Trivia Quiz: What Do You Know About Cardiac Dysrhythmia?

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Trivia Quiz: What Do You Know About Cardiac Dysrhythmia? - Quiz

What do you know about cardiac dysrhythmia? This is a situation in which a person’s heartbeat is either too slow or too fast; at times this condition may be life-threatening and others it may be just normal. How do you know about differentiating the two? Take up the quiz below and get an overview of dysrhythmias. All the best!


Questions and Answers
  • 1. 

    Which of the following regarding the slow response action potential is TRUE?

    • A.

      Only the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart has this type of action potential

    • B.

      Voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in this type of action potential

    • C.

      Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers cause a less-vertical upstroke on this action potential

    • D.

      Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers cause a less-vertical upstroke on this action potential

    Correct Answer
    C. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers cause a less-vertical upstroke on this action potential
    Explanation
    (C) is the true statement here. Although calcium channel blockers (CCBs) can affect these channels, the non-dihydropyridines have that effect, NOT the dihydropyridines. So verapamil and diltiazem are useful, but nifedipine and amlodipine are not. (A) is not true because both the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular (AV) node act as pacemakers. The SA node is the main pacemaker of the heart. It will determine the heart rate. If for some reason the SA node malfunctions, the AV node can act as the pacemaker. The problem arises when a cell other than these two nodes acts as the pacemaker. That is called an ectopic site. (B) is also not correct. Calcium (not sodium) comes in via the activation of the voltage-gated calcium (not sodium) channels, accounting for the upstroke of the action potential of a slow response cardiac cell, such as the SA and AV nodes. (D) is incorrect because NON-dihydropyridines have this effect. Recall that calcium moves into the cell slower once the channels are unable to be activated from the CCBs. This makes sense intuitively. Fewer channels can be activated and thus the slope of the action potential will be less vertical. This all means that the speed of conduction is slowed.

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  • 2. 

    Increased automaticity and reentry circuits are two examples of mechanisms by which arrhythmias are generated.

    • A.

      True

    • B.

      False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    This statement is true. With increased automaticity, a site other than the normal pacemaker may take over the electrical control of the heart for one or more beats. How can this happen? Cardiac muscle cells can spontaneously depolarize, which is great if the normal pacemaker can control the heart. Since the SA node controls the heart rate, its spontaneous depolarization is faster than that of regular cardiac muscle cells. But those cells can be altered to depolarize more rapidly and begin to control the heart rate. Norepinephrine acts on beta-1 receptors in the heart to increase the rate of depolarization of SA node cells. Norepinephrine can also speed up the depolarization of non-SA node cells. Ischemia and damage can make cells more sensitive to the effects of norepinephrine and reach threshold faster. Beta-blockers can help prevent the effects of norepinephrine. Reentry circuits occur when there is some physical damage or ischemia in a region of the heart. This will alter conduction pathways and slow conduction keeps an impulse alive in damaged tissue. The impulse can then reenter into an area that has recovered from its refractory period.

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  • 3. 

    Which of the following regarding a trial flutter is FALSE?

    • A.

      There is an ectopic site in the atria

    • B.

      A reentry circuit in the atria exists

    • C.

      On an EKG, the QRS complex looks abnormal

    • D.

      Second degree heart block is a classic symptom

    Correct Answer
    C. On an EKG, the QRS complex looks abnormal
    Explanation
    (C) is the false statement. The QRS complex will actually look normal. This is because as the impulse arrives at the AV node, the normal conduction pathway ensues. So, the P waves will look incorrect ("saw-tooth") but the QRS will look normal. (A) is a correct statement. This ectopic site is bombarding the AV node with impulses. This is why you see many P waves to still only 1 QRS complex. (B) is true. This reentry circuit can be due to damaged cells, but the ectopic site will control the beats. (D) is true. The second-degree block is when SOME P waves fail to conduct through the AV node. There is not a complete block nor is the conduction itself slowed.

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  • 4. 

    Which of the following regarding atrial fibrillation is FALSE?

    • A.

      Numerous impulses spread at random in the atria

    • B.

      On an EKG, the QRS complex looks abnormal

    • C.

      Second degree heart block occurs

    • D.

      Anticoagulation therapy may be necessary

    Correct Answer
    B. On an EKG, the QRS complex looks abnormal
    Explanation
    (B) is false. Once again, this is a condition where the QRS complex will look normal. This is because as the impulse reaches the AV node, the conduction pathway will be normal. Everything up to the AV node will be abnormal. In fact, there will be no regular P waves since depolarization won't be coordinated in the atria. (A) is a true statement. Atria will not be contracting in a coordinated manner and impulses will be random, striking the AV node. (C) is true. When these impulses strike the AV node at random, not all of the impulses will conduct through. That is, not all of the P waves will conduct through the AV node, resulting in second-degree block. (D) is very true. Since blood won't normally be ejected from the atria, there may be areas where blood is "still". The problem with this is that clotting may occur, which could lead to an embolic event, such as pulmonary embolism. This is a major problem and anticoagulation therapy may be necessary to prevent the formation of clots. Interestingly, the ventricular rate may be too rapid and/or irregular. This is because the ventricular rate is determined by how many impulses are transmitted through the AV node. The atria are fibrillating and thus will depolarize in a random manner, affecting the AV node. This ultimately may reduce cardiac output, causing heart failure. Thus, you can see that the goals are to prevent the thromboembolic events, control the ventricular rate, and maintain normal sinus rhythm (NSR).

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  • 5. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Atrial flutter

    • B.

      Atrial fibrillation

    • C.

      Ventricular tachycardia

    • D.

      Ventricular fibrillation

    Correct Answer
    B. Atrial fibrillation
    Explanation
    (B) is the correct answer. This describes atrial fibrillation. Because the QRS complex is unaffected, it must be an issue with the atria, that is indeed the case. Because there is no well-defined P wave, this differentiates it from atrial flutter, which would have P waves. The atria are fibrillating in an uncontrolled manner, giving rise to no coordination of impulses.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Atrial flutter

    • B.

      Atrial fibrillation

    • C.

      Ventricular tachycardia

    • D.

      Ventricular fibrillation

    Correct Answer
    A. Atrial flutter
    Explanation
    (A) is the correct answer. This EKG represents atrial flutter. Since the QRS complex is intact, it must be a problem with the atria. That is indeed the case. Because P waves are well-defined, this differentiates atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation. Atrial flutter has this "sawtooth" appearance.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Atrial flutter

    • B.

      Atrial fibrillation

    • C.

      Ventricular tachycardia

    • D.

      Ventricular fibrillation

    Correct Answer
    C. Ventricular tachycardia
    Explanation
    (C) is the correct answer. This describes ventricular tachycardia. Since there is not a normal QRS complex, that means there is something wrong with the ventricles. In ventricular tachycardia, there is an ectopic site that is faster than the pacemaker. Thus, it is controlling the heart. This is a major problem because cardiac output is completely compromised and it is life-threatening. Treatment for this will be discussed later.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Atrial flutter

    • B.

      Atrial fibrillation

    • C.

      Ventricular tachycardia

    • D.

      Ventricular fibrillation

    Correct Answer
    D. Ventricular fibrillation
    Explanation
    (D) is the correct answer. This EKG represents ventricular fibrillation. Since the QRS complex is not intact, this must be a ventricular issue. Unlike ventricular tachycardia, where there is some coordination (although fatally incorrect), ventricular fibrillation has no coordination of ventricular contraction. This also is a major problem. No coordination means that cardiac output drops all the way down to zero. Doing nothing means death. This requires defibrillation immediately.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following regarding long QT syndrome is FALSE?

    • A.

      Certain drugs may cause this syndrome

    • B.

      Ventricular tachycardia may be a result of the syndrome

    • C.

      The length of the action potential remains unchanged

    • D.

      Electrolyte imbalances may cause this syndrome

    Correct Answer
    C. The length of the action potential remains unchanged
    Explanation
    (C) is the false statement. Recall that the action potential is the length for one beat of the heart. In the long-QT syndrome, the QT interval is prolongated, meaning that the time of the heartbeat is longer since the depolarization is slower. (A) is a true statement because there are indeed drugs that cause this syndrome. Because it is so fatal, drug testing must show the impact the drug will have on the QT interval. There is actually a website called www.AZCert.org that maintains a list of drugs that are associated with the prolongation of the QT interval. (B) is true. Normally, as the ventricle repolarizes, the number of sodium channels going to the resting state increases. If the prolongation takes too long, as is the case here, there is a chance that an ectopic site in the ventricle might take over and control the heart. That is absolutely a problem. (D) is true. Severe hypokalemia would indicate that there is not enough potassium in the blood. This means that when repolarization must occur, it will take longer for potassium to come back into the cell and bring the cell back to the resting membrane potential. This longer duration will be reflected in the longer QT-interval. Torsades de Pointes is a type of ventricular tachycardia that is specifically associated with a long-QT interval. This is fatal and unfortunately, many drugs have the potential (not guaranteed) to cause this syndrome.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

    • B.

      Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

    Correct Answer
    A. MonomorpHic ventricular tachycardia
    Explanation
    (A) is the correct answer. This is a monomorphic ventricular tachycardia EKG. First, it is a ventricular abnormality because there is no resemblance of a QRS complex. You can see that the pattern is consistent, making it monomorphic (one form).

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following correctly describes this EKG?

    • A.

      Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

    • B.

      Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

    Correct Answer
    B. PolymorpHic ventricular tachycardia
    Explanation
    (B) is the correct answer here. Because there is no resemblance of a QRS complex, this is a ventricular abnormality. Also, because the "waves" are not uniform, this is polymorphic (many forms). An example of this is Torsades de Pointes, which is a well-known and highly fatal form of ventricular tachycardia.

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Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Aug 28, 2014
    Quiz Created by
    Cardtrick
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