Module 14 - Kingdom Plantae

A biologist who specializes in the study of plants is known as a botanist. Botanists study various aspects of plants, including their structure, growth, development, classification, and interactions with the environment. They may also investigate plant diseases, genetics, and the potential uses of plants in medicine or agriculture. Therefore, the statement that a biologist who studies plants is called a botanist is true.

Each stoma is indeed flanked by two cells known as guard cells. These guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, which are small pores on the surface of leaves and stems. The opening and closing of stomata allows for the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as the release of water vapor. The guard cells control this process by changing their shape and size, thus controlling the size of the stomatal pore. Therefore, the statement is true.

The fibrovascular bundle is from a monocot because monocots typically have scattered vascular bundles throughout the stem, while dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

The primary portion of the leaf is called the blade. This is true because the blade is the flat, expanded part of the leaf that is responsible for capturing sunlight and carrying out photosynthesis. It is typically thin and broad, allowing for maximum surface area to absorb light. The blade is connected to the stem by a stalk called the petiole.

Netted venation refers to the pattern of veins in a leaf. It can be classified into two main classes: pinnate and palmate. Pinnate venation is characterized by a central midrib from which smaller veins branch out towards the edges of the leaf, resembling the structure of a feather. Palmate venation, on the other hand, is characterized by several main veins radiating out from a central point at the base of the leaf, resembling the structure of a hand with outstretched fingers. Therefore, the statement that netted venation can be divided into pinnate and palmate classes is true.

The statement is true because plants have two main types of root systems: fibrous and taproot. In a fibrous root system, the roots are thin and spread out in a network, providing stability to the plant. In a taproot system, there is one main root called the taproot, which grows deep into the ground and provides support and absorbs water and nutrients. Therefore, the statement accurately describes the two kinds of root systems in plants.

Annual plants complete their entire life cycle within one year. They germinate, grow, flower, produce seeds, and die within a single growing season. They do not lay dormant for a year and then live and grow for another year. Therefore, the statement is false.

Tannic acid is a compound found in plants, particularly in leaves and bark. It is known to give a brown color to dead leaves and is also responsible for the brown color of tea. Therefore, the statement that tannic acid is responsible for the brown color of some dead leaves and tea is true.

Roots do not determine the height of the plant. The primary function of roots is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, anchor the plant in the ground, and store food for future use. The height of the plant is determined by the growth of the stem and leaves, not by the roots.

Carotenoids are pigments that are responsible for the red, orange, and yellow colors in plants, fruits, and vegetables. These pigments are synthesized and stored in plastids, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells. Plastids, including chloroplasts, are responsible for various functions such as photosynthesis and pigment synthesis. Therefore, it is true that carotenoids are found in the plastids.

Alternation of generations is a type of lifecycle found in certain organisms, such as plants and algae, where there is a alternating pattern of sexual and asexual reproduction. This means that the organisms go through a phase of sexual reproduction, producing offspring with genetic variation, followed by a phase of asexual reproduction, where offspring are produced without the need for fertilization. This cycle then repeats, with the asexual offspring eventually giving rise to the next generation of sexually reproducing individuals. Therefore, the statement that alternation of generations involves sexual reproduction followed by asexual reproduction is true.

Perennial plants are the correct answer because they are the type of plants that grow year after year. Unlike annual plants that complete their life cycle in one year and biennial plants that take two years to complete their life cycle, perennial plants continue to grow and flower for multiple years. They have a longer lifespan and can survive through different seasons, making them a suitable choice for long-term gardening.

Pine needles are indeed characterized by their linear shape, meaning they are long and narrow. They also have an entire margin, which means the edges of the needle are smooth and uninterrupted. Additionally, pine needles exhibit parallel venation, where the veins run parallel to each other from the base to the tip of the needle. Therefore, the statement is correct.

If a stem has no limits to its growth, it is not herbaceous. Herbaceous stems are characterized by their soft and flexible nature, as well as their ability to undergo secondary growth. Stems that have no limits to their growth are typically found in woody plants, which have the ability to grow and develop indefinitely. Therefore, the statement is false.

The statement suggests that if a tree is not green, it is because it lacks chlorophyll. However, this is not entirely accurate. While chlorophyll is responsible for the green color in most plants, there are some trees that naturally have different colors, such as red or purple. These trees still have chlorophyll, but the pigment masks the green color. Therefore, the correct answer is false, as there can be trees without a green color that still contain chlorophyll.

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The leaf is lobed, which means it has divisions or indentations along the edges. It is undulate, meaning the edges are wavy or rippled. Lastly, it is palmate, indicating that the lobes of the leaf radiate from a central point, resembling the shape of a hand with outstretched fingers.

The given correct answer is "dicot". This suggests that the fibrovascular bundle in question is from a dicot plant. Dicots are a group of flowering plants characterized by having two cotyledons in their seeds. They also typically have net-like leaf venation and their vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem. Monocots, on the other hand, have only one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, and scattered vascular bundles in the stem. Therefore, based on these characteristics, it can be inferred that the fibrovascular bundle in question belongs to a dicot plant.

When the edge of the leaf is smooth, it is not referred to as being uniform. The term "uniform" refers to the overall consistency and regularity of the leaf's shape, size, or color, rather than specifically the smoothness of its edge. Therefore, the statement is false.

The statement is false because the veins that run through a leaf are made up of two tissues, not three. The two tissues are xylem and phloem. Collenchyma is not present in leaf veins.

A potato is not the root of the plant; it is actually a modified stem called a tuber. The tuber is an underground storage organ that stores food for the plant, not just for the winter but also for the plant's growth and development. Therefore, the statement is false.

A tree that has seed cones and pollen cones belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta. This phylum includes cone-bearing plants, commonly known as conifers, which are characterized by their needle-like leaves and the production of seeds in cones. Conifers are a diverse group of plants that includes familiar tree species such as pines, spruces, and firs. They are well-adapted to various environments and are known for their ability to thrive in cold and dry conditions.