineffective in stopping a falling rock.

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59. Reading the response below--match items. Introduce rhetoric and SOAPStone Read Jonathan Edwards' speech aloud and annotate focusing on the rhetorical appeals. Students use SOAPSTone to analyze Edwards' rhetoric.Have students reread paragraph 24, focusing on Edwards's language choices: How does Edwards use willingly throughout the paragraph? What is the rhetorical significance of this word? How does the repetition of it convey meaning and/or purpose? Have pairs create a three-column chart: (1) Record examples of images, analogies, hyperboles, and strong word choices from the sermon, (2) paraphrase the examples and interpret their meaning, and (3) explain the rhetorical purpose of the devices and how they develop a tone and central idea of the sermon.

Introduce rhetoric and SOAPStone

Have students reread paragraph 24, focusing on Edwards’s language choices:

Have pairs create a three-column chart:

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60. Match the following

Jonathan Edwards

Plunge

Circumstances

Slumber

Hell

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61. Match responses below: Analyze how each author introduces and develops his central ideas throughout each text.Analyze the style of both Edwards and Hawthorne. Focus on imagery, point of view, rhetorical devices, and word choice.Compare Parson Hooper with Jonathan Edwards. Both are representative of Puritanical ministers, yet their approaches with their congregations are very different. What language, details, or elements in each text most contribute to their different styles and impact?

Analyze how each author introduces and develops

Analyze the style of both Edwards and Hawthorne.

Compare Parson Hooper with Jonathan Edwards. Both are representative of Puritanical ministers, yet their approaches with their congregations are very different.

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