Chpt. 7 & 8 Multiple Choice Created By Day

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1/45 Questions

The skeleton does not
- Store calcium and phosphate ions.
- Store red blood cells.
- Provide support for most muscles.
- Protect the brain.
- Protect the spinal cord.

About This Quiz

This quiz, titled 'Chpt. 7 & 8 Multiple choice created by day', assesses knowledge on bone structure and function. It covers topics like the role of the skeleton, osseous tissue, bone anatomy, and cell types involved in bone formation. Ideal for students studying anatomy or preparing for exams in related fields.

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2.

Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
- Reticular
Correct Answer

A. Connective

Explanation

Osseous tissue is classified as connective tissue because it is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix that provides support and connects different parts of the body. Connective tissue is characterized by its ability to bind and support other tissues and organs. Osseous tissue, also known as bone tissue, is specialized connective tissue that forms the skeletal system and provides structural support, protection, and mineral storage for the body.

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3.

These are all tissues that are a part of a long bone except
- Osseous tissue.
- Nervous tissue.
- Adipose tissue.
- Cartilage.
- Transitional epithelium.
Correct Answer

A. Transitional epithelium.

Explanation

The given options are all types of tissues that can be found in a long bone. Osseous tissue refers to the bone tissue itself, while nervous tissue, adipose tissue, and cartilage are all present in various parts of a long bone, such as the periosteum, bone marrow, and articular cartilage respectively. Transitional epithelium, on the other hand, is not a tissue that is typically found in a long bone. It is a specialized type of epithelial tissue that lines organs such as the bladder and ureters, allowing them to stretch and accommodate changes in volume.

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4.

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called
- An epiphysis.
- A diaphysis.
- An articular cartilages.
- A periosteum.
- A periosteum.
Correct Answer

A. An epiphysis.

Explanation

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called an epiphysis. The epiphysis is responsible for the growth of the bone and contains the red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. It is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage, which helps reduce friction and absorb shock at the joint. The diaphysis refers to the shaft or main portion of the long bone. The periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.

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5.

A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the internal surface is lined with _____________.
- Epiphysis; diaphysis
- Diaphysis; epiphysis
- Compact bone; spongy bone
- Periosteum; endosteum
- Endosteum; periosteum
Correct Answer

A. Periosteum; endosteum

Explanation

The correct answer is periosteum; endosteum. The periosteum is a protective covering on the external surface of the bone, while the endosteum lines the internal surface of the bone.

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6.

_____________ are bone-forming cells.
- Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteons
Correct Answer

A. Osteoblasts

Explanation

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the organic components of the bone matrix, which includes collagen and other proteins. Osteoblasts play a crucial role in bone formation and remodeling by laying down new bone tissue. They are derived from osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells and eventually become osteocytes, which are mature bone cells. Osteoclasts, on the other hand, are responsible for bone resorption, while osteons are structural units found in compact bone.

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7.

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
- Osteogenic cells; osteoblasts
- Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts; osteocytes
- Osteocytes; osteoclasts
- Osteocytes; osteoblasts
Correct Answer

A. Osteoblasts; osteocytes

Explanation

Osteoblasts are cells that are responsible for the formation of new bone tissue. When they become enclosed in lacunae, which are small cavities within the bone matrix, they differentiate into osteocytes. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are found within the lacunae and are involved in maintaining the health and function of the bone tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is "osteoblasts; osteocytes".

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8.

Which of these is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?
- Proteoglycans
- Glycoproteins
- Collagen
- Hydroxyapatite
- Glycosaminoglycans
Correct Answer

A. Hydroxyapatite

Explanation

Hydroxyapatite is an inorganic component of the bone matrix. It is a mineral form of calcium and phosphate that provides strength and rigidity to the bone structure. It helps to maintain the structural integrity of the bone and is responsible for its hardness. Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans are organic components of the bone matrix, but hydroxyapatite is the only inorganic component.

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9.

Spicules and trabeculae are found in
- Compact bone.
- Bone matrix.
- Yellow bone marrow.
- Red bone marrow.
- Spongy bone.
Correct Answer

A. Spongy bone.

Explanation

Spicules and trabeculae are found in spongy bone. Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, is a type of bone tissue that has a porous, honeycomb-like structure. It is found at the ends of long bones, such as the femur and humerus, as well as in the interior of flat bones, such as the sternum and the bones of the skull. Spicules and trabeculae are thin, branching structures that make up the network of spongy bone. They provide support and help to distribute forces across the bone, making it stronger and more resistant to fractures.

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10.

Red bone marrow does not contain
- Myeloid tissue.
- Yellow bone marrow.
- Hemopoietic tissue.
- White blood cells.
- Red blood cells.
Correct Answer

A. Yellow bone marrow.

Explanation

Yellow bone marrow is the correct answer because it does not contain myeloid tissue. Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of adipose (fat) cells, while red bone marrow contains hematopoietic tissue responsible for the production of red and white blood cells. Myeloid tissue is a type of hematopoietic tissue found in red bone marrow, so it is not present in yellow bone marrow.

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11.

____________ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas ____________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
- Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
- Collagen and elastic fibers; minerals
- Glycoproteins; proteoglycans
- Calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate
- Proteins; collagen
Correct Answer

A. Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

Explanation

Hydroxyapatite and other minerals provide hardness to bones, while proteins provide some degree of flexibility. Hydroxyapatite is a mineral compound that makes up a large portion of the bone matrix, providing strength and rigidity. Other minerals, such as calcium phosphate, also contribute to the hardness of bones. On the other hand, proteins, such as collagen and elastic fibers, provide flexibility to bones, allowing them to withstand stress and absorb impact without breaking. Together, the combination of minerals and proteins gives bones their unique combination of strength and flexibility.

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12.

. ___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
- Osteoclasts; osteocytes
- Osteocytes; osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts; osteocytes
- Osteocytes; osteogenic cells
Correct Answer

A. Osteoclasts; osteocytes

Explanation

Osteoclasts have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, which allows them to resorb or break down bone tissue. On the other hand, osteocytes have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that extend through tiny channels called canaliculi. These processes allow osteocytes to communicate with each other and with other cells in the bone, as well as to receive nutrients and remove waste products. Therefore, the correct answer is "Osteoclasts; osteocytes."

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13.

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
- Spongy bone
- Hemopoietic tissue
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow
- Compact bone
Correct Answer

A. Yellow bone marrow

Explanation

Yellow bone marrow is found in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus. Yellow bone marrow is composed mainly of fat cells and is responsible for storing fat. It is found in the medullary cavity of long bones and helps to provide energy reserves for the body. In contrast, red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells and is found in the spongy bone of certain bones, such as the sternum, pelvis, and vertebrae.

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14.

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteogenic cells
- Stem cells
Correct Answer

A. Osteoclasts

Explanation

Osteoclasts are bone cells that are responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue. They have a high number of lysosomes because lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that help in the breakdown of bone matrix. This allows osteoclasts to remove old or damaged bone tissue and make way for new bone growth. In contrast, osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and have fewer lysosomes. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are embedded within the bone matrix and have a limited number of lysosomes. Osteogenic cells and stem cells are precursor cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, osteocytes, or other cell types and do not have as many lysosomes as osteoclasts.

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15.

_______________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.
- Lamellae
- Osteoclasts
- Lacunae
- Central canals
- Osteocytes
Correct Answer

A. Central canals

Explanation

Central canals, also known as Haversian canals, are cylindrical channels found in compact bone. They contain blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. These canals are responsible for delivering oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal to and from the osteocytes (bone cells) within the compact bone. In contrast, spongy bone does not have a well-defined system of central canals, as it is composed of a network of irregularly arranged trabeculae with spaces between them. Therefore, central canals are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.

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16.

Intramembranous ossification produces the
- Irregular bones of the vertebrae.
- Flat bones of the skull.
- Long bones of the limbs.
- Short bones of the wrist.
- Short bones of the ankle.
Correct Answer

A. Flat bones of the skull.

Explanation

Intramembranous ossification is a process where bone tissue is formed directly from mesenchymal cells, without the presence of a cartilage template. This type of ossification is responsible for the formation of flat bones, such as those found in the skull. Therefore, the correct answer is flat bones of the skull.

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17.

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _____________, which is replaced by bone.
- Embryonic mesenchyme
- Fibrous membranes
- Hyaline cartilage
- Transitional epithelium
- Fibrocartilage
Correct Answer

A. Hyaline cartilage

Explanation

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is hyaline cartilage, which is replaced by bone. This process occurs during the development of long bones and involves the gradual replacement of the hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue. Initially, the embryonic mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage, which serves as a template for bone formation. As the bone grows, the cartilage is gradually replaced by bone cells, resulting in the formation of mature bone. This process is essential for skeletal development and growth.

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18.

The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
- Metaphysis
- Primary ossification center
- Secondary ossification center
- Osteoid tissue
- Epiphyseal line
Correct Answer

A. Metaphysis

Explanation

The metaphysis is the correct answer because it is the area of the epiphyseal plate where bone replaces the hyaline cartilage in children and adolescents. The epiphyseal plate is a growth plate located at the ends of long bones, and it is responsible for bone growth. The metaphysis is the region between the epiphyseal plate and the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone, and it is where bone remodeling occurs. During bone growth, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone in the metaphysis, leading to an increase in bone length.

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19.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the
- Primary ossification center.
- Secondary ossification center.
- Primary bone marrow.
- Secondary bone marrow.
- Epiphyseal plate.
Correct Answer

A. Epiphyseal plate.

Explanation

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition characterized by abnormal bone growth. The epiphyseal plate, also known as the growth plate, is responsible for the elongation of long bones during childhood and adolescence. In individuals with achondroplastic dwarfism, the epiphyseal plate fails to function properly, resulting in shorter limbs. This condition affects the primary ossification center, where bone formation begins, but does not directly affect the secondary ossification center, bone marrow, or primary bone marrow. Therefore, the correct answer is the epiphyseal plate.

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20.

Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis.
- Zone of reserve cartilage
- Zone of cell proliferation
- Zone of cell hypertrophy
- Zone of calcification
- Zone of bone deposition
Correct Answer

A. Zone of cell proliferation

Explanation

Chondrocytes, which are cells responsible for producing and maintaining cartilage, multiply in the zone of cell proliferation in the metaphysis. This zone is where chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division, leading to the growth and expansion of the cartilage tissue. The other zones mentioned in the options have different functions in the process of endochondral ossification, which is the process of cartilage turning into bone.

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21.

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life by employing
- Intramembranous ossification.
- Endochondral ossification.
- Interstitial growth.
- Appositional growth.
- Metaphysical growth.
Correct Answer

A. Appositional growth.

Explanation

Appositional growth is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which bones increase in diameter throughout life. This occurs through the addition of new bone tissue on the outer surface of the existing bone, while the inner bone is resorbed. This process allows bones to adapt to mechanical stress and maintain their strength. Intramembranous ossification refers to the formation of bone within connective tissue membranes, while endochondral ossification involves the replacement of cartilage with bone. Interstitial growth is the process of bone lengthening, and metaphysical growth is not a recognized term in bone development.

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22.

. Bone elongation is a result of
- Cartilage growth.
- Muscle growth.
- Osseous tissue growth.
- Fibrous membrane addition.
- Dense irregular connective tissue addition.
Correct Answer

A. Cartilage growth.

Explanation

Bone elongation is a result of cartilage growth. During growth, the cartilage at the ends of long bones, known as the growth plates, undergoes cell division and proliferation. This process, called endochondral ossification, leads to the formation of new bone tissue. As the cartilage cells divide and mature, they are gradually replaced by bone cells, resulting in bone elongation. This process is essential for the growth and development of the skeleton during childhood and adolescence.

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23.

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of
- Different diets on bone elongation.
- Mechanical stress on bone remodeling.
- Temperature on bone growth.
- Age on bone thickening.
- Sex on bone widening.
Correct Answer

A. Mechanical stress on bone remodeling.

Explanation

Wolff's law of bone states that bone remodels and adapts in response to mechanical stress. This means that when bone is subjected to increased stress or load, it will remodel itself to become stronger and more resistant to future stress. On the other hand, decreased stress or lack of mechanical loading can lead to bone loss or weakening. Therefore, Wolff's law explains the effect of mechanical stress on bone remodeling.

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24.

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are
- Elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
- Epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line.
- Primary and secondary ossification centers
- Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage.
- Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
Correct Answer

A. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.

Explanation

In a growing long bone, the epiphysis is the rounded end where the bone grows. The epiphysis is composed of articular cartilage, which is a smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones and helps reduce friction in joints. The epiphyseal plate is also present in the epiphysis and is a layer of cartilage that allows for longitudinal bone growth. As the bone grows, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, forming the epiphyseal line. Therefore, the correct answer is articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.

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25.

_____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.
- Mineralization
- Mineral deposition
- Crystallization
- Resorption
- Ossification
Correct Answer

A. Resorption

Explanation

Resorption is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream. This process is important for maintaining calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It occurs when osteoclasts, specialized cells in the bone, break down the bone tissue and release the minerals into the bloodstream. Resorption is a normal part of bone remodeling and allows for the removal of old or damaged bone tissue, as well as the release of minerals for use in other parts of the body.

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26.

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?
- The first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate
- Osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors that prevent bone resorption
- Osteoclasts secrete acid phosphatase that digests collagen
- Collagen is digested by enzymes and hydroxyapatite by hydrochloric acid
- Solubility product is reached in the tissue fluids
Correct Answer

A. The first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate

Explanation

The correct answer exemplifies a positive feedback process in bone mineral deposition because the first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate. This means that as the crystals start to form, they create an environment that encourages more calcium and phosphate to be deposited, leading to further mineralization of the bone. This positive feedback loop promotes the growth and strengthening of the bone.

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27.

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except
- ATP.
- DNA.
- Phospholipids.
- RNA.
- Amino acids.
Correct Answer

A. Amino acids.

Explanation

Phosphate is an essential component of ATP, DNA, phospholipids, and RNA. ATP is the primary energy currency of cells, DNA carries genetic information, phospholipids are important for cell membrane structure, and RNA is involved in protein synthesis. However, phosphate is not directly involved in the formation of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Therefore, phosphate is necessary for all of the given options except amino acids.

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28.

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except
- Muscle contraction.
- Exocytosis.
- Blood clotting.
- DNA synthesis.
- Communication among neurons.
Correct Answer

A. DNA synthesis.

Explanation

Calcium is involved in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, exocytosis, blood clotting, and communication among neurons. However, it does not directly participate in DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis primarily relies on enzymes and nucleotides, and while calcium may indirectly influence certain aspects of DNA replication, it is not a direct participant in the process.

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29.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not
- Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
- Stimulate osteoclast activity.
- Lower blood calcium.
- Promote calcitriol synthesis.
- Inhibit osteoblast activity.
Correct Answer

A. Lower blood calcium.

Explanation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is responsible for regulating the levels of calcium in the blood. It does so by stimulating osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone tissue to release calcium, and by promoting calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. However, PTH does not lower blood calcium levels. Instead, it increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bone and increasing its reabsorption by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is that PTH does not lower blood calcium.

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30.

____________ is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, and is important to the deposition of bone.
- Growth hormone
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Calcitonin
- Calcitriol
Correct Answer

A. Calcitriol

Explanation

Calcitriol is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver. It is important for the deposition of bone. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D and helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestines, which are essential for bone mineralization. It also regulates the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, promoting bone growth and remodeling.

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31.

Which of these is not an effect of calcitriol?
- Cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate
- Increased osteoclast activity
- More intestinal absorption of Ca2+
- Less calcium in the urine
- More phosphate in the urine
Correct Answer

A. Cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate

Explanation

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D and it plays a role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and decreases calcium excretion in the urine. It also increases osteoclast activity, which leads to bone resorption and release of calcium into the bloodstream. However, calcitriol does not directly affect cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate. The growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is primarily regulated by growth hormones and sex hormones.

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32.

____________ does not put women at risk of hypocalcemia.
- Lactation
- Pregnancy
- Removal of the parathyroid glands
- Removal of the thyroid gland
- Lack of exposure to UV radiation
Correct Answer

A. Removal of the thyroid gland

Explanation

Removal of the thyroid gland does not put women at risk of hypocalcemia. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body. However, hypocalcemia is not directly caused by the removal of the thyroid gland. Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to various symptoms and complications. While removal of the thyroid gland may have other effects on the body, it does not directly impact calcium levels and therefore does not increase the risk of hypocalcemia.

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33.

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.
- Calcitonin; more urinary phosphate reabsorption
- Calcitriol; more urinary phosphate excretion
- Parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
- Growth hormone; increased osteoblast activity
- Thyroid hormone; less urinary calcium excretion
Correct Answer

A. Parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

Explanation

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion, which leads to increased osteoclast activity. Parathyroid hormone helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones through the activity of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This mechanism helps maintain calcium homeostasis in the body.

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34.

Hypocalcemia can cause
- Emotional disturbances.
- Depression of the nervous system.
- Muscle weakness.
- Sluggish reflexes.
- Spasms.
Correct Answer

A. Spasms.

Explanation

Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle function, and when levels are low, it can lead to muscle spasms. These spasms occur due to the impaired ability of calcium to regulate muscle contractions. Therefore, in the context of hypocalcemia, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and spasms are all possible symptoms. Emotional disturbances and depression of the nervous system are not directly related to hypocalcemia and are not commonly associated with this condition.

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35.

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means
- The solubility product has been reached.
- Artery mineralization by osteoblasts.
- Abnormal calcification of a tissue.
- Accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels.
- Ossification of an entire blood vessel.
Correct Answer

A. Abnormal calcification of a tissue.

Explanation

Arteriosclerosis is a condition characterized by the abnormal calcification of a tissue, specifically the calcification of arteries. This calcification is not a normal process and can lead to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing various health issues. Ectopic ossification refers to the abnormal formation of bone in tissues where it is not normally found, and in the case of arteriosclerosis, it manifests as abnormal calcification rather than the formation of actual bone.

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36.

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect
- An elevated level of osteoclast activity.
- An elevated level of osteoblast activity.
- A reduced rate of endochondral ossification.
- A rise in blood calcium concentration.
- Increasingly brittle bones.
Correct Answer

A. An elevated level of osteoblast activity.

Explanation

If a thyroid tumor secretes an excessive amount of calcitonin, it would lead to an elevated level of osteoblast activity. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. It inhibits osteoclast activity, which is responsible for breaking down bone tissue, and stimulates osteoblast activity, which is responsible for building new bone tissue. Therefore, an excess of calcitonin would result in increased osteoblast activity, leading to increased bone formation.

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37.

A soft callus forms during
- Endochondral ossification.
- Intramembranous ossification.
- Bone growth at the metaphysis.
- The remodeling of bone.
- The healing of a fracture.
Correct Answer

A. The healing of a fracture.

Explanation

A soft callus forms during the healing of a fracture. When a bone fractures, the body initiates a healing process where a soft callus is formed. This soft callus is made up of fibrous tissue and cartilage, and it helps stabilize the fractured bone. Over time, the soft callus is gradually replaced by a hard callus, which is composed of new bone tissue. This process is part of the remodeling phase of bone healing, where the bone gradually returns to its original strength and shape.

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38.

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
- Dietary calcium; estrogen production
- Osteoblasts; osteoclast activity
- Estrogen; osteoclast activity
- Parathyroid hormone; osteocyte activity
- Exercise; osteoblast activity
Correct Answer

A. Estrogen; osteoclast activity

Explanation

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of estrogen, which would otherwise inhibit osteoclast activity. Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density by suppressing the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. As women age and their estrogen levels decline, osteoclast activity increases, leading to a net loss of bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

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39.

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.
- Linear
- Pott
- Comminuted
- Greenstick
- Compound
Correct Answer

A. Comminuted

Explanation

A comminuted fracture is a type of fracture where the bone is broken into three or more pieces. This means that the bone has shattered into multiple fragments, rather than just being cracked or split. This type of fracture usually occurs due to a high-energy impact or force, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height. Comminuted fractures are often more severe and require more complex treatment methods, such as surgery, to properly realign and stabilize the broken bone.

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40.

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.
- Osteomalacia; rickets
- Rickets; osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis; osteomalacia
- Osteomyelitis; osteosarcoma
- Osteomyelitis; osteomalacia
Correct Answer

A. Rickets; osteomalacia

Explanation

The correct answer is rickets; osteomalacia. Rickets is a condition that occurs in children when there is a deficiency of calcium and phosphate in the blood, leading to softness of the bones. Osteomalacia, on the other hand, is a similar condition that occurs in adults and is also characterized by softening of the bones due to low levels of calcium and phosphate. Both conditions are caused by a lack of proper mineralization in the bones and can lead to skeletal deformities and weakness.

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41.

Bone protrudes through skin in a fracture called
- Complete.
- Incomplete.
- Closed.
- Open.
- Displaced.
Correct Answer

A. Open.

Explanation

An open fracture refers to a situation where the bone protrudes through the skin, exposing it to the external environment. This is in contrast to a closed fracture, where the bone does not break the skin. The terms complete and incomplete refer to the extent of the fracture line through the bone, while displaced indicates that the bone ends are not aligned properly. However, the specific term used to describe a fracture with bone protrusion through the skin is "open."

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42.

A pathologic fracture
- Is a bone fracture that heals in no more than 8 to 12 weeks.
- Is a bone fracture that causes bleeding.
- Is a break in a bone that happens repeatedly.
- Is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease.
- Is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone.
Correct Answer

A. Is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease.

Explanation

A pathologic fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease. This means that the fracture occurs in a bone that has already been compromised by another condition, such as osteoporosis or cancer. Unlike a typical fracture caused by trauma, a pathologic fracture is more likely to occur with minimal force or even without any trauma at all. The weakened bone is unable to withstand normal stress and breaks easily. The healing time for a pathologic fracture can vary depending on the underlying disease and the individual's overall health.

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43.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
- Bone remodeling, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, hematoma formation
- Bone remodeling, hard callus formation, soft callus formation, hematoma formation
- Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling
- Hematoma formation, hard callus formation, soft callus formation, bone remodeling
- Soft callus formation, hard callus formation, hematoma formation, bone remodeling
Correct Answer

A. Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling

Explanation

The correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture starts with hematoma formation, which occurs when blood vessels are damaged, leading to the formation of a blood clot. This is followed by soft callus formation, where fibroblasts produce collagen to connect the broken bone ends. Next, hard callus formation takes place, which involves the deposition of minerals like calcium and the formation of a bony callus. Finally, bone remodeling occurs, where old bone tissue is replaced with new bone tissue, restoring the strength and structure of the fractured bone.

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44.

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________.
- Fracture hematoma; granulation tissue
- Granulation tissue; soft callus
- Fracture hematoma; hard callus
- Granulation tissue; hard callus
- Soft callus; hard callus
Correct Answer

A. Soft callus; hard callus

Explanation

During the healing process of a fracture, the initial stage involves the formation of a fracture hematoma, which is a blood clot that forms at the site of the fracture. This hematoma provides a foundation for further healing. As the healing progresses, granulation tissue forms, which is a type of connective tissue that helps in the formation of new blood vessels and provides a scaffold for the deposition of new bone. This granulation tissue is referred to as a soft callus. Eventually, the soft callus is replaced by a hard callus, which is a bony collar that forms around the fracture site. This hard callus provides stability and support to the healing bone.

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45.

____________ affects more people than any other bone disease.
- Osteomyelitis
- Osteoporosis
- Osteosarcoma
- Osteomalacia
- Rickets
Correct Answer

A. Osteoporosis

Explanation

Osteoporosis affects more people than any other bone disease. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is more common in older adults, particularly women after menopause, but can affect people of all ages. The disease is often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs, making it a silent and widespread condition. Osteoporosis can be caused by various factors, including hormonal changes, inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medical conditions or medications. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and lifestyle modifications can help prevent or manage osteoporosis.

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Chpt. 7 & 8 Multiple Choice Created By Day

The skeleton does not

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Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.

These are all tissues that are a part of a long bone except

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called

A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the internal surface is lined with _____________.

_____________ are bone-forming cells.

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

Which of these is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

Spicules and trabeculae are found in

Red bone marrow does not contain

____________ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas ____________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

. ___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

_______________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.

Intramembranous ossification produces the

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _____________, which is replaced by bone.

The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the

Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis.

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life by employing

. Bone elongation is a result of

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are

_____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not

____________ is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, and is important to the deposition of bone.

Which of these is not an effect of calcitriol?

____________ does not put women at risk of hypocalcemia.

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.

Hypocalcemia can cause

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect

A soft callus forms during

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

Bone protrudes through skin in a fracture called

A pathologic fracture

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________.

____________ affects more people than any other bone disease.

A bone is covered externally with a sheath called __, whereas the internal surface is lined with _.

When become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _.

provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

. _ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas __ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates secretion, which leads to ___.

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of _, which would otherwise inhibit __.

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called _ in children and _ in adults.

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called , whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _.